The interplay of metal-atom ordering, Fermi leveltuning and thermoelectric properties in cobalt shandites Co3M2S2 (M = Sn, In)

A combination of structural, physical and computational techniques including powder X-ray and neutron diffraction, SQUID magnetometry, electrical and thermal transport measurements, DFT calculations and 119Sn Mössbauer and X-ray photoelec-tron spectroscopies has been applied to Co3Sn2-xInxS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) in an effort to understand the relationship between metal-atom ordering and physical properties as the Fermi level is systematically varied. Whilst solid solution behavior is found throughout the composition region, powder neutron diffraction reveals that indium preferentially occupies an inter-layer site over an alternative kagome-like intra-layer site. DFT calculations indicate that this ordering, which leads to a lowering of energy, is related to the dif-fering bonding properties of tin and indium. Spectroscopic data suggest that throughout the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, all ele-ments adopt oxidation states that are significantly reduced from expectations based on formal charges. Chemical substitution ena-bles the electrical transport properties to be controlled through tuning of the Fermi level within a region of the density of states, which comprises narrow bands of predominantly Co d-character. This leads to a compositionally-induced double metal-to-semiconductor-to-metal transition. The marked increase in the Seebeck coefficient as the semiconducting region is approached leads to a substantial improvement in the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, which exhibits a maximum of ZT = 0.32 at 673 K. At 425 K, the figure of merit for phases in the region 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 0.85 is amongst the highest reported for sulphide phases, suggesting these materials may have applications in low-grade waste heat recovery.

Calcium-mediated binding of DNA to 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-containing mixed lipid monolayers

The calcium-mediated interaction of DNA with monolayers of the non-toxic, zwitterionic phospholipid, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine when mixed with 50 mol% of a second lipid, either the zwitteronic 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or neutral cholesterol was investigated using a combination of surface pressure-area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy, external reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and specular neutron reflectivity in combination with contrast variation. When calcium and DNA were both present in the aqueous subphase, changes were observed in the compression isotherms as well as the surface morphologies of the mixed lipid monolayers. In the presence of calcium and DNA, specular neutron reflectivity showed that directly underneath the head groups of the lipids comprising the monolayers, DNA occupied a layer comprising approximately 13 and 18% v/v DNA for the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and cholesterol-containing monolayers, respectively. The volume of the corresponding layer for 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine only containing monolayers was ∼15% v/v DNA. Furthermore regardless of the presence and nature of the second lipid and the surface pressure of the monolayer, the specular neutron reflectivity experiments showed that the DNA-containing layer was 20–27 Å thick, suggesting the presence of a well-hydrated layer of double-stranded DNA. External reflectance Fourier transform infrared studies confirmed the presence of double stranded DNA, and indicated that the strands are in the B-form conformation. The results shed light on the interaction between lipids and nucleic acid cargo as well as the role of a second lipid in lipid-based carriers for drug delivery.

The magnetic phase diagram of Gd(2)Sn(2)O(7)

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of the frustrated pyrochlore magnet Gd(2)Sn(2)O(7) have been performed at temperatures below T = 5 K and in magnetic fields up to H = 12 T. The phase boundaries determined from these measurements are mapped out in an H-T phase diagram. In this gadolinium compound, where the crystal-field splitting is small and the exchange and dipolar energy are comparable, the Zeeman energy overcomes these competing energies, resulting in at least four magnetic phase transitions below 1 K. These data are compared against those for Gd(2)Ti(2)O(7) and will, we hope, stimulate further studies.

Crystal growth and magnetic properties of tin selenide-doped europium Sn(1-x)Eu(x)Se

The growth and magnetic properties of Tin Selenide (SnSe) doped with Eu(2+) Sn(1-x)Eu(x)Se (x=2.5%) were investigated. Q-band (34 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance measurements show that the site symmetry of Eu(2+) at 4.2 K is orthorhombic and the Lande factor was determined to be g=1.99 +/- 0.01. The exchange coupling between nearest-neighbor (NN) Eu(2+) ions was estimated from magnetization and magnetic-susceptibility measurements using a model that takes into account the magnetic contributions of single ions, pairs and triplets. The exchange interaction between Eu(2+) nearest neighbors was found to be antiferromagnetic with an estimated average value of J(p)/k(B) =-0.18 +/- 0.03 K. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Octahedral Sn(IV) Complexes Prepared from SnCl(2)center dot 2H(2)O and 2-Hydroxyacetophenone (S-benzydithiocarbazate) Ligand (H(2)L)

Two coordination octahedral Sn(IV) complexes [Sn(L)(2)] and cis-[SnCl(2)(L)(dmso)], where H(2)L is 2-hydroxyacetophenone (S-benzydithiocarbazate), were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C), (119)Sn Mossbauer spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction techniques to investigate their structural properties. Both crystallize in the Monoclinic system, with parameters: a = 8.1905(3), b = 30.8811(15), c = 12.8959(7) angstrom, beta = 94.465(3)degrees and Z = 4 for [Sn(L)(2)] and a = 8.5247(2), b = 21.5445(7), c = 12.3706(3) angstrom, beta = 96.932(2)degrees and Z = 4 for cis-[SnCl(2)(L)(dmso)]. In both complexes, the Sn(IV) central atom is coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry with the thiolate ligand (L(2-)) coordinated via O, N and S atoms. The (119)Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy of the complexes were studied and the results revealed that both complexes posses isomer shift (delta) and quadrupole splitting (Delta), which are almost the same.

Ruled Weingarten hypersurfaces in Sn+1

In this paper we classify the connected ruled Weingarten hypersurfaces in Sn+1, n >= 3.

Study of ethanol electro-oxidation in acid environment on Pt(3)Sn/C anode catalysts prepared by a modified polymeric precursor method under controlled synthesis conditions

A carbon-supported binary Pt(3)Sn catalyst has been prepared using a modified polymeric precursor method under controlled synthesis conditions This material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). and the results indicate that 23% (of a possible 25%) of Sn is alloyed with Pt, forming a dominant Pt(3)Sn phase. Transmission election microscopy (TEM) shows good dispersion of the electrocatalyst and small particle sizes (3 6 nm +/- 1 nm) The polarization curves for a direct ethanol fuel cell using Pt(3)Sn/C as the anode demonstrated Improved performance compared to that of a PtSn/C E-TEK. especially in the intrinsic resistance-controlled and mass transfer regions. This behavior is probably associated with the Pt(3)Sn phase. The maximum power density for the Pt(3)Sn/C electrocatalyst (58 mW cm(-2)) is nearly twice that of a PtSn/C E-TEK electrocatalyst (33 mW cm(-2)) This behavior is attributed to the presence of a mixed Pt(9)Sn and Pt(3)Sn alloy phase in the commercial catalysts (C) 2009 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Vad var Snöå lanthushållsskola? : Tillkomsten, verksamheten och eleverna 1909-1989

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka vad Snöå lanthushållskola 1909-1989 var. För att undersöka detta användes tillgängligt arkivmaterial angående Snöå lanthushållsskola, framförallt verksamhetsberättelser och årsredogörelser. Undersökningen visade att syftet med startandet av skolan framförallt var att skapa dugliga husmödrar som i sin tur genom att sköta hushållet på rätt sätt skulle göra sina män till bättre arbetare/lantbrukare och höja produktiviteten. Skolans undervisning var länge inriktad på att utbilda kvinnor i lanthushållning men då samhällets behov utav detta minskade blev utbildningen allt mindre inriktad på självhushåll och mer på hushåll. Efter detta var skolan ofta endast ett led i en yrkesutbildning och i dess sista fas bytte skolan namn och kom att syssla med rena textil- och kostkurser, även detta i samklang med samhällets behov. Skolan hänger alltså med då samhällssynen förändras, från att kvinnorna skall vara duktiga på att sköta hemmet, till att de ska vara duktiga yrkeskvinnor inom de yrkesområden som anses passa dem.

Snöåkullor : 15 kvinnor berättar om när de gick på Snöå lanthushållsskola i Dala-Järna 1936-1989

I korthet har uppsatsens syfte varit att ge en bild av vilken social bakgrund de flickor hade som gick på Snöå Lanthushållsskola i Dala-Järna, att ta reda på varför de valde att gå där och att undersöka vad som hände med eleverna senare i livet. Metoden som använts hör till den muntliga historieforskningens sätt att gå till väga: Under ett besök på skolans 100-års jubileum i september 2009 delades en enkät ut till ett hundrafemtiotal före detta elever, av vilka 15 stycken valdes ut. Dessa 15 delades in i tre grupper: den äldre generationens elever från 1936-1960, mellangenerationens elever från 1961-1970, och slutligen den yngre generationens elever från 1971-1989, varefter de intervjuades. Intervjuerna låg sedan till grund för uppsatsens resultat.Resultatet visar att elevernas sociala bakgrund har varierat, liksom ambitionerna bakom att söka till lanthushållsskolan och i vilken grad skolan fick betydelse för framtiden. Trenden verkar dock vara att det bland de tidigaste snöåkullorna var vanligt att man ville bli en god husmor, medan 1950-, 1960- och det tidiga 1970-talets elever behövde kursen i lanthushållning för att kunna vidareutbilda sig. Under 1970- och 1980-talet blev antalet skoltrötta som sökte sig till Snöån större, och skolan tycks ha blivit en nödlösning och ett andrahandsval. Samtliga minns snöåtiden som en mycket rolig och lärorik tid, och många av dem fick väninnor för livet.

A influência de modificações superficiais no aço 1045 formadoras de compostos de Fe-Sn quanto à permeação de hidrogênio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e desenvolver uma técnica que diminuísse a concentração de hidrogênio absorvido pelo aço SAE 1045. A técnica consistiu na modificação superficial de amostras de aço SAE 1045 através de eletrodeposição de Sn na superfície com posterior tratamento térmico para promover a difusão do Sn para o interior do aço. Por meio da técnica de RBS, foram caracterizados os perfis de concentração do Sn no aço com a profundidade. Por outro lado, com o uso da técnica de permeação eletroquímica, aplicada tanto em meio alcalino como neutro, foi avaliada a eficiência das modificações superficiais em inibir a absorção do hidrogênio pelo aço. Foram constatadas significativas reduções da absorção de H em amostras modificadas com a adição de 100nm de Sn eletrodepositado com posterior difusão. Utilizou-se também medidas de impedância eletroquímica e ensaios de voltametria potenciostática e potenciodinâmica para descrever as influências das modificações superficiais no processo de absorção.

Nanoestruturas luminescentes de Ge e Sn em camadas de SiO/sub 2/ implantadas com íons

Neste trabalho estudam-se as propriedades de nanoestruturas de Ge e Sn formadas em amostras de SiO2/Si(100) através dos processos de implantação iônica e tratamento térmico. A formação de nanocristais de Ge foi investigada em função de tratamentos térmicos em ambiente de N2. Os resultados obtidos foram correlacionados com as propriedades de luminescência das amostras, sendo feita uma discussão sobre os mecanismos atômicos envolvidos no processo de crescimento dos nanocristais de Ge, bem como seus efeitos na criação de centros luminescentes no interior da camada de SiO2, que são responsáveis por intensas bandas de fotoluminescência (PL) nas regiões espectrais do azul-violeta (≈ 3,2 eV) e ultravioleta (≈ 4,2 eV). Além disso, experimentos de irradiação com diferentes íons (He+, Si+, Kr++, Au+) foram realizados antes da implantação do Ge com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de memória que os danos criados pela irradiação apresentam sobre as propriedades estruturais e luminescentes das amostras de SiO2/Si(100) No estudo das amostras de SiO2/Si(100) implantadas com Sn, a síntese de nanopartículas de Sn foi estudada em função da temperatura e do ambiente de tratamento térmico (N2 e vácuo). De maneira pioneira mostrou-se que através da manipulação desses parâmetros é possível formar desde grandes nanocristais bi-fásicos de Sn (≈ 12 a 25 nm) em estruturas concêntricas com núcleo de β-Sn e camada externa de SnOx, até pequenas nanopartículas de Sn com diâmetros de ≈ 2 nm e uniformemente distribuídas ao longo da camada de SiO2. Além disso, observou-se que a evolução estrutural do sistema de nanopartículas de Sn influencia diretamente as características das emissões de PL azul-violeta e UV. Por fim, um outro aspecto das nanoestruturas de Sn foi estudado: a formação de um denso arranjo de ilhas epitaxiais de β-Sn na região de interface SiO2/Si. Este sistema de nano-ilhas, que cresce epitaxialmente, é uniformemente distribuído sobre a superfície do Si, apresentando uma pequena dispersão em tamanho e tendência a se auto-organizar. A criação desse sistema de nano-ilhas epitaxiais através da utilização da implantação iônica é um processo inédito, sendo discutida aqui com base nas propriedades de equilíbrio do sistema Sn-Si.

Aí marcador de especificidade de SN indefinidos: um estudo funcionalista com implicações para o ensino

This body of work aims to describe and analyze the behavior of the Aí specificity marker of indefinite Noun Phrases (NP), one of the many functions this linguistic item is developing in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. From the Functional Linguistic theory perspective, the North American declivity, this project intends to outline the possible grammaticalization trajectory taken by the Aí specificity marker. It will be followed from its function as a spatial deitic up to its integration of indefinite NP, and the action of the fundamental principles of the theory, such as iconicity and informativity, will be observed on the use of this item. Following this, Aí specificity marker behavior will be described in respect to various linguistic and social factors: type of text where the occurrence is encountered, language modality in which the latter is produced, syntactic function developed by the NP specified by Aí , the existence or lack of material intervening between Aí and the NP nuclear noun, informational status of the NP adjugated to Aí , and finally, sex, education and age of the speaker. The occurrence of conversational implicatures will also be verified (GRICE, 1982) within the contexts of Aí specificity marker use. Reflections on the teaching of grammar will be made, as well as on the possibility and validity of working with noun phrase specificity markers in elementary and high school Portuguese language classes. The data used in this research project stem from Corpus Discurso & Gramática A língua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), and from Corpus Discurso & Gramática A língua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (VOTRE; OLIVEIRA, 1995)

Cálculos AB initio de propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e ópticas de colmpostos CaXo3 (X=Si, Ge, Sn)

In this work we present a study of structural, electronic and optical properties, at ambient conditions, of CaSiO3, CaGeO3 and CaSnO3 crystals, all of them a member of Ca-perovskite class. To each one, we have performed density functional theory ab initio calculations within LDA and GGA approximations of the structural parameters, geometry optimization, unit cell volume, density, angles and interatomic length, band structure, carriers effective masses, total and partial density of states, dielectric function, refractive index, optical absorption, reflectivity, optical conductivity and loss function. A result comparative procedure was done between LDA and GGA calculations, a exception to CaSiO3 where only LDA calculation was performed, due high computational cost that its low symmetry crystalline structure imposed. The Ca-perovskite bibliography have shown the absence of electronic structure calculations about this materials, justifying the present work

Determinação de Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn e Zn em Tainha (Mugil brasiliensis) nos estuários potiguares

Heavy metals can cause problems of human poisoning by ingestion of contaminated food, and the environment, a negative impact on the aquatic fauna and flora. And for the presence of these metals have been used for aquatic animals biomonitoramento environment. This research was done in order to assess the environmental impact of industrial and domestic sewage dumped in estuaries potiguares, from measures of heavy metals in mullet. The methods used for these determinations are those in the literature for analysis of food and water. Collections were 20 samples of mullet in several municipality of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, from the estuaries potiguares. Were analyzed the content of humidity, ash and heavy metals. The data were subjected to two methods of exploratory analysis: analysis of the main components (PCA), which provided a multivariate interpretation, showing that the samples are grouped according to similarities in the levels of metals and analysis of hierarchical groupings (HCA), producing similar results. These tests have proved useful for the treatment of the data producing information that would hardly viewed directly in the matrix of data. The analysis of the results shows the high levels of metallic species in samples Mugil brasiliensis collected in Estuaries /Potengi, Piranhas/Açu, Guaraíra / Papeba / Arês and Curimataú

Síntese e Caracterização de Titanatos de Cobalto e Níquel, dopados com Praseodímio, obtidos a partir da decomposição de Nitrilotriacetatos

In recent years, studies about the physicochemical properties of mixed oxides, call attention of the scientific community, properties like as piezoelectricity, photoluminescence, or applications as catalysts, arise in these compounds, when their chemical compositions are modified, in this context some routes are employed in the synthesis of these materials, among which can be cited these methods: ceramic, combustion, co-precipitation, Pechini or polymeric precursor method, hydrothermal, sol-gel; these routes are divided into traditional routes or chemical routes. In this work were synthesized oxides with variable composition, from the thermal decomposition of titanium, cobalt, nickel and praseodymium nitrilotriacetates. The nitrilotriacetates were characterized by IR Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric (TG/ DTG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), while oxides have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Spectrofluorimetry and IR Spectroscopy (FTIR). From FTIR data, it was demonstrated that the displacement of the band corresponding to the carboxylate group (νCOOH) at 1712 cm-1, present in nitrilotriacetic acid (H3NTA), for 1680-1545 cm-1, these stretches are characteristics of coordinated nitrilotriacetates, By thermal analysis (TG/DTG /DSC), it was suggested, that in an oxidizing atmosphere (air) oxides are obtained at lower temperatures than in an inert atmosphere N2(g). By results from X-ray Diffraction (XRD), it was determinated that the oxides are crystalline and the predominant phases obtained are summarized titanate phases rutile and ilmenite. By fluorimetry was observed that the intensity of emission bands are directly proportional to the concentration of ions Ni2+, Co2+ and Pr3+, and IR spectroscopy (FTIR) from oxides, demonstrated the disappearance of characteristic bands by nitrilotriacetates, determining the complete decomposition of the nitrilotriacetates in oxides