999 resultados para Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem
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Trabalho sobre a concretização dos direitos fundamentais pela jurisdição constitucional, mostrando a importância da interpretação da Constituição para a obtenção da eficácia de tais direitos. Desenvolve-se a pesquisa a partir da explicação histórica sobre o constitucionalismo moderno, que implantou o Estado Liberal de Direito e as constituições escritas, e no qual encontra a jurisdição constitucional o seu embasamento cultural e a sua justificação histórica. Verifica-se que a origem da jurisdição constitucional assenta-se no controle da constitucionalidade das leis e atos normativos do poder público, fundado no princípio da supremacia da Constituição. Destaca-se o realce dado pela teoria material da Constituição à normatividade dos princípios constitucionais, tecendo considerações em torno da classificação das normas constitucionais em regras e princípios. Remarca o trabalho que o controle da constitucionalidade pode ser formal ou material, apresentando esta última modalidade uma conotação acentuadamente política, já que, por ele, a aferição da compatibilidade da norma infraconstitucional é feita com o conteúdo material da Constituição. A função primacial da jurisdição constitucional é tutelar os direitos fundamentais, especialmente os das minorias sociais. Tal função sobreleva-se até mesmo contra textos legislativos produzidos por maiorias eventuais, pois o princípio da supremacia da Constituição prevalece sobre a regra da maioria vigente nos regimes democráticos. Comprova-se que a concepção substancialista, adotada para definir os contornos funcionais da jurisdição constitucional, propõe uma maior intervenção desta na apreciação dos casos que lhe são submetidos. Salienta-se que, no Estado Democrático de Direito, derivado da aglutinação do Estado Liberal com o Estado Social e acrescida de um elemento novo voltado à transformação da realidade social, a jurisdição constitucional passa a levar em conta, com mais atenção e destaque, os princípios constitucionais e a sincronia do ordenamento constitucional com a sociedade por ele ordenada. Realça também o estudo que a atuação da jurisdição constitucional, segundo a ideologia democrática defendida pelo Estado Democrático de Direito, tem logrado obter uma sociedade mais justa, e que a comprovação histórica é francamente favorável ao seu ativismo judicial. Os direitos fundamentais dificilmente se dissociam da democracia, que lhes garante a eficácia pela limitação e visibilidade do exercício do poder, traços políticos que constituem a nota típica dos regimes democráticos. Mesmo que os direitos fundamentais tenham tido um caráter pré-estatal como preconizado pelo jusnaturalismo, são eles normas, e não valores, pois tão logo sejam positivados pela Constituição eles se tornam direitos vigentes. Assevera a pesquisa que os métodos concretistas de interpretação constitucional mostram-se mais adequados à obtenção da eficácia da Constituição, pela importância que os elementos objetivos, relacionados com o contexto material da norma, assumem no seu processo de aplicação e interpretação. Conclui-se ser essencial que os operadores e estudiosos do Direito se conscientizem de que a interpretação constitucional deve assumir uma feição principiológica e concretista, de modo a ser obtida a máxima eficácia possível das normas constitucionais, especialmente as de direitos fundamentais, acentuando-se mais a necessidade de um Tribunal Constitucional, cuja criação no Brasil constitui ainda tema polêmico entre os doutrinadores
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The independence of the United States and the revolutions that emerged in Europe in the eighteenth century led to the birth of the written constitution, with a mission to limit the power of the State and to ensure fundamental rights to citizens. Thus, the Constitution has become the norm and ultimate founding of the State. Because of this superiority felt the need to protect her, emerging from that constitutional jurisdiction, taking control of constitutionality of provisions his main instrument. In Brazil, the constitutionality control began with the Constitution of 1891, when "imported" the American model, which is named after incidental diffuse model of judicial review. Indeed, allowed that any judge or court could declare the unconstitutionality of the law or normative act in a concrete case. However, the Brazilian Constituent did not bring the U.S. Institute of stare decisis, by which the precedents of higher courts eventually link the below. Because of this lack, each tribunal Brazilian freely decide about the constitutionality of a rule, so that the decision took effect only between the parties to the dispute. This prompted the emergence of conflicting decisions between judicantes organs, which ultimately undermine legal certainty and the image of the judiciary. As a solution to the problem, was incorporated from the 1934 Constitution to rule that the Senate would suspend the law declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. With the introduction of abstract control of constitutionality, since 1965, the Supreme Court went on to also have the power to declare the invalidity of the provision unconstitutional, effectively against all without the need for the participation of the Senate. However, it remained the view that in case the Supreme Court declared the unconstitutionality of the fuzzy control law by the Senate would continue with the competence to suspend the law unconstitutional, thus the decision of the Praetorium Exalted restricted parties. The 1988 Constitution strengthened the abstract control expanding legitimized the Declaratory Action of Unconstitutionality and creating new mechanisms of abstract control. Adding to this, the Constitutional Amendment. No. 45/2004 brought the requirement of general repercussion and created the Office of Binding Precedent, both to be applied by the Supreme Court judgments in individual cases, thus causing an approximation between the control abstract and concrete constitutional. Saw themselves so that the Supreme Court, to be the guardian of the Constitution, its action should be directed to the trial of issues of public interest. In this new reality, it becomes more necessary the participation of the Senate to the law declared unconstitutional in fuzzy control by the Supreme Court can reach everyone, because such an interpretation has become obsolete. So, to adapt it to this reality, such a rule must be read in the sense that the Senate give publicity to the law declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, since mutated constitutional
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The following study proposes an analysis of the politic process which the brazilian constitutional justice faces, emphasizing the Supremo Tribunal Federal . For that purpose, we start by examining the intimate relationship between Politics and Law, in view of the most recent social systems theories, so that the political system is distinguished by the exclusiveness of using the physical force, intending to make coletive tying decisions, and the juridical system as a congruent generalization of the expectations towards the rules and principles, brought together under an interdependence by which both gather legitimacy and effectiveness. In this manner we can notice the political effects of the constitutional interpretation conducted by Judges as well as by other juridical professionals, because these ones decrease the overload of expectations which are pointed to the Judicature. Constitutional interpretation is democratized since the participative democracy arises and stablishes a permanent state of awareness around the exercise of power and favours the preservation of the pluralism (counter-majoritary principle) where we can find the origin of the democratic nature of constitutional courts, once, in most cases, their members are not elected by the people. After that, we analyse the historical posture of the Supremo Tribunal Federal as a constitutional court in Brazil, so we can realize the attempts to make it vulnerable to the appeals of governability and economical aims, agains which this court somehow has resisted, stressing its particularities. At the end, it s concluded that even the so-called acts of government, whose judiciary control is mostly repelled, are subjected to a constitutional analysis, last frontier to be explored by the Supremo Tribunal Federal in its role of exposing our republican Constitution
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This work discourses about the child and adolescent s Guaranty System of Rights (GSR), on the intervention in cases of juvenile domestic sexual violence, in Recife. The course (trajectory) is analyzed, where circulate cases of sexual violence, until its resolution, in (GSR). Actually, the violence represents a serious problem of public health. Was thought about the difficulties and the limits that make GSR become a full field of contradictions and challenges for the effectiveness of the children and adolescents rights. Therefore, it was verified the treatments that are developed by GSR, how this system is structured and articulated and how occurs the resolution of the sexual violence cases against children and adolescents. Proceedings of the quantitative and qualitative research were used, was done observation, directed interview and analysis of documents. Thus, the field research was the visits in these institutions: Restauração Hospital, Police Management of the Child and Adolescent (PMCA) three Guardianship Councils, Dom Helder Camara Center of Studies and Social Action (CENDHEC) and the Tribunal of Childhood and Adolescence. The research subjects were seven professionals of GSR. The theoretical discussion is guided in reflections about the children and youth rights, in the violence theme and in the construction and institutionalization process of GSR. In this experiment, was noticed there are many difficulties for working together the GSR, because many obstacles are found when we call the responsible institutions, besides some violence cases happen again. This system is not totally institutionalized and articulated, faces structural problems, material, poorly qualified professionals, underinvestment, low transfer of public resources, among other difficulties, causing many losses in the implementation of public policies that enforce secured rights by legislation
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The work presented here is the result of research on the issue of human rights in the face of conflicting issues such as the incorporation of international treaties, the sovereignty of states, globalization and multuculturalism. Specifically, we will investigate the origin of human rights, alongside his growing recognition, from the Revolutions until its completion in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The question, however, has become broader, when analyzed from the perspective of the internationalization of these rights as conditions and limits of democracy. Given the convergence on the reception of international treaties on human rights, we analyze a series of positions, including recent placements of the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Amendment n.45/2004. The study aims to review the classical concept of sovereignty, now within a new perspective based on the appearance of certain limitations of the state and a crisis in the face of the protection of human rights. We analyze the phenomenon of globalization in light of its complexity and its relation to sovereignty and human rights in pursuit of an expansion of democracy. The theme is consistent also with the line of contemporary constitutionalism, since their approach has a close connection with the issues of sovereignty and globalization, as well as a current relationship with the protection of human rights. The research aims to analyze the formation of a new society within a global vision of the constitutionalization of international law. It seeks to glimpse the invocacion model of foreign precedents and the possibility of dialogue betweem States as a way of protecting and enforcing the protection of human rights
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC
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Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS
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Nessa pesquisa investigo no discurso biológico moderno, teorias e proposições que legitimam as igualdades e desigualdades sociais a partir de argumentos considerados científicos, a fim de relacioná-las à Educação em Direitos Humanos. Minha motivação inicial para tal estudo decorreu da identificação de concepções contrárias a valores humanísticos entre estudantes da educação básica. Concepções essas mantidas e defendidas a partir de argumentos tidos como científicos por esses sujeitos, que ao serem indagados sobre temas relacionados à raça, etnia, sexualidade e organização social manifestaram preconceitos usando elementos do discurso biológico como forma de justificar suas idéias. Com o propósito de estabelecer relações entre Discurso Biológico e Educação em Direitos Humanos, recorro aos valores presentes na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos que integram um projeto global de ensino das prerrogativas estabelecidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas e à análise de três obras de referência da Biologia Moderna A Origem do Homem e a Seleção Sexual, de Charles Darwin (1809-1882); O Gene Egoísta, de Richard Dawkins (1941 -) e A Origem da Espécie Humana, de Richard Leakey (1944 -). O material empírico selecionado foi organizado e investigado com a utilização de princípios metodológicos da análise de conteúdo, inclusive a construção do corpo textual que recebe inferências em seu desenvolvimento, proporcionando a visualização de discursos que refutam ou corroboram valores próximos às concepções humanísticas presentes nos Direitos Humanos. A diversidade dos discursos biológicos analisados partindo de razões diferentes, indicam a necessidade do ensino de valores altruístas e cooperativos, quer por trazerem argumentos reveladores de nossa natureza egoísta quer por defenderem nossa tendência ao altruísmo inato que precisa ser mantido e reforçado pelos meios culturais. Os temas desenvolvidos no trabalho promovem múltiplas discussões que podem ser aproveitadas por educadores em ciências biológicas para, ao ensinar biologia, divulgar, educar e refletir sobre Direitos Humanos.
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Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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This study aims to identify the horizon of emancipation in Human Rights Education, using the philosophy of praxis as a theoretical framework, basing on authors as Tonet, Losurdo, Marx, and Saviani and Duarte, taking as a privileged locus analysis of the Plan National Human Rights Education (PNEDH, 2007). The discussion about the historical development of the movement of the struggles for human rights was a starting point to indicate how, in general, these struggles have been developing since the context of bourgeois revolutions. From there we tried to discuss how the prospect of citizenship has been treated within the Rights Education, the latter being a reflection of social movements' struggles for rights from the year 1980. Situating this movement within a larger movement on the issue of education in Brazil in the twentieth century, we tried to discuss the flags such as citizenship, the strengthening of civil society and creating a culture of rights as a goal of emancipation. Seeking to differentiate between citizenship as political emancipation and human emancipation, was placed the imperative to take the citizenship as a mediator and not as an endpoint in order to equip a culture of struggle for a classless society without exploitation of man by man
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Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS
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Marchetto Patrícia BorbaNa sociedade contemporânea, além da esfera pública de poder, possuímos uma esfera privada de poder, na qual se encontra grandes empresas multinacionais. Esses novos “detentores do Poder” são particulares, grupos ou pessoas, que se tornaram de certa forma desproporcionais socialmente em relação ao restante da sociedade. Neste patamar se encontram as grandes indústrias farmacêuticas, as quais além de possuírem uma função de suma importância para a sociedade mundial concentram grande poder econômico, social e até mesmo político. Desta forma, observa-se a existência de uma responsabilidade social das indústrias farmacêuticas vinculada com a necessidade de respeitar certas diretrizes incluídas na temática da bioética, já que trabalham com a ciência estritamente relacionada com a saúde e a vida da pessoa humana, e dos Direitos Humanos em geral. No entanto, tais indústrias por vezes acabam praticando ações que desrespeitam tais preceitos, como a realização de pesquisas científicas com seres humanos sem respeito as normas que tutelam a matéria e gerando verdadeira lesão aos Direitos Humanos, causando um verdadeiro terror científico. Esta relação tirana de poder que as grandes indústrias farmacêuticas impõe perante a sociedade deve ser tutelada pelo Direito Penal, sobretudo, para além dos limites dos Estados em que ocorrem as condutas, buscando uma tutela penal internacional. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende demonstrar a importância da existência de uma tutela internacional, com a possível utilização do Tribunal Penal Internacional e o enquadramento de tais condutas como crimes contra a Humanidade.
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The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the conceptions of sexuality and female sexual behavior and conduct, formed from the merger of information and securities purchased under the eyes, rules and guidelines established relations with the Holy Office during his visit to Inquisitorial Brazil in the late sixteenth century. It is a survey of historical methodology in which we used as the exploratory research and literature. In the sixteenth century the Church increases the pressure to change the sexual mores that were free in the Middle Ages, a fact which influences the rules and regulations that are adopted by the Holy Office regarding the person's sex life. The first structure was based on Brazilian sexual alliance between Indians and settlers, which led to sugar, by the Portuguese, the customs of the land, which included sexual practices free since the Indians were out of Christian influence. Supported by the absence of white women, the settlers took them wives of the earth, usually more than one, creating conflict with the Jesuits who condemned Indian polygamy. In this context, in 1591, landed on Brazilian soil Heitor Furtado de Mendonca, and with it, the First Visitation of the Holy Office to investigate, arguing, exploring feelings and behaviors, to discover the true facts, finally, to demonstrate the errors Faith and punish them with the rigor of ecclesiastical law. His passing opens us to visualize traces of sexuality in the current "Tropic" a racist, misogynist world where black women and degraded land could be subject to the wishes of the white man, with whom he could mate at will. Alone and forgotten, women have not found the colony margin to denounce or to speak and were stigmatized by the look of travelers and writers have been through here.