Papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas ONU (MINUGUA) en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto guatemalteco en materia de justicia transicional (1994-2004). Un estado del arte

Estado del arte que recopila pronunciamientos de diversos autores sobre el papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, específicamente la Misión MINUGUA, en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto en Guatemala comprendido entre el año 1994 y 2004. Se basa en algunas dimensiones de la democratización como son el Estado de Derecho, la democracia representativa, la preeminencia del poder civil, y el fortalecimiento de la cultura democrática. Así mismo, tiene en cuenta los elementos de la justicia transicional, a saber: verdad, justicia y reparación.

Uso del test de cuantificación sensitiva para el estudio de la neuropatía de fibra pequeña

Introducción La mutación genética Val30Met de la proteína transtiretina (TTR) es causante de la polineuropatía amiloidótica familiar, comprometiendo en fases iniciales las fibras nerviosas pequeñas (mielinizadas Aδ y amielínicas tipo C), involucradas en funciones autonómicas, nocicepción, percepción térmica y sudoración. Los métodos neurofisiológicos convencionales, no logran detectar dichas anormalidades, retardando el inicio de tratamientos específicos para la enfermedad. Metodología El objetivo principal fue evaluar el test de cuantificación sensitiva (QST) como método de detección temprana de anormalidades de fibra pequeña, en individuos Val30Met, seguidos en el Hospital Universitario Santa María, Lisboa. Se clasificaron los pacientes en 3 grupos, según sintomatología y examen neurológico. Se analizaron los umbrales para percepción de frío, dolor con el calor y vibración en los grupos, en correlación con controles sanos. Resultados 18 registros de controles sanos y 33 de individuos con la mutación, divididos en asintomáticos (24,2%), sintomáticos con examen neurológico normal (42,4%) y sintomáticos con examen neurológico anormal (33,3%). No se encontraron diferencias entre los pacientes asintomáticos y los controles. Los umbrales para frío (p=0,042) y en el dolor intermedio con el calor (HP 5) (p=0,007) se encuentran elevados en individuos Val30Met sintomáticos con examen normal. En los pacientes sintomáticos con alteraciones al examen, también se presentaron alteraciones en el intervalo entre el inicio y el dolor intermedio con el calor (HP 5-0,5) (p=0,009). Discusión Los umbrales de frío y de percepción de dolor con el calor, permiten detectar anormalidades en personas con la mutación TTR Val30Met, sintomáticos, incluyendo aquellos sin cambios objetivos al examen neurológico.

Interpretación global del paisaje del Valle de Lacina : medio natural, geografía física y humana y entorno socio cultural.

Se desarrolla un proyecto de innovación educativa sobre la interpretación global del paisaje del Valle de Laciana teniendo en cuenta el medio natural, la geografía física y humana y el entorno socio cultural en el que esta inmerso. Se trata de obtener una visión global del entorno natural y humano del Valle de Laciana, diferenciando las áreas geomorfológicas correspondientes a la Cordillera Cantábrica y los montes de León. Se realizan excursiones con los alumnos y alumnas para descubrir la fauna y la flora, las características climáticas de la zona, la orografía y los rasgos hídricos. Se pretende que el alumnado de secundaria sea capaz de identificar los espacios agrarios, las actividades económicas del sector secundario y la actividad del sector terciario. El alumnado debe conocer las manifestaciones artísticas representativas de las distintas corrientes populares, la música popular y el folklore. El trabajo proyecto se realiza entre los miembros de los distintos departamentos en función de la especialidad de cada uno de los profesores y profesoras. Se planifican diferentes salidas de campo en función de la estación del año y objetivo que se pretende conseguir, para posteriormente integrar cada parte en el conjunto global del proyecto. El proyecto de innovación finaliza con la creación de un libro en el que se exponen las características del conjunto del Valle de Laciana.

A Field Evaluation of the Time-of-Detection Method to Estimate Population Size and Density for Aural Avian Point Counts

The time-of-detection method for aural avian point counts is a new method of estimating abundance, allowing for uncertain probability of detection. The method has been specifically designed to allow for variation in singing rates of birds. It involves dividing the time interval of the point count into several subintervals and recording the detection history of the subintervals when each bird sings. The method can be viewed as generating data equivalent to closed capture–recapture information. The method is different from the distance and multiple-observer methods in that it is not required that all the birds sing during the point count. As this method is new and there is some concern as to how well individual birds can be followed, we carried out a field test of the method using simulated known populations of singing birds, using a laptop computer to send signals to audio stations distributed around a point. The system mimics actual aural avian point counts, but also allows us to know the size and spatial distribution of the populations we are sampling. Fifty 8-min point counts (broken into four 2-min intervals) using eight species of birds were simulated. Singing rate of an individual bird of a species was simulated following a Markovian process (singing bouts followed by periods of silence), which we felt was more realistic than a truly random process. The main emphasis of our paper is to compare results from species singing at (high and low) homogenous rates per interval with those singing at (high and low) heterogeneous rates. Population size was estimated accurately for the species simulated, with a high homogeneous probability of singing. Populations of simulated species with lower but homogeneous singing probabilities were somewhat underestimated. Populations of species simulated with heterogeneous singing probabilities were substantially underestimated. Underestimation was caused by both the very low detection probabilities of all distant individuals and by individuals with low singing rates also having very low detection probabilities.

Observational challenges in evaluating climate models

Activities like the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) have revolutionized climate modelling in terms of our ability to compare models and to process information about climate projections and their uncertainties. The evaluation of models against observations is now considered a key component of multi-model studies. While there are a number of outstanding scientific issues surrounding model evaluation, notably the open question of how to link model performance to future projections, here we highlight a specific but growing problem in model evaluation - that of uncertainties in the observational data that are used to evaluate the models. We highlight the problem using an example obtained from studies of the South Asian Monsoon but we believe the problem is a generic one which arises in many different areas of climate model evaluation and which requires some attention by the community.

High night temperature induces contrasting responses for spikelet fertility, spikelet tissue temperature, flowering characteristics and grain quality in rice

Climate change is increasing night temperature (NT) more than day temperature (DT) in rice-growing areas. Effects of combinations of NT (24-35°C) from microsporogenesis to anthesis at one or more DT (30 or 35°C) at anthesis on rice spikelet fertility, temperature within spikelets, flowering pattern, grain weight per panicle, amylose content and gel consistency were investigated in contrasting rice cultivars under controlled environments. Cultivars differed in spikelet fertility response to high NT, with higher fertility associated with cooler spikelets (P < 0.01). Flowering dynamics were altered by high NT and a novel high temperature tolerance complementary mechanism, shorter flower open duration in cv. N22, was identified. High NT reduced spikelet fertility, grain weight per panicle, amylose content and gel consistency, whereas high DT reduced only gel consistency. Night temperature >27°C was estimated to reduce grain weight. Generally, high NT was more damaging to grain weight and selected grain quality traits than high DT, with little or no interaction between them. The critical tolerance and escape traits identified, i.e. spikelet cooling, relatively high spikelet fertility, earlier start and peak time of anthesis and shorter spikelet anthesis duration can aid plant breeding programs targeting resilience in warmer climates.

Resilience of rice (Oryzaspp.) pollen germination and tube growth to temperature stress

Resilience of rice cropping systems to potential global climate change will partly depend on temperature tolerance of pollen germination (PG) and tube growth (PTG). Germination of pollen of high temperature susceptible Oryza glaberrima Steud. (cv. CG14) and O. sativa L. ssp. indica (cv. IR64) and high temperature tolerant O. sativa ssp. aus (cv. N22), was assessed on a 5.6-45.4°C temperature gradient system. Mean maximum PG was 85% at 27°C with 1488 μm PTG at 25°C. The hypothesis that in each pollen grain, minimum temperature requirements (Tn) and maximum temperature limits (Tx) for germination operate independently was accepted by comparing multiplicative and subtractive probability models. The maximum temperature limit for PG in 50% of grains (Tx(50)) was lowest (29.8°C) in IR64 compared with CG14 (34.3°C) and N22 (35.6°C). Standard deviation (sx) of Tx was also low in IR64 (2.3°C) suggesting that the mechanism of IR64's susceptibility to high temperatures may relate to PG. Optimum germination temperatures and thermal times for 1mm PTG were not linked to tolerating high temperatures at anthesis. However, the parameters Tx(50) and sx in the germination model define new pragmatic criteria for successful and resilient PG, preferable to the more traditional cardinal (maximum and minimum) temperatures.

Semantic Distributed Messaging Middleware

Messaging middleware provides asynchronous communication between services in distributed environments. However, security, reliability and performance issues compel such middleware to be distributed, and distribution throws up its own problems such as identifying messaging channels which could then be subscribed to. In particular, interested parties need to identify channels defined in remote locations while not knowing details of how they are defined. A common vocabulary using semantic descriptions offers a solution to this problem. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of federated messaging middleware using semantic description of channels.

The myGrid Notification Service

The notification service is the part of myGrid that enables asynchronous delivery of messages between distributed components. It includes features such as topic-based publish-subscribe messaging, push/pull models, asynchronous delivery, persistence, transient and durable subscriptions, durable topics, negotiation of QoS, hierarchical topic structure and federation of services. Some of these features are novel in the area of messaging middleware. A cost evaluation of some of these features indicate that the overhead incurred is justified in terms of compensating benefits gained.

On the Impossibility of an Exact Imperfect Monitoring Folk Theorem

It is shown that, for almost every two-player game with imperfect monitoring, the conclusions of the classical folk theorem are false. So, even though these games admit a well-known approximate folk theorem, an exact folk theorem may only be obtained for a measure zero set of games. A complete characterization of the efficient equilibria of almost every such game is also given, along with an inefficiency result on the imperfect monitoring prisoner s dilemma.

Os keynesianos neo-ricardianos e os pós-keynesianos: comentários a Amadeu e Dutt

O objetivo deste "paper" é tecer alguns comentários à leitura que Amadeo e Dutt apresentam em artigo publicado na Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico, sobre duas vertentes do keynesianismo: a ner-ricardiana e a pós-keynesiana.

Determinantes do conhecimento do consumidor sobre preços de bens duráveis : um exame em oito categorias de produtos

Esta dissertação trata, com base nos estudos de Estelami e De Maeyer (2004), de tema pouco abordado no âmbito acadêmico: o Conhecimento do Consumidor sobre Preços de bens duráveis (ESTELAMI e LEHMANN, 2001). Aqui, num primeiro momento, o exame em oito categorias de produtos revelou significantes variações no conhecimento do consumidor sobre preços. A análise também mostrou que apenas um terço dos consumidores forneceu estimativas de preço para os produtos com razoável precisão, confirmando as expectativas de que esse conhecimento é limitado (DICKSON e SAWEYR, 1990; ESTELAMI, 1998; KRISHNA, CURRIN e SHOEMAKER, 1991). Num segundo momento, a existência de uma relação entre o Conhecimento de Preço e seus potenciais determinantes Envolvimento com o Produto, Exposição à Propaganda e Uso da Relação Preço-Qualidade foi verificada. Os resultados apontam que, apesar de presente para alguns produtos, a relação entre o Conhecimento de Preço e os seus potenciais determinantes foi fraca.

As muitas plumagens do pássaro vermelho: resistência e assimilação na obra de Zitkala-Sa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Lugares de identidade: manifestações do literário

Nesta coletânea de ensaios procura-se analisar produções literárias de diversas partes do mundo - romances e contos, principalmente - para distinguir como o discurso literário trabalha algumas práticas politicamente legitimas em determinados contextos, e como questões culturais, ideológicas e religiosas encontram signos na expressão do literário. Organizada por Giséle Manganelli Fernandes, Norma Wimmer e Roxana Guadalupe Herrera Alvarez, a obra abarca um espectro geográfico e temporal amplo. Os escritores em foco vão da norte-americana Zitkala-Sa, cuja obra trata especialmente da situação das mulheres indígenas nos EUA, à argelina Assia Djebar, que tem obras escritas em francês, passando pela brasileira Ana Miranda e seu memorialismo e pelo irlandês Oscar Wilde, cuja clássica peça teatral A importância de ser prudente é dissecada do ponto de vista da identidade do autor e a partir das relações dos personagens com a sociedade vitoriana do fim do século XIX. Os ensaístas reproduzem trechos das obras analisadas para exemplificar o que querem demonstrar, o que dá ritmo um sabor literário ao livro.