纪念谈镐生先生诞辰九十周年暨基础力学学术会议介绍

2006年12月1日是国际著名的力学家、应用数学家谈镐生院士诞辰九十周年纪念日．为纪念谈先生在力学学科的卓越贡献，缅怀他对推动我国力学基础研究和培养科技人才所作出的杰出贡献，中科院力学所于这天上午在所礼堂隆重举行“纪念谈镐生先生诞辰九十周年暨基础力学学术会议”．会前举行了《谈镐生先生文集》首发式，该文集由胡文瑞院士主持编辑，科学出版社出版，收录了谈镐生先生在流体力学、稀薄气体动力学和应用数学研究领域的论文和研究报告26篇，谈先生倡导和推行力学基础研究的有关文章和论述21篇，谈先生的学术活动和生活图片多幅，简介了谈先生生平.

加载速率对位错发射、层错宽度及位错速度影响

应用分子动力学方法研究了Cu和Al单晶在Ⅱ型加载条件下，加载速率对位错发射、层错宽度W及位错速度V_d的影响。结果表明，加载速率对W和V_d有显著影响。随着加载速率的增大，层错宽度减小，位错速度增大。当加载速率达到某一临界值时，能量不仅以发射位错的形式释放，而且形成孪晶，以降低体系的能量。

海底管土相互作用研究概述

在阅读文献的基础上,对海底管线与海床之间的相互作用进行了系统的阐述。介绍了海底管道稳定性的设计方法、国内外管土相互作用的试验情况和数值计算的进展。指出了管土相互作用要解决的一些问题。

A Synoptic View of a Coastal Plain Estuary.

During October, 1972 the Patuxent River Estuary was monitored intensively and synoptically over two tidal cycles to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of various hydrodynamic, chemical and biological features. Forty-one depths at eleven stations along nine transects were sampled simultaneously at hourly intervals for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorohyll a, particulate nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, total kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, particulate carbohydrate, dissolved organic carbon, total hydrolizable phosphorous, dissolved inorganic phosphorous, suspended sediment, particle size distribution, and zooplankton. Tidal velocity was continuously monitored at each depth by recording current meters. Riverine input and meteorological conditions were relatively stable for two weeks preceeding the deployment. This communication describes the calculation of the intrinsic rates of change of the observed variables from their measured distributions in the Estuary. The steady-state, one-dimensional equation of species continuity is employed to separate the advection and tidal dispersion of a hydrodynamically passive substance frbm its intrinsic rate of change at point. A new spatial transform is introduced for the purpose of interpolation and extrapolation of data.The intrinsic rate of change profiles reveal a region of heavy bloom activity in the upper estuary and a secondary bloom near the point in the River that most of the suspended material settles out. The changes in ammonia and nitrates are highly correlated to the productivity patterns. Phosphorous rates are less closely correlated to productivity. The perturbations that the Chalk Point steam electric power plant have on the heat and oxygen balances are easily discernible.

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1885

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Algorithm for simulating fracture processes in concrete by lattice modeling

To simulate fracture behaviors in concrete more realistically, a theoretical analysis on the potential question in the quasi-static method is presented, then a novel algorithm is proposed which takes into account the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation and meanwhile requests much lower computational efforts than purely dynamic method. The inertia effect due to load increasing becomes less important and can be ignored with the loading rate decreasing, but the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation remains considerable no matter how low the loading rate is. Therefore, results may become questionable if a fracture process including unstable cracking is simulated by the quasi-static procedure excluding completely inertia effects. However, it requires much higher computational effort to simulate experiments with not very high loading rates by the dynamic method. In this investigation which can be taken as a natural continuation, the potential question of quasi-static method is analyzed based on the dynamic equations of motion. One solution to this question is the new algorithm mentioned above. Numerical examples are provided by the generalized beam (GB) lattice model to show both fracture processes under different loading rates and capability of the new algorithm.

Reactivity of titanocene methylidene with metal halides, alkene sulfides, and alkene oxides

Titanocene metallacyclobutanes show a wide variety of reactivites with organic and inorganic reagents. Their reactions include methylene transfer to organic carbonyls, formation of enolates, electron transfer from activated alkyl chlorides, olefin metathesis, ring opening polymerization. Recently, preparations of heterobinuclear µ-methylene complexes were reported. In this thesis, mechanistic, synthetic, and structural studies of the heterobinuclear µ-methylene complexes will be described. Also, the reaction of titanocene methylidene trimethylphosphine complex with alkene sulfide and styrene sulfide will be presented.

Heterobinuclear µ-methylene-µ-methyl complexes C_(p2)Ti(µ-CH_2)( µ-CH_3)M(1,5-COD) have been prepared (M = Rh, Ir). X-ray crystallography showed that the methyl group of the complex was bonded to the rhodium and bridges to the titanium through an agostic bond. The ^(1)H,^(13)CNMR, IR spectra along with partial deuteration studies supported the structure in both solution and solid state. Activation of the agostic bond is demonstrated by the equilibration of the µ-CH_3 and µ-CH_2 groups. A nonlinear Arrhenius plot, an unusually large kinetic isotope effect (24(5)), and a large negative activation entropy (-64(3)eu) can be explained by the quantum-mechanical tunneling. Calculated rate constants with Bell-type barrier fitted well with the observed one. This equilibration was best explained by a 4e-4c mechanism (or σ bond metathesis) with the character of quantum-mechanical tunneling.

Heterobinuclear µ-methylene-µ-phenyl complexes were synthesized. Structural study of C_(p2)Ti(µ-CH_(2))(µ-p-Me_(2)NC_(6)H_(4))Rh(l,5-COD) showed that the two metal atoms are bridged by the methylene carbon and the ipso carbon of the p-N,N-dimethylarninophenyl group. The analogous structure of C_(p2))Ti(µ-CH_(2))(µ-o-MeOC_(6)H_(4))Rh(1,5-COD) has been verified by the differential NOE. The aromaticity of the phenyl group observed by ^(1)H NMR, was confirmed by the comparison of the C-C bond lengths in the crystallographic structure. The unusual downfield shifts of the ipso carbon in the ^(13)C NMR are assumed to be an indication of the interaction between the ipso carbon and electron-deficient titanium.

Titanium-platinum heterobinuclear µ-methylene complexes C_(p2)Ti(µ-CH_(2))(µ -X)Pt(Me)(PM_(2)Ph) have been prepared (X= Cl, Me). Structural studies indicate the following:(1) the Ti-CH2 bond possesses residual double bond character, (2) there is a dative Pt→Ti interaction which may be regarded as a π back donation from the platinum atom to the 'Ti=CH_(2)'' group, and (3) the µ-CH_3 group is bound to the titanium atom through a three-center, two-electron agostic bond.

Titanocene (η^(2)-thioformaldehyde)•PMe_3 was prepared from C_(p2)Ti=CH_(2)•PMe_3 and sulfur-containing organic compounds (e.g. alkene sulfide, triphenylphosphine sulfide) including elemental sulfur. Mechanistic studies utilizing trans-styrene sulfide-d_1 suggested the stepwise reaction to explain equimolar mixture of trans- and cis-styrene-d_1 as by-products. The product reacted with methyl iodide to produce cationic titanocene (η_(2)-thiomethoxymethyl) complex. Complexes having less coordinating anion like BF_4 or BPh_4 could be obtained through metathesis. Together with structural analyses, the further reactivities of the complexes have been explored.

The complex C_(p2)TiOCH_(2)CH(Ph)CH_2 was prepared from the compound C_(p2)Ti=CH_(2)-PMe_3 and styrene oxide. The product was characterized with ^(1)H-^(1)H correlated 2-dimensional NMR, selective decoupling of ^(1)H NMR, and differential NOE. Stereospecificity of deuterium in the product was lost when trans-styrene oxide-d_1 was allowed to react. Relative rates of the reaction were measured with varying substituents on the phenyl ring. Better linearity (r = -0.98, p^(+) = -0.79) was observed with σ_(p)^(+)than σ(r = -0.87, p = -1.26). The small magnitude of p^+ value and stereospecificity loss during the formation of product were best explained by the generation of biradicals, but partial generation of charge cannot be excluded. Carbonylation of the product followed by exposure to iodine yields the corresponding β-phenyl γ-lactone.

Estudo clínico randomizado duplo cego comparando duas técnicas de plicatura nasal após osteotomias tipo Le Fort I

A correção de deformidades esqueléticas da face por meio de um tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico tornou-se uma opção segura e previsível. Os movimentos ósseos são milimetricamente calculados e executados cirurgicamente, assim como a oclusão é meticulosamente engrenada através dos movimentos ortodônticos. Os efeitos que os tecidos moles sofrem com as cirurgias ortognáticas são, no entanto, menos previsíveis, e apesar do principal objetivo da cirurgia ortognática ser uma melhora funcional, o componente estético é sem dúvida de extrema importância. Em especial, a região de base alar apresenta resultados muito variáveis, a despeito dos bons resultados esqueléticos atingidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar 2 diferentes tipos de sutura utilizados na região de base do nariz, e observar qual tipo apresenta um resultado que melhor acompanhe os movimentos realizados pelo tecido esquelético. Trinta e cinco pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 2 grupos. O grupo 1 funcionou como controle e os pacientes receberam a plicatura nasal intra-oral, que é o tipo de plicatura nasal mais descrito na literatura. Já os pacientes do grupo 2 receberam plicatura nasal extra-oral. Para análise estatística foram calculadas as médias e desvios padrões dos grupos, e a hipótese nula de que não havia diferença entre os 2 grupos foi testata com o teste T de Student. Em ambos os grupos ocorreu um alargamento da base do nariz, porém a média de alargamento do grupo 1 foi de 2,50 milímetros (mm), enquanto que a média de alargamento do grupo 2 foi de 1,26 mm. Além disso, o desvio padrão foi menor para o grupo 2, e a hipótese nula foi rejeitada (p<0,05), demonstrando que a diferença entre os grupos foi estatisticamente significativa. Pôde-se concluir que quando objetiva-se um controle mais previsível e rigoroso da base do nariz, a plicatura nasal extra-oral cumprirá melhor esta função.

针尖扫描原子力显微镜的光点跟踪设计

提出了一种用于针尖扫描原子力显微镜（AFM）的光点跟踪设计方案，结构简单，容易实现。设计方案对扫描器的负载能力要求不高，而且能使原子力显微镜实现较大范围的针尖扫描。实验结果表明，采用此光点跟踪设计方案的针尖扫描原子力显微镜能实现最大100μm×100μm范围的扫描，z方向上的误差最大1nm，能很好地满足大样品扫描的需要。

Evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional feedstuffs

A trial was carried out to evaluate the nutrient composition of some unconventional feedstuffs to ascertain their suitability for incorporation into fish feed. Pawpaw seed, mudskipper meal, water melon seed, almond kernel and groundnut husk were processed and analyzed for their proximate and mineral composition using internationally established procedure. The results obtained showed that the experimental feed stuffs had percentage crude protein that ranged from 7.38% to 55.85%. The highest level (55.85%) was found in mudskipper meal while the lowest (7.38%) was found in groundnut husk. The experimental feed stuffs had appreciable levels of calcium, potassium and phosphorus ranging from 0.29% to 1.87%, 0.17 to 1.26 and 0.06 to 0.97 respectively. Almond kernel can be used to replace soybean meal in aqua feed. Also, mudskipper meal can be used to replace fish meal in order to produce a cheaper fish feed; but it was recommended that feeding trials should be conducted to ascertain the inclusion level at which they can be effectively incorporated. The potentials of some of these feedstuffs in fish feed formulation seem high.

La pêche artisanale en lagune Aby-Tendo-Ehy (Côte d'Ivoire): premières estimations de la production

This work is the result of one year of investigations on the artisanal fisheries of the Aby-Tendo-Ehy lagoon. The structure of fish catches varies with the fisheries zones and the fishing gears, but is relatively stable all year along, in the spite of the existence of some species with well worked seasonary cycle. The composition of beach seines catches, which are relatively unselective fishing gears, is: - in the Tendo lagoon (oligohaline) and Ehy lagoon (freshwater): Chrysichthys spp. 35.1%, Tilapia spp. 18.9%, Acentrogobius schlegelii 15.7%, Ethmalosa fimbriata 12% (those are two seasonary species), Tylochromis jentinki 8.8%, Elops lacerta 5.6%, other species 3.9%. - in the south of the Aby lagoon, under tide influence, Ethmalosa fimbriata 79%, Elops lacerta 12%, Chrysichthys spp. 6%, other species 3%. A preliminary estimation of 7900 tons for this lagoon artisanal fisheries total production is made for 1979 (from representative fishing villages) and can be shared as follows: - beach seines: 5300 tons; - purse seines and "syndicat" seines: 2600 tons; individual fishing: not estimated, it mostly concerns fill nets.

Condição oral em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de periodontite e a presença de lesões cariosas, restauradas e elementos perdidos por cárie em pacientes com Doença de Crohn (DC) e Retocolite Ulcerativa (RCUI), comparado-os a pacientes saudáveis sistemicamente. Como objetivo secundário, avaliamos a condição clínica da mucosa oral nos três grupos. Foram examinados 99 pacientes com DC (39.0 DP 12.9 anos), 80 com RCUI (43.3 13.2 anos) e 74 no grupo C (40.3 12.9 anos). A condição periodontal foi avaliada através do índice de placa visível, do sangramento gengival à sondagem, da profundidade de bolsa à sondagem (PBS) e do nível de inserção à sondagem (NIS). Indivíduos que apresentavam pelo menos quatro sítios com NIS ≥3 forma considerados como portadores de periodontite. As condições dentárias foram avaliadas pelo índice de dentes com lesões cariosas, restaurados e perdidos por cárie (CPOD). A condição clínica da mucosa oral foi investigada através da presença de lesões no tecido mole. A porcentagem de placa foi significativamente menor no grupo DC (44.0 30.5) que no C (54.1 26.4), p= 0.017. O sangramento gengival a sondagem era significativamente menor nos pacientes com DC (22.5 18.0) comparado ao grupo C (29.2 22.1), p= 0.038. A quantidade total de sítios com PBS ≥ 4mm foi significativamente menor no grupo DC (5.4 6.6), comparado ao grupo C (12.9 17.7), p= 0.02. A porcentagem de pacientes portadores de periodontite foi significativamente maior nos grupos RCUI (92.6%, p= 0.004) e DC (91.9%, p=0.019), comparado ao grupo C (79.7%). O índice de CPOD foi significativamente maior nos grupos RCUI (16.4 6.6; p< 0.0001) e no DC (15.1 7.3; p= 0.016) quando comparados ao C (12.5 6.8). Foram observadas significativamente mais lesões bucais nos grupos DC (17.2%; p= 0.0041) e RCUI (28.7%; p < 0.0001) quando comparadas ao grupo C (6.7%). Assim, conclui-se que os pacientes com Doença de Crohn e Retocolite Ulcerativa apresentam maior prevalência de periodontite, e maior índice de CPOD quando comparados aos indivíduos do grupo controle. A perda de inserção foi significativamente maior no grupo da Retocolite Ulcerativa quando comparado a Doença de Crohn. Além disso, os pacientes com comprometimento intestinal apresentam significativamente mais lesões bucais que os pacientes do grupo controle.