El proyecto de Estados Unidos que determina el contenido del TLC CA-EE.UU

Introducción Negociar es, ante todo, tener un proyecto, y teniéndolo, construir su vialidad por medio de la negociación. En la experiencia de la negociación del TLC CA-EE.UU. nos encontramos que una contraparte, Estados Unidos –y cuando aludo a Estados Unidos, estoy pensando en su clase dirigente–,  si tiene su proyecto y le está construyendo vialidad. La otra contraparte, que expresa los intereses de las oligarquías centroamericanas, no tienen proyecto alternativo. Como se hizo evidente con la firma del acuerdo del TLC, ni siquiera voluntad de resistir el proyecto de su contraparte. Su proyecto es precisamente formar parte del proyecto de la otra parte…

El TLC Chile-EE.UU

Introducción Las negociaciones comerciales del ALCA pasan por un momento crítico que, sin duda, marcará un punto de inflexión en este proceso. Los plazos ya acordados para concluir estas negociaciones se acercan sin que los actores centrales en este proceso de señales de acercamiento. La co-presidencia entre Brasil y EE.UU. fue concebida para dar el impulso final al proceso de negociación. Sin embargo, más bien han servido para poner en evidencia las grandes diferencias en las posiciones de negociación entre los dos países más relevantes del ALCA respecto al enfoque, alcance y profundidad en negociación…

Diálogo con Luis Paulino Vargas: “EL TLC CA-EE.UU. más que un Tratado comercial es un Tratado sobre inversiones”

Diálogo con Luis Paulino Vargas: “EL TLC CA-EE.UU. más que un Tratado comercial es un Tratado sobre inversiones”

Análisis del TLC entre Estados Unidos-Colombia en los estados de Idaho, Illinois e Indiana

La Escuela de Administración viene desarrollando proyectos de investigación encaminados a identificar las oportunidades de las empresas colombianas frente al Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos. Por lo que este estudio busca entender por qué Estados Unidos es el principal socio de Colombia en términos de exportaciones. Dentro del presente estudio se presentan cifras de Colombia y Estados Unidos desde el año 2012 hasta el año 2015, los cuales permitieron identificar, analizar y estudiar la relación económica, el comportamiento en el tiempo y la evolución de ambos países. Con la entrada que tenía el TLC, el gobierno de Colombia y EE.UU. trataron de construir la confianza a mediano y largo plazo para los empresarios. Así que el trabajo se centró en analizar paso a paso las principales características que hicieron el TLC una de las relaciones más importantes que ha tenido hasta ahora el país, sin dejar de lado el contexto económico global y el contexto bilateral. Mediante WISER Trade la cual es una base de datos de flujos de comercio internacional, se recopilo la información necesaria para determinar cuáles son las principales oportunidades comerciales y se determinó que el sector agropecuario, y el sector industrial reflejan una alta competitividad con los Estados Americanos de Illinois, Indiana e Idaho, reflejando en las cifras de 2012 a 2015 un incremento en las exportaciones.

Análisis de los posibles efectos del TLC con Estados Unidos en el subsector del maíz

En el marco del desarrollo del sector primario en Colombia, se observa la existencia de una serie de situaciones o factores adversos que le impiden alcanzar su productividad y competitividad, entre los cuales destacan los altos costos de la materia prima e insumos utilizados en los procesos productivos de siembra y cosecha, la inexistencia de políticas públicas que garanticen un verdadero apoyo al campesinado colombiano, como los subsidios y/o estrategias de protección a la producción nacional, estas últimas, como barrera a la entrada en grandes volúmenes de productos importados, resultantes de los acuerdos internacionales donde se les da mayor participación a los productos importados, como ha sido en los últimos años, los provenientes de Canadá y Estados Unidos, este último, con la firma del TLC. Lo anterior ha coadyuvando a una reducción en las áreas de cultivo, así como en el rendimiento por hectáreas; como es el caso de la agrocadena de cereales, entre los que destaca el maíz amarillo, el cual ha experimentado un alto incremento en su volumen de importación, resultado de los excedentes exportables dados en la producción agrícola norteamericana, siendo los subsidios que a través de la ley Farm Bill, el gobierno norteamericano le otorga a los productores agropecuarios, un incentivo importante para tal fin. Con base en esto, los precios internacionales de comercialización del maíz amarillo han presentado una tendencia de decrecimiento, imposibilitando a los productores colombianos afrontar esta situación. Por medio de esta investigación se busca evaluar y esclarecer los posibles efectos del TLC de Colombia con Estados Unidos sobre los productores de maíz, y así mismo porporcionar alternativas de solución tanto para los campesinos como para el gobierno, identificando las principales variables que afectan la producción del cereal

Analisis TLC entre Colombia y Estados Unidos: Estados de Virginia y Washington

el punto central de esta investigación será identificar las principales fortalezas y oportunidades de las empresas colombianas frente al Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos, con miras al desarrollo de un proceso de exportación no tradicional e internacionalización, en los estados de Virginia y Washington. Para esto debemos primero reconocer las oportunidades que el mercado colombiano ha aprovechado en los estados de Virginia y Washington, segundo revisar si el tratado de libre comercio de Colombia con Estados unidos representa alguna amenaza o por el contrario oportunidades para nuestras empresas colombianas y por ultimo identificar ¿Qué herramientas necesitan nuestras empresas para aprovechar las oportunidades inherentes al TLC?

Medida da capacidade antioxidante de fluidos biologicos por voltametria de pulso diferencial associada ao uso de surfactante como resposta as adaptações geradas pelo exercicio

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

A multi-screening approach for marine-derived fungal metabolites and the isolation of cyclodepsipeptides from Beauveria felina

Extracts obtained from 57 marine-derived fungal strains were analyzed by HPLC-PDA, TLC and ¹H NMR. The analyses showed that the growth conditions affected the chemical profile of crude extracts. Furthermore, the majority of fungal strains which produced either bioactive of chemically distinctive crude extracts have been isolated from sediments or marine algae. The chemical investigation of the antimycobacterial and cytotoxic crude extract obtained from two strains of the fungus Beauveria felina have yielded cyclodepsipeptides related to destruxins. The present approach constitutes a valuable tool for the selection of fungal strains that produce chemically interesting or biologically active secondary metabolites.

The use of a graphite-silicone rubber composite electrode in the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical formulation

The possibility of using a graphite silicone-rubber composite electrode (GSR) in a differential pulse voltammetric(DPV) procedure for rutin (vitamin P) determination is described. Cyclic voltammograms of rutin presented a reversible pair of oxidation/reduction peaks respectively at 0.411 and 0.390 V (vs. SCE) at the GSR surface in Britton-Robinson(B-R) buffer solution pH 4.0. In DPV after optimization of conditions, an oxidation peak at 0.370 V (vs. SCE) was used to quantitative determination of rutin in B-R buffer solution pH 4.0. In this case a linear dynamic range of 5.0×10-8 to 50.0×10-8 mol L-1 was observed with a detection limit of 1.8×10-8 mol L-1 for the analyte. Recoveries from 94 to 113% were observed. The electrode surface was renewed by polishing after each determination, with a repeatability of 1.09 ± 0.06 µA (n = 10) peak current. Rutin was determined in a pharmaceutical formulation using the proposed electrode and the results agreed with those from an official method within 95% confidence level.

Extração de β-caroteno de cenouras: uma proposta para disciplinas experimentais de química

This paper reports on the development of a simple and fast procedure for β-carotene extraction from carrots and its quantification by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Carotenoids extracted from carrots may also be used as alternative reagents for TLC (thin layer chromatography) detection of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, replacing the commercial p.a. grade β-carotene. Although this reagent had around 10% b-carotene, it proved to be as efficient for TLC analysis as the commercial p.a. grade β-carotene. This practice is a useful alternative for teaching undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory classes.

HPLC microfractionation of flavones and antioxidant (radical scavenging) activity of Saccharum officinarum L.

The antioxidant activity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) juice towards DPPH reagent was determined (EC50) and the main compounds with radical scavenging activity in juice and leaves extracts were identified by HPLC-UV/PAD analysis combined with HPLC microfractionation monitored by TLC using β-carotene and DPPH as the detection reagents. In sugarcane leaves, luteolin-8-C-(rhamnosylglucoside) (1) was the most important compound with radical scavenging activity; in sugarcane juice, the flavones diosmetin-8-C-glucoside (2), vitexin (3) schaftoside (9), isoschaftoside (10) and 4',5'-dimethyl-luteolin-8-C-glucoside (11) were the most relevant compounds. The content of juice flavonoids (0.241 ± 0.001 mg total flavonoids/mL juice), comparable to other food sources of flavonoids, suggest the potential of sugarcane as a dietary source of natural antioxidants. However, the low antioxidant ability of sugarcane juice (EC50 = 100.2 ± 2.6 g L-1) also points to the need for further studies about the dietary intake of sugarcane flavonoids and its effects on human health.

A Simple and Fast Method for the Production and Characterization of Methylic and Ethylic Biodiesels from Tucum Oil via an Alkaline Route

A simple, fast, and complete route for the production of methylic and ethylic biodiesel from tucum oil is described. Aliquots of the oil obtained directly from pressed tucum (pulp and almonds) were treated with potassium methoxide or ethoxide at 40 degrees C for 40 min. The biodiesel form was removed from the reactor and washed with 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution. A simple distillation at 100 degrees C was carried out in order to remove water and alcohol species from the biodiesel. The oxidative stability index was obtained for the tucum oil as well as the methylic and ethylic biodiesel at 6.13, 2.90, and 2.80 h, for storage times higher than 8 days. Quality control of the original oil and of the methylic and ethylic biodiesels, such as the amount of glycerin produced during the transesterification process, was accomplished by the TLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR techniques. The results obtained in this study indicate a potential biofuel production by simple treatment of tucum, an important Amazonian fruit.

Air trapping: The major factor limiting diaphragm mobility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Background and objective: Patients with COPD can have impaired diaphragm mechanics. A new method of assessing the mobility of the diaphragm, using ultrasound, has recently been validated. This study evaluated the relationship between pulmonary function and diaphragm mobility, as well as that between respiratory muscle strength and diaphragm mobility, in COPD patients. Methods: COPD patients with pulmonary hyperinflation (n = 54) and healthy subjects (n = 20) were studied. Patients were tested for pulmonary function, maximal respiratory pressures and diaphragm mobility using ultrasound to measure the craniocaudal displacement of the left branch of the portal vein. Results: COPD patients had less diaphragm mobility than did healthy individuals (36.5 +/- 10.9 mm vs 46.3 +/- 9.5 mm, P = 0.001). In COPD patients, diaphragm mobility correlated strongly with pulmonary function parameters that quantify air trapping (RV: r = -0.60, P < 0.001; RV/TLC: r = -0.76, P < 0.001), moderately with airway obstruction (FEV1: r = 0.55, P < 0.001; airway resistance: r = -0.32, P = 0.02) and weakly with pulmonary hyperinflation (TLC: r = -0.28, P = 0.04). No relationship was observed between diaphragm mobility and respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure: r = -0.11, P = 0.43; maximal expiratory pressure: r = 0.03, P = 0.80). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the reduction in diaphragm mobility in COPD patients is mainly due to air trapping and is not influenced by respiratory muscle strength or pulmonary hyperinflation.

Gastric anti-ulcer activity of leaf fractions obtained of polar extract from Wilbrandia ebracteata in mice

Leaf fractions of Wilbrandia ebracteata were investigated for anti-ulcerogenic effects in ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer assays in mice. Protective anti-ulcer effects were detected only in the ethanol-induced ulcer assay effects after pre-treatment with MeOH extract, MeOH chlorophyll-free, chlorophyll residue, HEX, DCM, aqueous MeOH fraction, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and aqueous fractions. A potent anti-ulcerogenic effect was determined after pre-treatment of animals with EtOAc fraction, which was fractionated for isolation of active constituents. Seven flavonoids, 3`,4`,5,6,7,8-hexahydroxyflavonol, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, luteolin, 6-methoxi-luteolin were isolated from the leaves of W. ebracteata (Cucurbitaceae) by chromatographic methods and identified by their spectral data. The data suggest that flavonoids are active anti-ulcerogenic compounds from leaves of W. ebracteata. The ability of scavenging free radicals was evaluated by DPPH reduction assay by TLC of flavonoids isolated.

Working memory in schizophrenia and mania: Acute and subacute phases

Baekground: Patients with schizophrenia tend to have impaired performance on tests of working memory (WM). Neurocognitive models have linked WM to certain symptoms of schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess WM in schizophrenia and mania in the acute and subacute phases of the illness and explore correlations between WM and symptom clusters. Methods: A visuo-spatial delayed response task was used to assess WM in schizophrenia (n=20), mania (n= 14) and well controls (n=20). Patients were tested during the first week of an acute admission, and subjects were retested after four weeks. WM, symptoms (PANSS, TLC) and executive ability (COWAT, Stroop, Trail Making) were assessed at both time points. Results: When assessed for overall WM errors (both sensory and memory), there was a significant group difference (F- 11.53, df 2, 40; p