Personagens e espaço em romances de Aluísio Azevedo

The characters of O mulato, Casa de pensão and O cortiço, well written books by the writer Aluísio Azevedo, may be considered predominantly flat, for they were built with a single or few features. This kind of character can be even defined by the type, which represents certain dominant features (professional, psychological, cultural, economic, religious, etc.) from the diegetic universe in which the action takes place. This character subcategory is present in certain artistic periods such as Realism and Naturalism, and can be understood as the main character between the individual and the collective, between the concrete and the abstract. Yet, the social space, in the novels of the above mentioned literary movements configures itself, especially in terms of the presence and types of extras: it is about describing environments that illustrate, almost always, in a historical period context of critical intent, vices and deformations of the society, as we can see depicted in the three novels of the author. In turn, the narrative categories that most decisively influence the space representation are the instance (the narrator) and the narrative perspective (focusing). In the case of O mulato, Casa de pensão and O cortiço, the dominance is in choosing the omniscient narrator, who prefers a panoramic view, limited to an exterior and strictly objective description. The survey was developed through readings, literary cataloging and corpus discussions, with a theoretical basis determined by three dimensions: a) critical essays about the author and his works, such as those by Jean-Yves Mérian, Aluísio Azevedo, vida e obra: (1857-1913) and parts of the literature histories which deal with Naturalism, such as those by Alfredo Bosi, História concisa da literatura brasileira, b) theoretical studies about the novel character, such as those by Antonio Candido, A personagem do romance, and the romantic space ...

A implantação da televisão digital terrestre na Espanha

This monograph has as objectives introduce digital terrestrial television, describing the process of installation of this in Spain, their technical qualities and possibilities of change and innovation that this creates. The exposure of the different chapters of this monograph has a objective presenting and discussing what are the characteristics of this new technology, your birth, what is its importance in communication and how this is inserted inside the Spanish reality. The introduction of digital terrestrial television in Spain is cited as an example of a pioneer in the development and installation of this new technology, but also appears as a nation that has come a way with some economic failures, reaching one of the largest cases of delayed installation of digital television in Western Europe. Making use of the European system for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T - Digital Video Broadcasting) it was possible some advances as the quality of communication and strengthening national public television system, but many vices of analog system were transferred this new system, as the concentration of channels to a foreign group and interactivity opportunities were wasted. Digital terrestrial television can provides better picture quality and sound, possibility of interactivity, mobility, hypermedia and multiprogramming, while the latter tool may lead to the democratization of media, opening it to other social agents. Going much further than just a technological advancement, digital television is strongly connected with the politics and the economy of the nation in which it operates

A formação continuada dos gestores educacionais

In this article the issue of continuing education is associated with the needs analysis, according to the theoretical used. The aim of this study is identify the factors that motivate or discourage the continuing education of educational managers (principals, vice-principals, coordinators and educational assistants) into ten public schools in the city of Araraquara. The managers have been heard through questionnaire, report narratives and interviews. The position of the Education Department have been got through an interview. According to these managers reports it was possible to notice the distance between the conceptions of the creators of the courses, represented by the Municipal Education, and their target. The results give evidences that the training offered do not correspond to the needs faced by these principals and teachers, their conceptions and dilemmas are not taken into consideration to elaborate a continuing education initiative.

Prevalência de alterações sistêmicas em pacientes atendidos na disciplina de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial do curso de Odontologia da UNIARA

Introduction: pre-operative assessment is of fundamental importance for the prevention of transoperative and of postoperative complications. Objective: to identify the prevalence of diseases and systemic conditions in patients undergoing surgical treatment in the discipline of surgery and Traumatology of University Center of Araraquara, in the period of 2004 to 2009. Material and method: for the development of this study, a survey in medical records of patients was performed and the factors considered included: age, sex, presence of vices, and systemic conditions that affect the world’s population. The data obtained were analyzed quantitatively and recorded in a table. Result:  Considering all patient records analyzed (693), 340 affirmative responses were detected (49,06%) to one or more diseases. Cardiovascular diseases were the most prevalent (22,34%). Considering the prevalence of diseases related to age, the age of less than 20 years represented 16,32%; of 20-29 years, 43,06%; 30-39 years, 45,16%; 40-44 years, 48,64%; 45-49 years, 56,25%; 50-54 years, 58,33%; 55-59 years, 57,74%; 60-64 years, 70,37%; 65-69 years, 66,66%; and 70 years or more, 68,75%. Conclusion: diseases and systemic alterations with higher prevalence were cardiovascular diseases, anemia, sinusitis and diabetes. The frequency of affirmative answers to systemic conditions was age-dependent and there was a predominance of females. The tobacco addiction was the most frequent. Thus, it was found that the preoperative assessment of the health of patients who will undergo surgical dental treatment is of fundamental importance.

Inteligência competitiva como estratégia para serviços de informação: monitoramento web de bibliotecas especializadas na área de química

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar como as técnicas da Inteligência Competitiva podem ser adaptadas para o ambiente de serviços de informação, apresentando um projeto de monitoramento web de bibliotecas universitárias especializadas na ár ea de Química como estratégia para a melhoria contínua desses ser viços, através da comparação de serviços de informação análogos, selecionados entre as quatro primeiras instituições classificadas no Webometrics - Ranking Web of World Universities , fornecendo dados para o incremento e atualização dos conteúdos informaciona is disponíveis na página virtual de bibliotecas dessa área, melhorando seu acesso e dis ponibilização de informação, bem como contribuindo para a maximização da visibilidade e a valiação da instituição universitária. Palavras-Chave: Inteligência Competitiva, Monitoramento Web, Bibli otecas Universitárias e especializadas, Página Virtual, Serviços de Informa ção

Differentiation in Male and Female Speech Styles

From the moment of their birth, a person's life is determined by their sex. Ms. Goroshko wants to know why this difference is so striking, why society is so concerned to sustain it, and how it is able to persist even when certain national or behavioural stereotypes are erased between people. She is convinced of the existence of not only social, but biological differences between men and women, and set herself the task, in a manuscript totalling 126 pages, written in Ukrainian and including extensive illustrations, of analysing these distinctions as they are manifested in language. She points out that, even before 1900, certain stylistic differences between the ways that men and women speak had been noted. Since then it has become possible, for instance in the case of Japanese, to point to examples of male and female sub-languages. In general, one can single out the following characteristics. Males tend to write with less fluency, to refer to events in a verb-phrase, to be time-oriented, to involve themselves more in their references to events, to locate events in their personal sphere of activity, and to refer less to others. Therefore, concludes Ms Goroshko, the male is shown to be more active, more ego-involved in what he does, and less concerned about others. Women, in contrast, were more fluent, referred to events in a noun-phrase, were less time-oriented, tended to be less involved in their event-references, locate events within their interactive community and refer more to others. They spent much more time discussing personal and domestic subjects, relationship problems, family, health and reproductive matters, weight, food and clothing, men, and other women. As regards discourse strategies, Ms Goroshko notes the following. Men more often begin a conversation, they make more utterances, these utterances are longer, they make more assertions, speak less carefully, generally determine the topic of conversation, speak more impersonally, use more vulgar expressions, and use fewer diminutives and more imperatives. Women's speech strategies, apart from being the opposite of those enumerated above, also contain more euphemisms, polite forms, apologies, laughter and crying. All of the above leads Ms. Goroshko to conclude that the differences between male and female speech forms are more striking than the similarities. Furthermore she is convinced that the biological divergence between the sexes is what generates the verbal divergence, and that social factors can only intensify or diminish the differentiation in verbal behaviour established by the sex of a person. Bearing all this in mind, Ms Goroshko set out to construct a grammar of male and female styles of speaking within Russian. One of her most important research tools was a certain type of free association test. She took a list comprising twelve stimuli (to love, to have, to speak, to fuck, a man, a woman, a child, the sky, a prayer, green, beautiful) and gave it to a group of participants specially selected, according to a preliminary psychological testing, for the high levels of masculinity or femininity they displayed. Preliminary responses revealed that the female reactions were more diverse than the male ones, there were more sentences and word combinations in the female reactions, men gave more negative responses to the stimulus and sometimes didn't want to react at all, women reacted more to adjectives and men to nouns, and that, surprisingly, women coloured more negatively their reactions to the words man, to love and a child (Ms. Goroshko is inclined to attribute this to the present economic situation in Russia). Another test performed by Ms. Goroshko was the so-called "defective text" developed by A.A. Brudny. All participants were distributed with packets of complete sentences, which had been taken from a text and then mixed at random. The task was to reconstruct the original text. There were three types of test, the first descriptive, the second narrative, and the third logical. Ms. Goroshko created computer programmes to analyse the results. She found that none of the reconstructed texts was coincident with the original, differing both from the original text and amongst themselves and that there were many more disparities in the male than the female texts. In the descriptive and logical texts the differences manifested themselves more clearly in the male texts, and in the narrative texts in the female texts. The widest dispersal of values was observed at the outset, while the female text ending was practically coincident with the original (in contrast to the male ending). The greatest differences in text reconstruction for both males and females were registered in the middle of the texts. Women, Ms. Goroshko claims, were more sensitive to the semantic structure of the texts, since they assembled the narrative text much more accurately than the other two, while the men assembled more accurately the logical text. Texts written by women were assembled more accurately by women and texts by men by men. On the basis of computer analysis, Ms. Goroshko found that female speech was substantially more emotional. It was expressed by various means, hyperbole, metaphor, comparisons, epithets, ways of enumeration, and with the aid of interjections, rhetorical questions, exclamations. The level of literacy was higher for female speech, and there were fewer mistakes in grammar and spelling in female texts. The last stage of Ms Goroshko's research concerned the social stereotypes of beliefs about men and women in Russian society today. A large number of respondents were asked questions such as "What merits must a woman possess?", "What are male vices and virtues?", etc. After statistical manipulation, an image of modern man and woman, as it exists in the minds of modern Russian men and women, emerged. Ms. Goroshko believes that her findings are significant not only within the field of linguistics. She has already successfully worked on anonymous texts and been able to decide on the sex of the author and consequently believes that in the future her research may even be of benefit to forensic science.

"Sounds Funny? – Humor Effects of Phonological and Prosodic Figures of Speech"

Whereas semantic, logical, and narrative features of verbal humor are well-researched, phonological and prosodic dimensions of verbal funniness are hardly explored. In a 2 × 2 design we varied rhyme and meter in humorous couplets. Rhyme and meter enhanced funniness ratings and supported faster processing. Rhyming couplets also elicited more intense and more positive affective responses, increased subjective comprehensibility and more accurate memory. The humor effect is attributed to special rhyme and meter features distinctive of humoristic poetry in several languages. Verses that employ these formal features make an artful use of typical poetic vices of amateurish poems written for birthday parties or other occasions. Their metrical patterning sounds “mechanical” rather than genuinely “poetic”; they also disregard rules for “good” rhymes. The processing of such verses is discussed in terms of a metacognitive integration of their poetically deviant features into an overall effect of processing ease. The study highlights the importance of nonsemantic rhetorical features in language processing.

La lectura tomasiana del sentido del gusto y sus connotaciones morales

Este trabajo se enfoca en la doctrina que Tomás de Aquino establece con respecto al sentido del gusto, estructurándose en tres partes. En primer lugar, se discute la ubicación que el autor otorga al gusto dentro del esquema de los cinco sentidos externos a partir de algunos aportes contemporáneos. Luego, se expone la relación que establece el Aquinate entre el gusto y sus objeto propio, el sabor, con todas las implicancias de orden biológico y antropológico que conlleva. Finalmente, se trata la valencia moral del sentido del gusto a partir de uno de los vicios capitales que se engendra en él, la gula, y la originalidad que Tomás aporta a esta discusión con respecto a la doctrina cristiana anterior.

La doble imagen de la moralidad de Augusto

Resumen: Augusto llegó al poder por ser hijo adoptivo de César. Hasta recibir el título de Augusto en el año 27 a. C., fue conocido como G. Iulius Caesar Diui filius. Ser heredero de César tenía que ser algo más que recibir su nombre y sus poderes: también sus cualidades personales debían recordar al Dictador. Por eso, durante la mitad del triunvirato, Augusto intentó emular a su padre adoptivo también en sus cualidades como amante. Su tumultuosa vida afectiva y conyugal, en efecto, se concentra entre los años 44 y 35 a. C., con varios matrimonios o esponsales, y el nacimiento de su única hija. De esta época proceden la mayoría de las historias que –ciento cincuenta años después- contaría Suetonio a partir de una fuente cercana a Marco Antonio. A partir de la sacrosantidad promulgada para Livia en el año 35 a. C., sin embargo, comienza una nueva etapa en la imagen moral de Augusto, centrada en la virtud y la monogamia: una etapa que le llevaría años después a desterrar a su propia hija y, después, a su nieta, por adulterio. De esta doble imagen de Augusto, la primera debida a la emulación de su padre adoptivo, y la segunda debida a una necesidad de justificación ideológica de su régimen frente al de su enemigo Marco Antonio, proceden las noticias aparentemente contradictorias sobre los “vicios privados y públicas virtudes” de Gayo Julio César Augusto.

Bestiarios medievales e imaginario social

Los historiadores medievalistas se concentran, en la actualidad, en descubrir y penetrar el sistema de valores, creencias y sentimientos de hombres y mujeres de aquella época, cómo se representaban el mundo y el espíritu de una sociedad para la cual lo invisible merecía tanto interés como lo visible. Los Bestiarios fueron considerados en su época libros de historia natural y sus autores pretendieron darles características científicas, pero al dotarlos de un tono moralizante, acudir a las leyendas y apelar a los animales más inverosímiles y fantásticos concebidos por el hombre medieval, pasaron a formar parte «de aquel dominio de lo maravilloso donde se expresa el imaginario de una época». Por consiguiente, al recurrir a la alegoría como procedimiento expresivo privilegiado y procurar educar las conciencias en las reglas de la ecumenidad cristiana, de ser pretendidos textos científicos se convirtieron en una de las más sorprendentes páginas de la literatura medieval. En ellos pesa más la valoración alegórica de las criaturas descriptas que la veracidad de las descripciones. La literatura didáctica fue uno de los mecanismos que se emplearon para lograr la adhesión al ideal cristiano. Los autores de los Bestiarios describían las bestias y usaban esa descripción como base de una enseñanza alegórica. De este modo, al mismo tiempo que algunos animales representaron a Cristo, otros simbolizaron el Mal o se convirtieron en proyección de los vicios y defectos humanos. Este trabajo se propone analizar la representación literaria de algunos de estos animales como expresión del imaginario de una época.

El tópico del justo medio en los Epigramas de Marco V. Marcial

Roma durante la época de los Flavios. Un primer acercamiento a la obra impresiona al lector por la desmesura de los vicios de la sociedad descripta y por la obscenidad del lenguaje utilizado por el escritor. Sin embargo, en una lectura más profunda, se van descubriendo composiciones de una enorme belleza, además se reconoce una voz que va exponiendo una filosofía de vida en la que se enaltecen la sencillez, la mesura y se condenan los excesos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar algunos epigramas donde aparece explícitamente la mediocritas como un ‘ideal de vida’, y comentar otros en los que el epigramista critica negativamente la intemperantia.

O agon de Odisseu e Polifemo no Ciclope de Eurípides : Astúcia, vícios, sátiros e vinho

El drama satírico más completo que llegó a nosotros es el Cíclope, del siglo V. C., escrito por Eurípides. Como su nombre lo indica, la pieza se basa en la Odisea (IX, 105-505), cuando Odiseo, junto con sus compañeros, se ven amenazados por el cíclope Polifemo. En el drama satírico, Sileno y el coro de sátiros son parte de esta confrontación, lo que hace a este agon aún más dionisíaco. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo, la intención es describir el agon entre el héroe griego y el monstruo de un solo ojo, de acuerdo con el drama de Eurípides. Se analizarán los diversos componentes de la escena, como la negociación con el vino, la astucia de Odiseo y los vicios monstruosos de los sátiros y Polifemo

Los objetos escénicos y su funcionalidad en Caballeros de Aristófanes

Nos proponemos estudiar, a partir de un análisis filológico-literario, la comedia Caballeros de Aristófanes, que se puso en escena y obtuvo el primer premio en las Leneas del año 424 a. C. La composición de esta obra es consecuencia directa de los acontecimientos ocurridos en Pilos durante el séptimo año de la Guerra del Peloponeso y resulta una sátira de carácter político en la cual constantemente se ataca a Cleón y se exponen abiertamente los vicios de la administración en Atenas. El objetivo de esta investigación es detectar e indagar los objetos presentes en el universo ficcional para dilucidar la funcionalidad de los mismos en relación con las distintas partes de la obra. Nos centraremos en aquellos que aparecen mencionados en el texto dramático atendiendo a los distintos sentidos que asumen a lo largo de la obra porque los consideramos elementos propulsores del desarrollo de la trama, caracterizadores de personajes, generadores de malos entendidos y poseedores de sentido simbólico

O agon de Odisseu e Polifemo no Ciclope de Eurípides : Astúcia, vícios, sátiros e vinho

El drama satírico más completo que llegó a nosotros es el Cíclope, del siglo V. C., escrito por Eurípides. Como su nombre lo indica, la pieza se basa en la Odisea (IX, 105-505), cuando Odiseo, junto con sus compañeros, se ven amenazados por el cíclope Polifemo. En el drama satírico, Sileno y el coro de sátiros son parte de esta confrontación, lo que hace a este agon aún más dionisíaco. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo, la intención es describir el agon entre el héroe griego y el monstruo de un solo ojo, de acuerdo con el drama de Eurípides. Se analizarán los diversos componentes de la escena, como la negociación con el vino, la astucia de Odiseo y los vicios monstruosos de los sátiros y Polifemo

Los objetos escénicos y su funcionalidad en Caballeros de Aristófanes

Nos proponemos estudiar, a partir de un análisis filológico-literario, la comedia Caballeros de Aristófanes, que se puso en escena y obtuvo el primer premio en las Leneas del año 424 a. C. La composición de esta obra es consecuencia directa de los acontecimientos ocurridos en Pilos durante el séptimo año de la Guerra del Peloponeso y resulta una sátira de carácter político en la cual constantemente se ataca a Cleón y se exponen abiertamente los vicios de la administración en Atenas. El objetivo de esta investigación es detectar e indagar los objetos presentes en el universo ficcional para dilucidar la funcionalidad de los mismos en relación con las distintas partes de la obra. Nos centraremos en aquellos que aparecen mencionados en el texto dramático atendiendo a los distintos sentidos que asumen a lo largo de la obra porque los consideramos elementos propulsores del desarrollo de la trama, caracterizadores de personajes, generadores de malos entendidos y poseedores de sentido simbólico