Availability and uptake of trace elements in a forage rotation under conservation and plough tillage

After 14 years under conventional plough tillage (CT) or conservation minimum tillage (MT), the soil available Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm layers) and their plant uptake were evaluated during two years in a ryegrass-maize forage rotation in NW Spain (t emperate-humid region). The three-way ANOVA showed that trace element concentrations in soil were mainly influenced by sampling date, followed by soil depth and tillage system (35-73 %, 7-58 % and 3- 11 % of variance explained, respectively). Excepting for Fe (CT) and Al (CT and MT), the elemental concentrations decreased with depth, the stratification being stronger under MT. For soil available Al, Fe, Mn and Cu, the concentrations were higher in CT than in MT (5-15 and 15-30 cm layers) or were not affected by tillage system (0-5 cm). In contrast, the available Zn contents were higher in MT than CT at the soil surface and did not differ in deeper layers. The concentration of Al, Fe and Cu in crops were not influenced by tillage system, which explain 22 % of Mn variance in maize (CT > MT in the more humid year) and 18 % of Zn variance in ryegrass (MT > CT in both years). However, in the summer crop (maize) the concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn tended to be higher in MT than in CT under drought conditions, while the opposite was true in the year without water limitation. Therefore, under the studied conditions of climate, soil, tillage and crop rotation, little influence of tillage system on crop nutritive value would be expected. To minimize the potential deficiency of Zn (maize) and Cu (maize and ryegrass) on crop yields the inclusion of these micro-nutrients in fertilization schedule is reco mmended, as well as liming to alleviate Al toxicity on maize crops.

New developments in lycopene analysis by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, accompanied by mathematical modelling

Comunicación Oral sobre los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de las propiedades del lycopeno presente en el tomate como compuesto bioactivo. Se realizó la identificación y cuantificación por diferentes metodologías experimentales. Se muestran los resultados analíticos comapartivamente con distintas técnicas.

Influence of sequential and mixed fermentations with non-Saccharomyces yeasts on the sensory profile of red wine

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of S. pombe and T. delbrueckii species on the sensory quality of red wine when used in sequential and mixed fermentations with S. cerevisiae.

Dietary xylanase increases hepatic vitamin E concentration of chickens fed wheat based diet

The study examined the effect of xylanase supplementation on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and hepatic vitamin E and carotenoids in broiler chickens fed wheat based diets. A total of one hundred forty four male Ross 308 chickens were used in this study. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (8 cages per treatment of 6 male broilers each) for 14 days from 7 to 21 day old. The control treatment was based on wheat-soyabean meal and was either unsupplemented or supplemented with either 1000 or 2000 xylanase units per kg diet. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test linear response to dietary xylanase activity. There was a positive linear relationship (P < 0.05) between dietary AME and doses of supplementary xylanase. A linear relationship (P < 0.05) was also observed between dosage of xylanase supplementation and hepatic vitamin E concentration and retention. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved dietary AME and increased hepatic vitamin E concentration which may have positive effects on the antioxidative status of the birds.

Partioning of dietary energy of chickens fed maize or wheat-based diets with and without a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a standardized mixture of a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives containing 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum on utilization of dietary energy and performance in broiler chickens. Four experimental diets were offered to the birds from 7 to 21 d of age. These included 2 basal control diets based on either wheat or maize that contained 215 g CP/kg and 12.13 MJ/kg ME and another 2 diets using the basal control diets supplemented with the plant extracts combination at 100 mg/kg diet. Each diet was fed to 16 individually penned birds following randomization. Dietary plant extracts improved feed intake and weight gain (P < 0.05) and slightly (P < 0.1) improved feed efficiency of birds fed the maize-based diet. Supplementary plant extracts did not change dietary ME (P > 0.05) but improved (P < 0.05) dietary NE by reducing the heat increment (P < 0.05) per kilogram feed intake. Feeding phytogenics improved (P < 0.05) total carcass energy retention and the efficiency of dietary ME for carcass energy retention. The number of interactions between type of diet and supplementary phytogenic feed additive suggest that the chemical composition and the energy to protein ratio of the diet may influence the efficiency of phytogenics when fed to chickens. The experiment showed that although supplementary phytogenic additives did not affect dietary ME, they caused a significant improvement in the utilization of dietary energy for carcass energy retention but this did not always relate to growth performance.

Advanced Characterisation of a Coffee Fermenting Tank by Multi-distributed Wireless Sensors: Spatial Interpolation and Phase Space Graphs

The fermentation stage is considered to be one of the critical steps in coffee processing due to its impact on the final quality of the product. The objective of this work is to characterise the temperature gradients in a fermentation tank by multi-distributed, low-cost and autonomous wireless sensors (23 semi-passive TurboTag® radio-frequency identifier (RFID) temperature loggers). Spatial interpolation in polar coordinates and an innovative methodology based on phase space diagrams are used. A real coffee fermentation process was supervised in the Cauca region (Colombia) with sensors submerged directly in the fermenting mass, leading to a 4.6 °C temperature range within the fermentation process. Spatial interpolation shows a maximum instant radial temperature gradient of 0.1 °C/cm from the centre to the perimeter of the tank and a vertical temperature gradient of 0.25 °C/cm for sensors with equal polar coordinates. The combination of spatial interpolation and phase space graphs consistently enables the identification of five local behaviours during fermentation (hot and cold spots).

Non-Destructive Global and Localized 2D T1/T2 NMR Relaxometry to Resolve Microstructure in Apples Affected by Watercore

Apples can be considered as having a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels: macroscale (>100 μm) and microscale (<100 μm). This work implements 2D T1/T2 global and localized relaxometry sequences on whole apples to be able to perform an intensive non-destructive and non-invasive microstructure study. The 2D T1/T2 cross-correlation spectroscopy allows the extraction of quantitative information about the water compartmentation in different subcellular organelles. A clear difference is found as sound apples show neat peaks for water in different subcellular compartments, such as vacuolar, cytoplasmatic and extracellular water, while in watercore-affected tissues such compartments appear merged. Localized relaxometry allows for the predefinition of slices in order to understand the microstructure of a particular region of the fruit, providing information that cannot be derived from global 2D T1/T2 relaxometry.

Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in yeast colonies growing on solid medium: the eccentricity and Fourier indices

The colony shape of four yeast species growing on agar medium wasmeasured for 116 days by image analysis. Initially, all the colonies are circular, with regular edges. The loss of circularity can be quantitatively estimated by the eccentricity index, Ei, calculated as the ratio between their orthogonal vertical and horizontal diameters. Ei can increase from 1 (complete circularity) to a maximum of 1.17–1.30, depending on the species. One colony inhibits its neighbour only when it has reached a threshold area. Then, Ei of the inhibited colony increases proportionally to the area of the inhibitory colony. The initial distance between colonies affects those threshold values but not the proportionality, Ei/area; this inhibition affects the shape but not the total surface of the colony. The appearance of irregularities in the edges is associated, in all the species, not with age but with nutrient exhaustion. The edge irregularity can be quantified by the Fourier index, Fi, calculated by the minimum number of Fourier coefficients that are needed to describe the colony contour with 99% fitness. An ad hoc function has been developed in Matlab v. 7.0 to automate the computation of the Fourier coefficients. In young colonies, Fi has a value between 2 (circumference) and 3 (ellipse). These values are maintained in mature colonies of Debaryomyces, but can reach values up to 14 in Saccharomyces.All the species studied showed the inhibition of growth in facing colony edges, but only three species showed edge irregularities associated with substrate exhaustion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A simple mathematical model that describes the growth of the area and the number of total and viable cells in yeast colonies

We propose a model, based on the Gompertz equation, to describe the growth of yeasts colonies on agar medium. This model presents several advantages: (i) one equation describes the colony growth, which previously needed two separate ones (linear increase of radius and of the squared radius); (ii) a similar equation can be applied to total and viable cells, colony area or colony radius, because the number of total cells in mature colonies is proportional to their area; and (iii) its parameters estimate the cell yield, the cell concentration that triggers growth limitation and the effect of this limitation on the specific growth rate. To elaborate the model, area, total and viable cells of 600 colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces fabryi, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Rhodotorula glutinis have been measured. With low inocula, viable cells showed an initial short exponential phase when colonies were not visible. This phase was shortened with higher inocula. In visible or mature colonies, cell growth displayed Gompertz-type kinetics. It was concluded that the cells growth in colonies is similar to liquid cultures only during the first hours, the rest of the time they grow, with near-zero specific growth rates, at least for 3 weeks.

Hyperspectral to multispectral imaging for detection of tree nuts and peanut traces in wheat flour.

In current industrial environments there is an increasing need for practical and inexpensive quality control systems to detect the foreign food materials in powder food processing lines. This demand is especially important for the detection of product adulteration with traces of highly allergenic products, such as peanuts and tree nuts. Manufacturing industries dealing with the processing of multiple powder food products present a substantial risk for the contamination of powder foods with traces of tree nuts and other adulterants, which might result in unintentional ingestion of nuts by the sensitised population. Hence, the need for an in-line system to detect nut traces at the early stages of food manufacturing is of crucial importance. In this present work, a feasibility study of a spectral index for revealing adulteration of tree nut and peanut traces in wheat flour samples with hyperspectral images is reported. The main nuts responsible for allergenic reactions considered in this work were peanut, hazelnut and walnut. Enhanced contrast between nuts and wheat flour was obtained after the application of the index. Furthermore, the segmentation of these images by selecting different thresholds for different nut and flour mixtures allowed the identification of nut traces in the samples. Pixels identified as nuts were counted and with the actual percentage of peanut adulteration. As a result, the multispectral system was able to detect and provide good visualisation of tree nut and peanut trace levels down to 0.01% by weight. In this context, multispectral imaging could operate in conjuction with chemical procedures, such as Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to save time, money and skilled labour on product quality control. This approach could enable not only a few selected samples to be assessed but also to extensively incorporate quality control surveyance on product processing lines.

VIS/NIR spectral signature for the identification of peanut contamination of powder foods

Visible-near infrared reflectance spectra are proposed for the characterization of IRMM 481 peanuts variety in comparison to powder food materials: wheat flour, milk and cocoa. Multidimensional analysis of reflectance spectra of powder samples shows a specific NIR band centred at 1200 nm that identifies peanut compared to the rest of food ingredients, regardless compaction level and temperature. Spectral range of 400-1000 nm is not robust for identification of blanched peanut. The visible range has shown to be reliable for the identification of pre-treatment and processing of unknown commercial peanut samples. A spectral index is proposed based on the combination of three wavelengths around 1200 nm that is 100% robust against pre-treatment (raw or blanched) and roasting (various temperatures and treatment duration).

Application of Independent Components Analysis with the JADE algorithm and NIR hyperspectral imaging for revealing food adulteration

In recent years, Independent Components Analysis (ICA) has proven itself to be a powerful signal-processing technique for solving the Blind-Source Separation (BSS) problems in different scientific domains. In the present work, an application of ICA for processing NIR hyperspectral images to detect traces of peanut in wheat flour is presented. Processing was performed without a priori knowledge of the chemical composition of the two food materials. The aim was to extract the source signals of the different chemical components from the initial data set and to use them in order to determine the distribution of peanut traces in the hyperspectral images. To determine the optimal number of independent component to be extracted, the Random ICA by blocks method was used. This method is based on the repeated calculation of several models using an increasing number of independent components after randomly segmenting the matrix data into two blocks and then calculating the correlations between the signals extracted from the two blocks. The extracted ICA signals were interpreted and their ability to classify peanut and wheat flour was studied. Finally, all the extracted ICs were used to construct a single synthetic signal that could be used directly with the hyperspectral images to enhance the contrast between the peanut and the wheat flours in a real multi-use industrial environment. Furthermore, feature extraction methods (connected components labelling algorithm followed by flood fill method to extract object contours) were applied in order to target the spatial location of the presence of peanut traces. A good visualization of the distributions of peanut traces was thus obtained

Combine use of Selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Lachancea thermotolerans Yeast Strains as an Alternative to the Traditional Malolactic Fermentation in Red Wine Production

Most red wines commercialized in the market use the malolactic fermentationprocess in order to ensure stability from a microbiological point of view. In this secondfermentation, malic acid is converted into L-lactic acid under controlled setups. Howeverthis process is not free from possible collateral effects that on some occasions produceoff-flavors, wine quality loss and human health problems. In warm viticulture regions suchas the south of Spain, the risk of suffering a deviation during the malolactic fermentationprocess increases due to the high must pH. This contributes to produce wines with highvolatile acidity and biogenic amine values. This manuscript develops a new red winemakingmethodology that consists of combining the use of two non-Saccharomyces yeast strains asan alternative to the traditional malolactic fermentation. In this method, malic acid is totallyconsumed by Schizosaccharomyces pombe, thus achieving the microbiological stabilizationobjective, while Lachancea thermotolerans produces lactic acid in order not to reduce andeven increase the acidity of wines produced from low acidity musts. This technique reducesthe risks inherent to the malolactic fermentation process when performed in warm regions.The result is more fruity wines that contain less acetic acid and biogenic amines than thetraditional controls that have undergone the classical malolactic fermentation.

Preparados enológicos comerciales a base de levaduras secas inactivas : caracterización, modo de acción e influencia en la composición y características sensoriales de los vino

El empleo de preparados comerciales de levaduras secas inactivas (LSI) se ha generalizado en la industria enológica con el fin de mejorar los procesos tecnológicos, así como las características sensoriales y la eliminación de compuestos indeseables en los vinos. Estos preparados se obtienen por crecimiento de la levadura vínica Saccharomyces cerevisiae en un medio rico en azúcares, y posterior inactivación y secado para obtener un producto en forma de polvo. Su composición puede incluir una fracción soluble procedente del citoplasma de la levadura (péptidos, aminoácidos, proteínas) y una fracción insoluble compuesta principalmente por las paredes celulares. Dependiendo de su composición, los preparados de LSI están indicados para distintas aplicaciones (activadores de la fermentación alcohólica y maloláctica, mejorar el color y el aroma de los vinos, etc). Sin embargo, a pesar de que el empleo de preparados de LSI está cada vez más extendido en la industria enológica, existen pocos estudios científicos encaminados a conocer sus efectos en el vino así como a discernir su modo de acción. Por ello, se ha planteado esta Tesis Doctoral con el principal objetivo de caracterizar la composición química de algunos de los preparados comerciales de LSI que actualmente más se están empleando en la elaboración de los vinos, así como determinar su modo de acción y su efecto tanto en la composición como en las características organolépticas de los vinos. Para la caracterización de preparados de LSI, en primer lugar se ha estudiado la cesión de compuestos nitrogenados y polisacáridos a medios vínicos, así como las diferencias entre preparados procedentes de diferentes casas comerciales e indicados para diferentes aplicaciones durante la vinificación. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron diferencias en la cesión de estos compuestos dependiendo del tipo de vino al que van dirigidos y de la casa comercial de la procedencia. Así, los preparados indicados para la elaboración de vinos tintos liberan una mayor concentración de polisacáridos, que están asociados a una modulación de la astringencia y de la protección del color de los vinos tintos, comparado con los indicados para vinos blancos. Sin embargo en estos últimos se determinó una mayor cesión de aminoácidos libres. Posteriormente, se estudió el efecto de componentes específicos presentes en preparados de LSI en el crecimiento de distintas especies de bacterias lácticas del vino. Se obtuvieron extractos de diferente composición empleando la extracción con fluidos presurizados, y se ensayó su actividad en el crecimiento de cepas bacterianas pertenecientes a las especies Lactobacillus hilgardii, Pediococcus pentosaceus y Oenococcus oeni. Los resultados de este trabajo mostraron que los distintos componentes presentes en los preparados de LSI pueden ejercer un efecto estimulante o inhibidor en el crecimiento de las bacterias lácticas, que depende del tipo de compuesto, de su concentración y de la especie bacteriana a ensayar. Entre los compuestos responsables del efecto estimulante se encuentran tanto aminoácidos esenciales como monosacáridos libres, mientras que los ácidos grasos de cadena corta y larga así como compuestos heterocíclicos volátiles originados por la reacción de Maillard parecen estar directamente implicados en el efecto inhibidor observado. En la tercera parte de este trabajo, se ha evaluado el papel de los preparados comerciales de LSI en el aroma y en las características organolépticas de los vinos. Para ello, empleando vinos sintéticos, se estudiaron por un lado, el efecto que los componentes cedidos por los preparados de LSI podrían tener en la volatilidad de compuestos del aroma ya presentes en el vino, y por otro lado, en la posible cesión al vino de compuestos odorantes presentes en los preparados y originados durante su fabricación. Los resultados de estos estudios pusieron de manifiesto que los preparados de LSI pueden modificar la volatilidad de compuestos del aroma del vino, dependiendo principalmente de las características físico-químicas del compuesto del aroma, del tiempo de permanencia del preparado en el vino y del tipo de preparado de LSI. Por otro lado, gracias al empleo de diferentes técnicas de extracción combinadas, la extracción con fluidos presurizados (PLE) y microextracción en fase sólida en el espacio de cabeza (HS-SPME) y posterior análisis por GO-MS, se caracterizó el perfil volátil de un preparado de LSI representativo del resto de los estudiados y se comprobó que estaba formado tanto por componentes procedentes de la levadura, como ácidos grasos de cadena corta y larga, así como por compuestos volátiles originados durante las etapas de fabricación de los preparados y resultantes de la reacción de Maillard. Se determinó a su vez, que algunos de estos compuestos volátiles, pueden ser cedidos tanto a medios vínicos, como a vinos reales. Concretamente, se comprobó que los preparados indicados para vinificación en blanco liberan una menor concentración de compuestos volátiles, y especialmente, de productos de la reacción de Maillard, que los indicados para vinificación en tinto. Estos compuestos, y principalmente los pertenecientes al grupo de las pirazinas, podrían modificar el perfil sensorial de los vinos, ya que son compuestos con, en general, bajos umbrales de percepción. Para intentar eliminar estos compuestos de los preparados, es decir, para su desodorización, en esta parte del trabajo, también se desarrolló una metodología basada en la extracción con CO2 supercrítico, que permitió la eliminación selectiva de este tipo de compuestos sin provocar modificaciones en su composición no volátil. Debido a la cantidad de preparados de LSI ricos en glutatión (GSH) disponibles en el mercado para mejorar las características sensoriales de los vinos, se estudió la cesión de este compuesto a medios vínicos. Para ello, se puso a punto una metodología que permitiera la cuantificación del GSH en sus diferentes formas (reducido y total), en vinos sintéticos y reales. El método se aplicó para cuantificar la cantidad de GSH aportada por los LSI a los vinos. Los resultados mostraron que los preparados de LSI indicados para vinificación en blanco y rosado liberaron, inmediatamente tras su adición a medios vínicos sintéticos, ♯y-glutamil-cisteína y GSH principalmente en su forma reducida a mayores concentraciones que los preparados indicados para otras aplicaciones. Por otro lado, se aislaron las fracciones de peso molecular <3000 Da de preparados de LSI y se emplearon para suplementar vinos sintéticos aromatizados con terpenos y sometidos a condiciones de envejecimiento acelerado. Los resultados revelaron una reducción en la oxidación por parte de las fracciones aisladas tanto de preparados de LSI ricos en glutatión como de preparados empleados como nutrientes de fermentación. Esta reducción era incluso mayor que cuando se empleaba el glutatión comercial, lo que indicaba la presencia de otros compuestos con propiedades antioxidantes. Finalmente, para conocer el efecto de los preparados de LSI a escala de bodega, se elaboraron a escala industrial dos tipos de vinos, con y sin la adición de un preparado de LSI rico en GSH, a escala industrial. En estos vinos, se determino el contenido en glutatión, y la evolución del color y de la composición fenólica y volátil durante la vinificación y a lo largo del envejecimiento en botella. Los resultados de este trabajo mostraron la capacidad del preparado de LSI de ceder glutatión en su forma reducida, aunque esté es rápidamente oxidado durante la fermentación alcohólica. Sin embargo, se comprobó que los vinos elaborados con el preparado presentaron mayor estabilidad de color y aroma a lo largo del envejecimiento en botella. De hecho, a los 9 meses de envejecimiento, se encontraron diferencias sensoriales entre los vinos con y sin el preparado. Sin embargo, estas diferencias sensoriales no fueron suficientes para que en el estudio de preferencia que se llevó a cabo con los mismos vinos, los consumidores mostraran preferencia hacia los vinos elaborados con el preparado de LSI.

Multi-distributed wireless sensors for monitoring a long distance transport in a reefer container

The study of the temperature gradients in cold stores and containers is a critical issue in the food industry for the quality assurance of products during transport and for minimising losses. This work presents an analysis of the temperatures during the refrigerated transport of 4,320 kg of blueberries in a reefer (set point temperature at ?1ºC) on a container ship from Montevideo (Uruguay) to Verona (Italy). The monitoring was performed by using semi-passive RFID loggers (TurboTag cards). The objective was to carry out a multi-distributed supervision using low-cost, wireless and autonomous sensors for the characterisation of the distribution and spatial gradients of temperatures during a long distance transport. Data analysis shows spatial (phase space) and temporal sequencing diagrams and reveals a significant heterogeneity of temperature at different locations in the container, which highlights the ineffectiveness of a temperature control system based on a single sensor, as is usually done.