Oral Health Experiences of Social Workers Serving Children in the Foster Care System: Assessing the Feasibility of a Social Worker-Driven Oral Health Intervention

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Increasing male involvement in family planning decision making: trial of a social-cognitive intervention in rural Vietnam

We tested a social-cognitive intervention to influence contraceptive practices among men living in rural communes in Vietnam. It was predicted that participants who received a stage-targeted program based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) would report positive movement in their stage of motivational readiness for their wife to use an intrauterine device (IUD) compared to those in a control condition. A quasi-experimental design was used, where the primary unit for allocation was villages. Villages were allocated randomly to a control condition or to two rounds of intervention with stage-targeted letters and interpersonal counseling. There were 651 eligible married men in the 12 villages chosen. A significant positive movement in men's stage of readiness for IUD use by their wife occurred in the intervention group, with a decrease in the proportions in the precontemplation stage from 28.6 to 20.2% and an increase in action/maintenance from 59.8 to 74.4% (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the control group. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed higher pros, lower cons and higher self-efficacy for IUD use by their wife as a contraceptive method (P < 0.05). Interventions based on social-cognitive theory can increase men's involvement in IUD use in rural Vietnam and should assist in reducing future rates of unwanted pregnancy.

Treatment attrition among racial /ethnic minority adolescents participating in a brief motivational intervention for substance use problems: The influence of individual, social, cultural, and treatment factors

The present study has the primary aim of examining the predictors of treatment attrition among racial/ethnic minority adolescents with substance use problems. This study explores the potential differential influence of specific individual, social, cultural, and treatment factors on treatment attrition within three racial/ethnic subgroups of adolescents. Participants: A unique feature of the study is the use of a racial/ethnic minority sample (N=453), [U.S.-born Hispanics (n = 262), Foreign-born Hispanics (n = 117), and African-Americans (n = 74)]. Multivariate logit analyses were used to examine the influence of specific factors on treatment attrition among the full sample of adolescents, as well as within each racial/ethnic subgroup. Consistent with expectations, multivariate logit analyses reveal that, the specific factors associated with attrition varied across the three racial/ethnic subgroups. Having parents with problem substance use, being on the waitlist, and being court mandated to treatment emerged as predictors of attrition among the US-born Hispanics, while only Conduct Disorder was significantly associated with greater attrition among foreign-born Hispanics. Finally, among African-Americans, parental crack/cocaine use, parental abstinence from alcohol, and being on the waitlist were predictive of attrition. Multiple factors were associated with treatment attrition among racial/ethnic minority adolescents with specific factors differentially predicting attrition within each racial/ethnic subgroup. African-American youth were more than twice as likely as their Hispanic counterparts to leave treatment prematurely. It is critically important to understand the predictors of attrition among racial/ethnic minority youth in order to better meet the needs of youth most at risk of dropping out. ^

Treatment attrition among racial/ethnic minority adolescents participating in a brief motivational intervention for substance use problems : the influence of individual, social, cultural, and treatment factors

The present study has the primary aim of examining the predictors of treatment attrition among racial/ethnic minority adolescents with substance use problems. This study explores the potential differential influence of specific individual, social, cultural, and treatment factors on treatment attrition within three racial/ethnic subgroups of adolescents. Participants: A unique feature of the study is the use of a racial/ethnic minority sample (N=453), [U.S.-born Hispanics (n = 262), Foreign-born Hispanics (n = 117), and African- Americans (n = 74)]. Multivariate logit analyses were used to examine the influence of specific factors on treatment attrition among the full sample of adolescents, as well as within each racial/ethnic subgroup. Consistent with expectations, multivariate logit analyses reveal that, the specific factors associated with attrition varied across the three racial/ethnic subgroups. Having parents with problem substance use, being on the waitlist, and being court mandated to treatment emerged as predictors of attrition among the US-born Hispanics, while only Conduct Disorder was significantly associated with greater attrition among foreign-born Hispanics. Finally, among African-Americans, parental crack/cocaine use, parental abstinence from alcohol, and being on the waitlist were predictive of attrition. Multiple factors were associated with treatment attrition among racial/ethnic minority adolescents with specific factors differentially predicting attrition within each racial/ethnic subgroup. African-American youth were more than twice as likely as their Hispanic counterparts to leave treatment prematurely. It is critically important to understand the predictors of attrition among racial/ethnic minority youth in order to better meet the needs of youth most at risk of dropping out.

La relation en travail social au Québec : analyse de l'action médiatrice de travailleurs sociaux en situation d'intervention sociale en Centres de santé et de services sociaux.

L’identité professionnelle des travailleurs sociaux (TS) est l’objet de débats et d’enjeux au sein de la profession depuis longtemps. Le caractère a priori insaisissable de la dimension relationnelle n’est pas sans participer à cette préoccupation constante à l’égard de la professionnalité du travail social. Confrontée à une difficulté de conceptualisation, et, par voie de conséquence, d’évaluation des productions des TS, la profession souffre d’un sentiment de non-reconnaissance par la population et par le champ des professions sociales. Cette difficulté à concevoir et à nommer sa pratique va même jusqu’à provoquer un haut taux de détresse et de retrait au travail chez les TS. Si la médiation représente le trait distinctif du travail social, elle n’apparait pas spontanément dans les discours des TS ; celle-ci étant plutôt conçue en termes de négociation ou de résolution de conflits. Pourtant, l’intervention sociale du TS repose sur une médiation fondamentale qui rend possible l’harmonisation des dimensions individuelle et sociale caractéristiques du travail social et qui conduit un usager à reprendre du pouvoir sur sa vie afin que ses besoins sociaux trouvent enfin satisfaction et que se rétablisse l’échange social. L’action du TS est donc essentiellement médiatrice, puisqu’elle vise l’objectivation et la transformation d’un rapport rompu entre un usager et une norme sociale. La position du TS à l’interface de différents systèmes, qu’ils soient individuels, institutionnels, organisationnels, politiques ou sociaux, facilite par ailleurs l’accomplissement de la médiation. Or, l’occultation de cette spécificité professionnelle, dans un contexte où la profession est amenée à débattre publiquement de ses productions, accroit l’importance de mieux comprendre cette pratique professionnelle. C’est dans cette perspective que cette thèse de doctorat a souhaité caractériser la dimension médiatrice de la pratique professionnelle de TS œuvrant en Centres de santé et de services sociaux (CSSS). Plus spécifiquement, deux composantes de la pratique de TS en CSSS ont été analysées: l’intervention sociale telle que réalisée en situation et l’intervention sociale telle que consignée par écrit. Deux formes de données ont donc constitué le corpus analysé: des enregistrements audio d’entrevues individuelles conduites par six TS auprès d’usagers et la reprographie des notes évolutives insérées aux dossiers à la suite de ces entrevues. Le recours à un dispositif de traitement et d’analyse des données fondé sur la méthode d’analyse structurale de discours a guidé l’analyse de ces deux types de données. Cette dernière, parce qu’elle permet de dégager les univers de sens donnés à une profession et qui orientent la conduite de la pratique professionnelle de ses agents, donne accès aux référents professionnels partagés par l’ensemble du groupe et, par voie de conséquence, met à jour les piliers de son identité professionnelle. Les résultats font ressortir un écart dans l’intervention sociale telle que réalisée et telle que consignée aux dossiers. Se référant tantôt aux normes sociales tantôt au cadre normatif institutionnel, ses visées oscillent entre la recherche d’une transformation sociale et l’atteinte d’un équilibre fonctionnel chez l’usager. Deux logiques d’intervention sont donc mises en œuvre : une logique d’accompagnement lors des entretiens auprès de l’usager et une logique thérapeutique dans les notes aux dossiers. En situation, il s’agit d’un travail social fondé sur une logique d’accompagnement de l’usager dans l’instauration d’un registre d’action visant à le rendre autonome dans la prise en charge de ses difficultés. Le TS devient dès lors accompagnateur et guide vers le changement. Dans le cadre de la logique thérapeutique, le TS se positionne plutôt comme le spécialiste des problèmes de l’usager. Par la maitrise d’actes cliniques et diagnostiques que lui seul est à même de poser, les symptômes identifiés peuvent enfin être contrôlés, les critères institutionnels d’octroi de services sociaux être rencontrés et son intervention plus facilement évaluée. Si l’idée d’améliorer la situation de l’usager est celle qui prime dans les entrevues, dans les notes aux dossiers, l’intention est de démontrer sa compétence envers le problème de l’usager. Quelles que soient ces distinctions, et en dépit de l’écart observé et des exigences actuelles pesant sur la profession, les constats dégagés indiquent que le travail social conserve le même mandat : agir sur les rapports des usagers aux normes sociales, quelle que soit la forme de ces normes.

The Biopsychosocial Spiritual Model Applied To The Treatment Of women With Breast Cancer, Through Rime Intervention (relaxation, mental Images, Spirituality).

This postdoctoral study on the application of the RIME intervention in women that had undergone mastectomy and were in treatment, aimed to promote psychospiritual and social transformations to improve the quality of life, self-esteem and hope. A total of 28 women participated and were randomized into two groups. Brief Psychotherapy (PB) (average of six sessions) was administered in the Control Group, and RIME (three sessions) and BP (average of five sessions) were applied in the RIME Group. The quantitative results indicated a significant improvement (38.3%) in the Perception of Quality of Life after RIME according to the WHOQOL, compared both to the BP of the Control Group (12.5%), and the BP of the RIME Group (16.2%). There was a significant improvement in Self-esteem (Rosenberg) after RIME (14.6%) compared to the BP of the Control Group (worsened 35.9%), and the BP of the RIME Group (8.3%). The improvement in well-being, considering the focus worked on (Visual Analog Scale), was significant in the RIME Group (bad to good), as well as in the Control Group (unpleasant to good). The qualitative results indicated that RIME promotes creative transformations in the intrapsychic and interpersonal dimensions, so that new meanings and/or new attitudes emerge into the consciousness. It was observed that RIME has more strength of psychic structure, ego strengthening and provides a faster transformation that BP, therefore it can be indicated for crisis treatment in the hospital environment.

Social Networks Shape the Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 170 million people worldwide, and is a major public health problem in Brazil, where over 1% of the population may be infected and where multiple viral genotypes co-circulate. Chronically infected individuals are both the source of transmission to others and are at risk for HCV-related diseases, such as liver cancer and cirrhosis. Before the adoption of anti-HCV control measures in blood banks, this virus was mainly transmitted via blood transfusion. Today, needle sharing among injecting drug users is the most common form of HCV transmission. Of particular importance is that HCV prevalence is growing in non-risk groups. Since there is no vaccine against HCV, it is important to determine the factors that control viral transmission in order to develop more efficient control measures. However, despite the health costs associated with HCV, the factors that determine the spread of virus at the epidemiological scale are often poorly understood. Here, we sequenced partial NS5b gene sequences sampled from blood samples collected from 591 patients in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. We show that different viral genotypes entered Sao Paulo at different times, grew at different rates, and are associated with different age groups and risk behaviors. In particular, subtype 1b is older and grew more slowly than subtypes 1a and 3a, and is associated with multiple age classes. In contrast, subtypes 1a and 3b are associated with younger people infected more recently, possibly with higher rates of sexual transmission. The transmission dynamics of HCV in Sao Paulo therefore vary by subtype and are determined by a combination of age, risk exposure and underlying social network. We conclude that social factors may play a key role in determining the rate and pattern of HCV spread, and should influence future intervention policies.

The management of elderly patients with femoral fractures - A randomised controlled trial of early intervention versus standard care

Objective: To determine the effect of an early intervention program in an acute care setting on the length of stay in hospital of elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures. Setting: Acute orthopaedic ward of a large teaching hospital. Design and Participants: A randomised controlled trial comparing 38 intervention patients with 33 Standard Care patients. Intervention: Early surgery, minimal narcotic analgesia, intense daily therapy and close monitoring of patient needs via a multidisciplinary approach versus routine hospital management. Main outcome measures: Length of stay (LOS); deaths; level of independent functioning. Results: Mean LOS was shorter in the Intervention group than in the Standard Care group (21 days v. 32.5 days; P<0.01). After adjusting for other factors that could affect LOS (e.g. age, sex, pre-trauma functional levels, pre-trauma comorbidity and postsurgical complications), the Intervention program was significantly predictive of shorter LOS (P=0.01). The Intervention group did not experience greater numbers of deaths, deterioration in function or need for social support than the Standard Care group. Conclusion: This early intervention program in an acute care setting results in significantly shorter length of hospital stay for elderly patients with femoral fractures.