Economic and Environmental Optimization of Ornamental Stone Block Cutting with a 3D Algorithm

This thesis focuses on finding the optimum block cutting dimensions in terms of the environmental and economic factors by using a 3D algorithm for a limestone quarry in Foggia, Italy. The environmental concerns of quarrying operations are mainly: energy consumption, material waste, and pollution. The main economic concerns are the block recovery, the selling prices, and the production costs. Fractures adversely affect the block recovery ratio. With a fracture model, block production can be optimized. In this research, the waste volume produced by quarrying was minimised to increase the recovery ratio and ensure economic benefits. SlabCutOpt is a software developed at DICAM–University of Bologna for block cutting optimization which tests different cutting angles on the x-y-z planes to offer up alternative cutting methods. The program tests several block sizes and outputs the optimal result for each entry. By using SlabCutOpt, ten different block dimensions were analysed, the results indicated the maximum number of non-intersecting blocks for each dimension. After analysing the outputs, the block named number 1 with the dimensions ‘1mx1mx1m’ had the highest recovery ratio as 43% and the total Relative Money Value (RMV) with a value of 22829. Dimension number 1, also had the lowest waste volume, with a value of 3953.25 m3, for the total bench. For cutting the total bench volume of 6932.25m3, the diamond wire cutter had the lowest dust emission values for the block with the dimension ‘2mx2mx2m’, with a value of 24m3. When compared with the Eco-Label standards, block dimensions having surface area values lower than 15m2, were found to fit the natural resource waste criteria of the label, as the threshold required 25% of minimum recovery [1]. Due to the relativity of production costs, together with the Eco-Label threshold, the research recommends the selection of the blocks with a surface area value between 6m2 and 14m2.

Development and characterization of innovative graphene-based composites

Over the last decade, graphene and related materials (GRM) have drawn significant interest and resources for their development into the next generation of composite materials. This is because these nanoparticles have the ability to operate as reinforcing additives capable of imparting considerable mechanical property increases while also embedding multi-functional advantages on the host matrix. Because graphene and 2D materials are still in their early stages, the relative maturity of different types of composite systems varies. As a result, certain nanocomposite systems are currently commercially accessible, while others are not yet sufficiently developed to enter the market. A substantial emphasis has been placed on developing thermoplastic and thermosetting materials that combine a variety of mechanical and functional qualities. These include higher strength and stiffness, increased thermal and electrical conductivity, improved barrier properties, fire retardancy, and others, with the ultimate goal of providing multifunctionality to already employed composites. The work presented in this thesis investigates the use and benefits that GRM could bring to composites for a variety of applications, with the goal of realizing multifunctional components with improved properties that leads to lightweight and, as a result, energy and cost savings and pollution reduction in the environment. In particular, we worked on the following topics: • Benchmarking of commercial GRM-based master batches; • GRM-coatings for water uptake reduction; • GRM as thermo-electrical anti-icing /de-icing system; • GRM for Out of Oven curing of composites.

Conceptualization of an Electric Compact SUV for the American and Italian Market using the IDeS Method

Electric cars are increasingly popular due to a transition of mobility towards more sustainable forms. From an increasingly green and pollution reduction perspective, there are more and more incentives that encourage customers to invest in electric cars. Using the Industrial Design and Structure (IDeS) research method, this project has the aim to design a new electric compact SUV suitable for all people who live in the city, and for people who move outside urban areas. In order to achieve the goal of developing a new car in the industrial automotive environment, the compact SUV segment was chosen because it is a vehicle very requested by the costumers and it is successful in the market due to its versatility. IDeS is a combination of innovative and advanced systematic approaches used to set up a new industrial project. The IDeS methodology is sequentially composed of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Benchmarking (BM), Top-Flop analysis (TFA), Stylistic Design Engineering (SDE), Design for X, Prototyping, Testing, Budgeting, and Planning. The work is based on a series of steps and the sequence of these must be meticulously scheduled, imposing deadlines along the work. Starting from an analysis of the market and competitors, the study of the best and worst existing parameters in the competitor’s market is done, arriving at the idea of a better product in terms of numbers and innovation. After identifying the characteristics that the new car should have, the other step is the styling part, with the definition of the style and the design of the machine on a 3D CAD. Finally, it switches to the prototyping and testing phase to see if the product is able to work. Ultimately, intending to place the car on the market, it is essential to estimate the necessary budget for a possible investment in this project.

Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Microbial Community In Hypersaline Petroleum Produced Water From The Campos Basin.

In this work the archaea and eubacteria community of a hypersaline produced water from the Campos Basin that had been transported and discharged to an onshore storage facility was evaluated by 16S recombinant RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. The produced water had a hypersaline salt content of 10 (w/v), had a carbon oxygen demand (COD) of 4,300 mg/l and contains phenol and other aromatic compounds. The high salt and COD content and the presence of toxic phenolic compounds present a problem for conventional discharge to open seawater. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the COD and phenolic content could be largely removed under aerobic conditions, without dilution, by either addition of phenol degrading Haloarchaea or the addition of nutrients alone. In this study our goal was to characterize the microbial community to gain further insight into the persistence of reservoir community members in the produced water and the potential for bioremediation of COD and toxic contaminants. Members of the archaea community were consistent with previously identified communities from mesothermic reservoirs. All identified archaea were located within the phylum Euryarchaeota, with 98 % being identified as methanogens while 2 % could not be affiliated with any known genus. Of the identified archaea, 37 % were identified as members of the strictly carbon-dioxide-reducing genus Methanoplanus and 59 % as members of the acetoclastic genus Methanosaeta. No Haloarchaea were detected, consistent with the need to add these organisms for COD and aromatic removal. Marinobacter and Halomonas dominated the eubacterial community. The presence of these genera is consistent with the ability to stimulate COD and aromatic removal with nutrient addition. In addition, anaerobic members of the phyla Thermotogae, Firmicutes, and unclassified eubacteria were identified and may represent reservoir organisms associated with the conversion hydrocarbons to methane.

Electrochemical Oxidation Of Landfill Leachate In A Flow Reactor: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology.

Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken (BBD) design was successfully applied to the optimization in the operating conditions of the electrochemical oxidation of sanitary landfill leachate aimed for making this method feasible for scale up. Landfill leachate was treated in continuous batch-recirculation system, where a dimensional stable anode (DSA(©)) coated with Ti/TiO2 and RuO2 film oxide were used. The effects of three variables, current density (milliampere per square centimeter), time of treatment (minutes), and supporting electrolyte dosage (moles per liter) upon the total organic carbon removal were evaluated. Optimized conditions were obtained for the highest desirability at 244.11 mA/cm(2), 41.78 min, and 0.07 mol/L of NaCl and 242.84 mA/cm(2), 37.07 min, and 0.07 mol/L of Na2SO4. Under the optimal conditions, 54.99 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 71.07 ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) removal was achieved with NaCl and 45.50 of COD and 62.13 NH3-N with Na2SO4. A new kinetic model predicted obtained from the relation between BBD and the kinetic model was suggested.

Sources of particulate matter: emission profile of biomass burning

Biomass burning is an important source of atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) in Brazil: the burning of forests in the northwest and of sugar cane plantations in the southeast are important examples. The objective of this work is the measurement of the PM emission profile of burning of sugar cane and other characteristic vegetative burning in the region of Sao Carlos-SP/Brazil. Samples of PM(10) and PM(2.5) were collected in different conditions, including small laboratory controlled burnings and real ones. The samples were analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and 14 chemical elements quantified. t-Student tests were performed to compare the obtained profiles, using as a reference a vegetative burn profile taken from the USEPA data bank SPECIATE. All measured profiles presented significant amounts of Cl and K, which are confirmed as tracers of sugar cane foliage burning.

Análise e optimização dos consumos de utilidades (vapor e energia eléctrica) na Petibol – Embalagens de Plásticos, S.A.

Mestrado em Engenharia Química. Ramo optimização energética na indústria química.

Pilot monitoring study of ibuprofen in surface waters of north of Portugal

Ibuprofen is amongst the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. The present work presents the first data in the occurrence of ibuprofen in Portuguese surface waters, focusing in the north area of the country, which is one of the most densely populated areas of Portugal. Analysis of ibuprofen is based on pre-concentration of the analyte with solid phase extraction and subsequent determination with liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. A total of 42 water samples, including surface waters, landfill leachates,Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), and hospital effluents, were analyzed in order to evaluate the occurrence of ibuprofen in the north of Portugal. In general, the highest concentrations were found in the river mouths and in the estuarine zone. The maximum concentrations found were 48,720 ngL−1 in the landfill leachate, 3,868 ngL−1 in hospital effluent, 616 ngL−1 in WWTP effluent, and 723 ngL−1 in surface waters (Lima river). Environmental risk assessment was evaluated and at the measured concentrations only landfill leachates reveal potential ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms. Owing to a high consumption rate of ibuprofen among Portuguese population, as prescribed and nonprescribed medicine, the importance of hospitals, WWTPs, and landfills as sources of entrance of pharmaceuticals in the environment was pointed out. Landfill leachates showed the highest contribution for ibuprofen mass loading into surface waters. On the basis of our findings, more studies are needed as an attempt to assess more vulnerable areas.

Bisphenol A migration from plastic materials: direct insight of ecotoxicity in Daphnia magna

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) whose migration from food packaging is recognized worldwide. However, the real overall food contamination and related consequences are yet largely unknown. Among humans, children’s exposure to BPA has been emphasized because of the immaturity of their biological systems. The main aim of this study was to assess the reproductive impact of BPA leached from commercially available plastic containers used or related to child nutrition, performing ecotoxicological tests using the biomonitoring species Daphnia magna. Acute and chronic tests, as well as single and multigenerational tests were done. Migration of BPA from several baby bottles and other plastic containers evaluated by GC-MS indicated that a broader range of foodstuff may be contaminated when packed in plastics. Ecotoxicological test results performed using defined concentrations of BPA were in agreement with literature, although a precocious maturity of daphnids was detected at 3.0 mg/L. Curiously, an increased reproductive output (neonates per female) was observed when daphnids were bred in the polycarbonate (PC) containers (145.1±4.3 % to 264.7±3.8 %), both in single as in multigenerational tests, in comparison with the negative control group (100.3±1.6 %). A strong correlated dose-dependent ecotoxicological effect was observed, providing evidence that BPA leached from plastic food packaging materials act as functional estrogen in vivo at very low concentrations. In contrast, neonate production by daphnids cultured in polypropylene and non-PC bottles was slightly but not significantly enhanced (92.5±2.0 % to 118.8±1.8 %). Multigenerational tests also revealed magnification of the adverse effects, not only on fecundity but also on mortality, which represents a worrying trend for organisms that are chronically exposed to xenoestrogens for many generations. Two plausible explanations for the observed results could be given: a non-monotonic dose–response relationship or a mixture toxicity effect.

Monitorização de sistema de baterias para veículos elétricos

Uma das maiores preocupações do mundo neste momento prende-se com o facto da grande dependência do petróleo e seus aglomerados. Esta dependência causa dois problemas: novos estudos fomentam o começo da escassez deste produto, atirando para cima o preço deste material precioso, e a poluição que que este causa. Um dos sectores mais dependentes e que mais polui, é o dos transportes. Nos últimos anos, o mundo teve finalmente noção deste problema e uma das apostas neste sector é o desenvolvimento da célula de combustível, uma tecnologia que utiliza água como combustível, podendo ser reutilizada. É uma tecnologia ainda em fase de introdução pelo que, para já, a médio prazo não será solução. Uma solução intermédia é a utilização de energia elétrica como ―combustível‖. Apesar de grande parte da produção de energia elétrica ser a partir da queima de derivados de petróleo, os motores elétricos são por si só muito mais eficientes comparando com os motores de combustão. Não se vai aqui debater se são uma solução com viabilidade devido à questão da transferência da dependência do petróleo do sector dos transportes para o sector da produção de energia elétrica. O objetivo deste trabalho será desenvolver um sistema de faça a gestão do ―combustível‖ dos veículos elétricos, ou seja, baterias. Essa gestão tem como objetivo aumentar a autonomia do veículo e prolongar o tempo de vida das baterias. Na primeira fase, uma introdução à atualidade dos veículos elétricos, fazendo uma análise às diferentes soluções. Serão referidas os diferentes tipos de baterias e suas características, passando depois para exemplos de sistemas de gestão de baterias. A explicação da ideia para este sistema vem com o capítulo projeto, ficando a implementação para o capítulo seguinte.

Privatization in a mixed duopoly with environmental taxes

In this paper, we study the effects of environmental and privatization in a mixed duopoly, in which the public firm aims to maximize the social welfare. The model has two stages. In the first stage, the government sets the environmental tax. Then, the firms engage in a Cournot competition, choosing output and pollution abatement levels.

Sensor Integration for Smart Cities Using Multi-Hop Networks

Smart Cities are designed to be living systems and turn urban dwellers life more comfortable and interactive by keeping them aware of what surrounds them, while leaving a greener footprint. The Future Cities Project [1] aims to create infrastructures for research in smart cities including a vehicular network, the BusNet, and an environmental sensor platform, the Urban Sense. Vehicles within the BusNet are equipped with On Board Units (OBUs) that offer free Wi-Fi to passengers and devices near the street. The Urban Sense platform is composed by a set of Data Collection Units (DCUs) that include a set of sensors measuring environmental parameters such as air pollution, meteorology and noise. The Urban Sense platform is expanding and receptive to add new sensors to the platform. The parnership with companies like TNL were made and the need to monitor garbage street containers emerged as air pollution prevention. If refuse collection companies know prior to the refuse collection which route is the best to collect the maximum amount of garbage with the shortest path, they can reduce costs and pollution levels are lower, leaving behind a greener footprint. This dissertation work arises in the need to monitor the garbage street containers and integrate these sensors into an Urban Sense DCU. Due to the remote locations of the garbage street containers, a network extension to the vehicular network had to be created. This dissertation work also focus on the Multi-hop network designed to extend the vehicular network coverage area to the remote garbage street containers. In locations where garbage street containers have access to the vehicular network, Roadside Units (RSUs) or Access Points (APs), the Multi-hop network serves has a redundant path to send the data collected from DCUs to the Urban Sense cloud database. To plan this highly dynamic network, the Wi-Fi Planner Tool was developed. This tool allowed taking measurements on the field that led to an optimized location of the Multi-hop network nodes with the use of radio propagation models. This tool also allowed rendering a temperature-map style overlay for Google Earth [2] application. For the DCU for garbage street containers the parner company provided the access to a HUB (device that communicates with the sensor inside the garbage containers). The Future Cities use the Raspberry pi as a platform for the DCUs. To collect the data from the HUB a RS485 to RS232 converter was used at the physical level and the Modbus protocol at the application level. To determine the location and status of the vehicles whinin the vehicular network a TCP Server was developed. This application was developed for the OBUs providing the vehicle Global Positioning System (GPS) location as well as information of when the vehicle is stopped, moving, on idle or even its slope. To implement the Multi-hop network on the field some scripts were developed such as pingLED and “shark”. These scripts helped upon node deployment on the field as well as to perform all the tests on the network. Two setups were implemented on the field, an urban setup was implemented for a Multi-hop network coverage survey and a sub-urban setup was implemented to test the Multi-hop network routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and Babel.

Nanomateriais manufaturados : avaliação de segurança através da caracterização dos seus efeitos genéticos

RESUMO - Os nanomateriais manufaturados (NMs), isto é, fabricados deliberadamente para fins específicos, apresentam propriedades físico-químicas únicas como a dimensão, área superficial ou funcionalização, que lhes conferem caraterísticas mecânicas, óticas, elétricas e magnéticas muito vantajosas para aplicações industriais e biomédicas. Efetivamente, a tecnologia baseada nos NMs, ou nanotecnologia, foi identificada como uma key enabling technology, impulsionadora do crescimento económico dos países industrializados, devido ao seu potencial para melhorar a qualidade e desempenho de muitos tipos de produtos e de processos. Contudo, a expansão da utilização de NMs contrasta com a insuficiente avaliação de risco para a saúde humana e para o ambiente, sendo considerados como um risco emergente para a saúde pública. As incertezas sobre a segurança dos NMs para a saúde pública advêm sobretudo de estudos epidemiológicos em humanos expostos a nanomateriais produzidos como consequência dos processos e atividades humanas e da poluição. Uma das principais preocupações relativamente aos efeitos adversos dos NMs na saúde humana é o seu potencial efeito carcinogénico, que é sugerido por alguns estudos experimentais, como no caso dos nanomateriais de dióxido de titânio ou dos nanotubos de carbono. Para avaliar em curto termo as propriedades carcinogénicas de um composto, utilizam-se frequentemente ensaios de genotoxicidade em linhas celulares de mamífero ou ensaios em modelos animais, em que se analisa uma variedade de lesões genéticas potencialmente relacionados com o processo de carcinogénese. No entanto, a investigação sobre as propriedades genotóxicas dos NMs não foi, até hoje, conclusiva. O presente estudo tem por objectivo principal caracterizar os efeitos genotóxicos associados à exposição a nanomateriais manufaturados, de forma a contribuir para a avaliação da sua segurança. Constituíram objectivos específicos deste estudo: i) avaliar a genotoxicidade dos NMs em três tipos de células humanas expostas in vitro: linfócitos humanos primários, linha celular de epitélio brônquico humano (BEAS-2B) e linha celular de adenocarcinoma epitelial de pulmão humano (A549); ii) avaliar a sua genotoxicidade num modelo de ratinho transgénico; iii) investigar alguns mecanismos de acção que poderão contribuir para a genotoxicidade dos nanomateriais, como a contribuição de lesões oxidativas para a genotoxicidade induzida pelos NMs in vitro, e a investigação da sua bioacumulação e localização celular in vivo. Foram analisados os efeitos genotóxicos associados à exposição a duas classes de NMs, dióxido de titânio e nanotubos de carbono de parede múltipla, bem como a um NM de óxido de zinco, candidato a ser utlilizado como controlo positivo de dimensão nanométrica. Os xx NMs utilizados foram previamente caracterizados com detalhe relativamente às suas características físico-químicas e também relativamente à sua dispersão em meio aquoso e no meio de cultura. A metodologia incluiu ensaios de citotoxicidade e de genotoxicidade in vitro, designadamente, ensaios de quebras no DNA (ensaio do cometa) e nos cromossomas (ensaio do micronúcleo) em células humanas expostas a várias concentrações de NMs, por comparação com células não expostas. Também foram realizados ensaios in vivo de quebras no DNA, quebras cromossómicas e ainda um ensaio de mutações em vários órgãos de grupos de ratinhos transgénicos LacZ, expostos por via intravenosa a duas doses de dióxido de titânio. Foi investigada a existência de uma relação dose-resposta após exposição das células humanas ou dos animais a NMs. A contribuição de lesões oxidativas para a genotoxicidade após exposição das células aos NMs in vitro foi explorada através do ensaio do cometa modificado com enzima. Realizaram-se estudos histológicos e citológicos para deteção e localização celular dos NMs nos órgãos-alvo dos ratinhos expostos in vivo. Os resultados demonstraram efeitos genotóxicos em alguns dos NMs analisados em células humanas. No entanto, os efeitos genotóxicos, quando positivos, foram em níveis reduzidos, ainda que superiores aos valores dos controlos, e a sua reprodutibilidade era dependente do sistema experimental utilizado. Para outros NMs, a evidência de genotoxicidade revelou-se equívoca, conduzindo à necessidade de esclarecimento através de ensaios in vivo. Para esse fim, recorreu-se a uma análise integrada de múltiplos parâmetros num modelo animal, o ratinho transgénico baseado em plasmídeo contendo o gene LacZ exposto a um NM de dióxido de titânio, NM-102. Embora tenha sido demonstrada a exposição e a acumulação do NM no fígado, não se observaram efeitos genotóxicos nem no fígado, nem no baço nem no sangue dos ratinhos expostos a esse NM. Neste estudo concluiu-se que algumas formas de dióxido de titânio e nanotubos de carbono de parede múltipla produzem efeitos genotóxicos em células humanas, contribuindo para o conjunto de evidências sobre o efeito genotóxico desses NMs. As diferenças observadas relativamente à genotoxicidade entre NMs do mesmo tipo, mas distintos em algumas das suas características físico-quimicas, aparentemente não são negligenciáveis, pelo que os resultados obtidos para um NM não devem ser generalizados ao grupo correspondente. Para além disso, a genotoxicidade equívoca verificada para o NM-102 em células humanas expostas in vitro, não foi confirmada no modelo in vivo, pelo que o valor preditivo da utilização dos ensaios in vitro para a identificação de NMs com efeitos genotóxicos (e portanto potencialmente carcinogénicos) ainda tem de ser esclarecido antes de ser possível extrapolar as conclusões para a saúde humana. Por sua vez, como a informação aqui produzida pelas metodologias in vitro e in vivo não reflete os efeitos de exposição continua ou prolongada, que poderá conduzir a efeitos genotóxicos distintos, esta xxi deverá ser complementada com outras linhas de evidência relativamente à segurança dos NMs. Perante a incerteza dos níveis de exposição real do organismo humano e do ambiente, a segurança da utilização dos NMs não pode ser garantida a longo prazo e, tendo em conta a elevada produção e utilização destes NMs, são prementes futuros estudos de monitorização ambiental e humana.

Remoção fotocatalítica de micropoluentes em meios porosos funcionalizados

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Evaluation of cumulative PCB exposure estimated by a job exposure matrix versus PCB serum concentrations.

Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned in many countries for more than three decades, exposures to PCBs continue to be of concern due to their long half-lives and carcinogenic effects. In National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health studies, we are using semiquantitative plant-specific job exposure matrices (JEMs) to estimate historical PCB exposures for workers (n = 24,865) exposed to PCBs from 1938 to 1978 at three capacitor manufacturing plants. A subcohort of these workers (n = 410) employed in two of these plants had serum PCB concentrations measured at up to four times between 1976 and 1989. Our objectives were to evaluate the strength of association between an individual worker's measured serum PCB levels and the same worker's cumulative exposure estimated through 1977 with the (1) JEM and (2) duration of employment, and to calculate the explained variance the JEM provides for serum PCB levels using (3) simple linear regression. Consistent strong and statistically significant associations were observed between the cumulative exposures estimated with the JEM and serum PCB concentrations for all years. The strength of association between duration of employment and serum PCBs was good for highly chlorinated (Aroclor 1254/HPCB) but not less chlorinated (Aroclor 1242/LPCB) PCBs. In the simple regression models, cumulative occupational exposure estimated using the JEMs explained 14-24% of the variance of the Aroclor 1242/LPCB and 22-39% for Aroclor 1254/HPCB serum concentrations. We regard the cumulative exposure estimated with the JEM as a better estimate of PCB body burdens than serum concentrations quantified as Aroclor 1242/LPCB and Aroclor 1254/HPCB.