Legislative conflicts in india

The subject-wise distribtion of legislative competence among the three legislative jurisdictions, union, state and concurrent, gives rise to a problem of legislative conflicts in India. There does not seem to have been any study exclusively devoted to this aspect of Indian federalism. This study is an attempt in that direction. The study has been broadly divided into three parts after an historical introduction in chapter I. Chapters II to VIII deal with conflicts between the exclusive fields, chapters IX and X with conflicts in the concurrent field, and chapter XI with conflicts between the exclusive and concurrent fields. In the last chapter, i.e, chapter XII, has been collected together some conclusions which in most cases have also been noted in the course of the study

De la naturaleza contractual del arbitramento como método alternativo de soluciones

Con el paso del tiempo y la evolución de los distintos modelos jurídicos se han venido originando fenómenos alternos a la justicia interna de cada país para la solución de conflictos, generalizando las decisiones a todos los conflictos jurídicos de las personas, sin importar a que sistema jurídico pertenece. Es así, como llega a incorporarse a nuestro modelo jurídico el Arbitraje, un método alternativo de solución de conflictos a través del cual las partes involucradas en un conflicto de carácter transigible, deciden llevar sus controversias ante un tribunal arbitral, el cual queda transitoriamente investido de la facultad de administrar justicia, profiriendo una decisión denominada laudo arbitral.

La facultad de modificación unilateral en los contratos de distribución de acuerdo con la jurisprudencia arbitral

Las partes pueden pactar cláusulas de modificación unilateral en los contratos de distribución, puesto que dicha facultad se encuentra fundamentada en el ejercicio de la autonomía de la voluntad, por medio del cual las partes pueden elegir la manera y la figura mediante la cual van a desarrollar sus relaciones. Sin embargo, dicha facultad no es absoluta y tiene un límite en el orden público y las buenas costumbres. Particularmente en el contrato de distribución, por ser atípico, esta facultad presenta mayor relevancia pues al analizar sus elementos esenciales, no se puede acudir a la ley, sino que se debe acudir a la costumbre y a la práctica mercantil. Para analizar e interpretar la facultad de modificación unilateral, los tribunales arbitrales parten del principio de buena fe, a través del cual se analiza si el ejercicio de dicha facultad es abusivo, pues se ha establecido que este tipo de cláusulas no son en sí mismas abusivas. El análisis trazado se realiza de acuerdo con el del principio de la buena fe en las diferentes etapas de la negociación, debiendo estar presente a su vez durante toda la negociación y posteriormente durante su ejecución. Así, entonces, los árbitros analizan si la cláusula de modificación unilateral fue pactada, es decir que se revisa la validez de la misma y, en segundo lugar, se analiza si el ejercicio de la cláusula fue abusivo, es decir si conllevó a un abuso del derecho o a un abuso de la posición dominante en el contrato.

Sanciones pecuniarias en la contratación estatal

En el presente proyecto se realizaron cuatro capítulos que corresponden a unos objetivos específicos; en el primer capítulo, se abordó un estudio analítico del origen, definición, características y naturaleza de las multas contractuales y de las cláusulas penales en el derecho privado, el objetivo fijado era establecer un marco teórico que fundamente los capítulos siguientes. Posteriormente, en el segundo capítulo, se realizó una identificación y evaluación del tratamiento que la legislación ha dado a las multas contractuales y cláusulas penales. En el tercer capítulo, se analizó un caso práctico donde se evidencia la dificultad en la aplicación de estas figuras por la Administración Pública, resaltada por la escasa e imprecisa legislación al respecto. Finalmente, en el último capítulo, se enumeraron y desarrollaron la problemática e interrogantes detectados a lo largo del proyecto, con la idea de establecer soluciones a los vacíos o incongruencias encontradas.

Influencia de las creencias religiosas cristianas en la decisión de realizar suicidio asistido al final de la vida

El suicidio asistido como una posible opción al final de la vida, es una idea que hasta ahora está siendo considerada, ya que existen argumentaciones a favor y en contra que han generado controvertidos debates a su alrededor. Algunos de los argumentos en contra están basados en los principios de las instituciones religiosas de orden cristiano, las cuales defienden el valor sagrado de la vida de las personas y la aceptación del sufrimiento como un acto de amor profundo y sumisión a los mandatos de Dios, el creador. Mientras del lado contrario, se encuentran quienes defienden el procedimiento, impulsando la autonomía y la autodeterminación que cada persona tiene sobre su vida. La revisión de la literatura realizada no sólo permite ampliar los argumentos de estas dos posiciones, sino que también permite conocer la historia del suicidio asistido, la posición que este procedimiento tiene en diferentes países del mundo, incluyendo a Colombia, y finalmente se presentan las contribuciones de la psicología entorno al procedimiento en discusión.

The mutual agreement procedure and arbitration of double taxation disputes

It is in the interest of most states to eliminate double taxation (i.e. the payment of the same tax in two jurisdictions) of transnational commercial enterprises. Because such disputes involve, on the one hand, the state imposition of taxes, a right universally asserted by all states, and private entities on the other, taxation disputes between such parties are not, on their face, easily susceptible to arbitration. This article analyzes two dispute settlement procedures-the OECD First Model Tax Convention and a similar EU Convention-with the exclusive focus on disputes relating to the imposition of double taxation. It will look at the ways in which state roles may vary under these procedures from assisting in the negotiation process to taking a part similar to, but with important differences from, diplomatic protection on behalf of an affected enterprise. The article will examine the situations under which the settlement procedure is required and/or available, how the procedures are triggered, the obligations and parts played by the parties, the means by which the disputes are resolved (from negotiations to tribunals) and the limitations of the procedures. Are they “taxpayer friendly”? As a result the reader may draw comparisons between the two procedures. Finally, the article will look at the proposed OECD Arbitration Clause which is intended to be incorporated into Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention as well as how these mechanisms relate and/or conflict with bilateral tax treaties and the GATS.

A sociological view of family law in Colombia. Radicalism-1945

This paper affirms that the economic and political failure of the Radical Period provided opportunities for those who proposed Regeneration as a means of defending authority. Family law became an important tool in that process. During the period studied by this article, the equality clause remained in Colombian constitutions without any practical affect for the majority of the people. Discrimination was imposed through family law over those who had born outside of a Catholic marriage and/or had not previously legitimized their union through a Catholic ceremony. By the middle of the 20th century, the dramatic situation of the nation’s children led to efforts to change the social prejudices through legislation, that is, in the same way the prejudices had been imposed.

Mecanismos de solución de controversias en la contratación derivada de contratos financiados con recursos del Banco Mundial

Esta tesis se ocupa de analizar la eficacia de la cláusula de solución de controversias contractuales dispuesta en la contratación estatal que es financiada con recursos del Banco Mundial –regla de excepción a la aplicación del Estatuto General de Contratación Pública– pues en las normas de contratación de dicho organismo, se ha previsto que ante un conflicto contractual corresponde a un conciliador (versión 2008 de las normas Banco Mundial) o a un mediador (versión 2013) “tomar una decisión” para resolver la controversia con fuerza vinculante para las partes. La reflexión aborda el papel del “conciliador” o “mediador” según las facultades que le atribuyen las normas del Banco Mundial y su distinción respecto al concepto legal que prevé el ordenamiento nacional, donde el conciliador o mediador no toman decisiones y en consecuencia no es clara la forma de acudir a estas figuras. El reto nos lleva a considerar dos alternativas de aplicación de la cláusula para hacerla eficaz: el primero, considerar a la mediación como una figura autónoma regulada en el contrato por autorización de nuestro Estatuto de Contratación Estatal y de los Convenios suscritos con organismos internacionales, a partir de la cual se reconozca la producción de los efectos indicados por el Banco Mundial en cabeza del mediador; en segundo lugar y para desatar el efecto útil de la cláusula, considerar a la mediación como figura análoga a la amigable composición, y tramitar la solución de controversias bajo esta figura.

Preliminary Remarks on Old Spanish Auxiliares: haber, ser and estar

En aquest article s'intenta aportar una visió descriptiva del funcionament d'haber, ser i estar en construccions 'perifràstiques' del castellà medieval. Quant a les perífrasis 'AUX+ infinitiu', s'observa que no s'ajusten a una anàlisi del tipus 'SV que selecciona un SV'. D'altra banda, s'aporta evidència que afavoreix una visió de la derivació dels futurs i condicionals analítics on el verb [-finit] s'excorpora de l'auxiliar funcional per traslladar-se a CO. Finalment, s'estableix que les construccions 'haber/ser/estar+participi' poden ser analitzades com a verbs lèxics que subcategoritzen una oració reduïda el predicat de la qual és el participi. Això permet relacionar l'avantposició de participi amb la dels SA i la dels arguments interns. Els aspectes bàsics d'aquest canvi sintàctic que duu del castellà medieval i preclàssic a l'espanyol actual són: (a) la categoria lèxica SV dels verbs en qüestió es reanalitza com una categoria funcional SAsp i aquests verbs esdevenen auxiliars; (b) hi ha un canvi de subcabgorització, ja que aquests verbs deixen de subcategoritzar una oració reduïda per passar a subcategoritzar un SVmàx, i (c) la pèrdua de la projecció màxima SCONC1 comporta la desparició dels efectes de la llei Tobler-Mussafia, de la possibilitat d'avantposar el participi i també de la concordança de participi en els perfets compostos.

La legalidad de las inversiones como un requisito para la protección de los tratados internacionales de inversiones (Tema Central)

Un gran número de acuerdos internacionales de inversiones (AII) contiene la formulación “inversiones realizadas de conformidad con las leyes nacionales” o una enunciación similar. En términos generales, la tendencia ha sido considerar que esta formulación hace referencia a la legalidad y a la validez de la inversión. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar en qué medida las inversiones extranjeras realizadas ilegalmente pueden beneficiarse de la protección de los AII y de su mecanismo de solución de controversias. Para ello, la primera parte identificará las posibles localizaciones de esta formulación y sus implicaciones. La segunda examinará qué sucede con las inversiones que se tornan ilegales, si la ilegalidad debe ser tratada como una objeción jurisdiccional o como una cuestión de fondo y, finalmente, si la ilegalidad es consecuencia de la violación de normas substantivas o también de meras formalidades.

The French Constitutional Council as the Rottweiler of the Republican Ideal in the Language Field: Does Jurisprudence Really Reflect Reality? EDAP 03/2012, 2012

France is known for being a champion of individual rights as well as for its overt hostility to any form of group rights. Linguistic pluralism in the public sphere is rejected for fear of babelization and Balkanization of the country. Over recent decades the Conseil Constitutionnel (CC) has, together with the Conseil d’État, remained arguably the strongest defender of this Jacobin ideal in France. In this article, I will discuss the role of France’s restrictive language policy through the prism of the CC’s jurisprudence. Overall, I will argue that the CC made reference to the (Jacobin) state-nation concept, a concept that is discussed in the first part of the paper, in order to fight the revival of regional languages in France over recent decades. The clause making French the official language in 1992 was functional to this policy. The intriguing aspect is that in France the CC managed to standardise France’s policy vis-à-vis regional and minority languages through its jurisprudence; an issue discussed in the second part of the paper. But in those regions with a stronger tradition of identity, particularly in the French overseas territories, the third part of the paper argues, normative reality has increasingly become under pressure. Therefore, a discrepancy between the ‘law in courts’ and the compliance with these decisions (‘law in action’) has been emerging over recent years. Amid some signs of opening of France to minorities, this contradiction delineates a trend that might well continue in future.

Construction contracts: law and management (3rd edition)

This book is aimed primarily at students for whom the study of building or civil engineering contracts forms part of a construction-based course. We have had in mind the syllabus requirements for first degrees in Building, Civil Engineering, Architecture, Quantity Surveying and Building Surveying, as well as those of postgraduate courses in Construction Management and Project Management. We have also assumed that such students will already have been introduced to the general principles of English law, especially those relating to contract and tort. As a result, while aspects of those subjects that are of particular relevance to construction are dealt with here, the reader must look elsewhere for the general legal background. In producing this third edition, we have again been greatly assisted by the many helpful comments made by reviewers and users of its predecessor. Nonetheless, our basic aim is identical to that which underpinned the first edition: to provide an explanation of the fundamental principles of construction contract law, rather than a clause-by-clause analysis of any particular standard-form contract. As a result, while we draw most frequently upon JCT 98 for our illustrations of particular points, this merely reflects the pre-eminent position occupied by that particular form of contract in the UK construction industry. We conclude by repeating our previous warning as to the dangers inherent in a little learning. Neither this book, nor the courses for which it is intended, seek to produce construction lawyers. The objective is rather to enable those who are not lawyers to resolve simple construction disputes before they become litigious, and to recognize when matters require professional legal advice. It should be the aim of every construction student to understand the legal framework sufficiently that they can instruct and brief specialist lawyers, and this book is designed to help them towards that understanding.

UK commercial property lease structures: Landlord and tenant mismatch

UK commercial property lease structures have come under considerable scrutiny during the past decade since the property crash of the early 1990s. In particular, tenants complained that the system was unfair and that it has blocked business change. Government is committed, through its 2001 election manifesto, to promote flexibility and choice in the commercial property lettings market and a new voluntary Commercial Leases Code of Practice was launched in April 2002. This paper investigates whether occupiers are being offered the leases they require or whether there is a mismatch between occupier requirements and actual leases in the market. It draws together the substantial data now available on the actual terms of leases in the UK and surveys of corporate occupiers' attitude to their occupation requirements. Although the data indicated that UK leases have become shorter and more diverse since 1990, this is still not sufficient to meet the current requirements of many corporate occupiers. It is clear that the inability to manage entry and exit strategies is a major concern to occupiers. Lease length is the primary concern of tenants and a number of respondents comment on the mismatch between lease length in the UK and business planning horizons. The right to break and other problems with alienation clauses also pose serious difficulties for occupiers, thus reinforcing the mismatch. Other issues include repairing and insuring clauses and the type of review clause. There are differences in opinion between types of occupier. In particular, international corporate occupiers are significantly more concerned about the length of lease and the incidence of break clauses than national occupiers and private-sector tenants are significantly more concerned about leasing in general than public-sector occupiers. Proposed solutions by tenants are predictable and include shorter leases, more frequent breaks and relaxation of restrictions concerning alienation and other clauses. A significant number specify that they would pay more for shorter leases and other improved terms. Short leases would make many of the other terms more acceptable and this is why they are the main concern of corporate occupiers. Overall, the evidence suggests that there continues to be a gap between occupiers' lease requirements and those currently offered by the market. There are underlying structural factors that act as an inertial force on landlords and inhibit the changes which occupiers appear to want. Nevertheless, the findings raise future research questions concerning whether UK lease structures are a constraining factor on UK competitiveness.

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes to the common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischler reforms of 2003-2004, and that proposed for sugar. An elimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processed foods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar and milk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls within the green box, the likely new limits on domestic support should not be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitious market access package could open up EU markets and bring pressure for further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existing provisions will continue to apply, but without the protection of the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. Further CAP reform is to be expected.

The EU's Export Refunds on Processed Foods: Legitimate in the WTO?

Export subsidies on processed foods are an important trade policy instrument for the European Union. GATT Article XVI legitimised the use of export subsidies on primary agricultural products, under certain circumstances, but forbade the use of export subsidies on non-primary products. However it was never satisfactorily resolved whether export subsidies could be paid on the primary agricultural products incorporated into processed products, such as pasta. The Uruguay Round Agreements, and particularly the Agreement on Agriculture (the URAA), apparently legitimised the EU’s practice of paying export subsidies on incorporated agricultural products, at least while the Peace Clause was in force. With the demise of the Peace Clause the question arises whether GATT Article XVI has any residual force, given that the range of primary agricultural products exempted by Article XVI from the ban on export subsidies is narrower than the list of agricultural products covered by the URAA.