Critérios de divisibilidade e truques com cartas

Martin Gardner (1914-2010) foi um excelente divulgador de Matemática Recreativa. Durante mais de 25 anos escreveu uma coluna intitulada "Jogos Matemáticos" para a Scientific American, revista americana de divulgação científica. Escreveu também com regularidade para a revista Skeptical Inquirer e foi autor de mais de 70 obras. O seu trabalho inspirou centenas de leitores a apreciar e a querer saber mais sobre o vasto mundo da Matemática. Gardner é conhecido por apresentar interessantes enigmas e desafios matemáticos. Neste texto, analisamos três problemas da sua autoria. (...) O segredo para uma rápida resposta a estes problemas reside no conhecimento dos critérios de divisibilidade do 3 e do 9. Aproveitamos, por isso, a oportunidade para rever alguns dos principais critérios de divisibilidade. Como forma de testar a informação que apresentaremos de seguida, o leitor pode socorrer-se de um número com vários algarismos que tenha à mão. Nos exemplos abaixo, utilizaremos o ISBN-13 do livro Grupos de Simetria: Identificação de Padrões no Património Cultural dos Açores, publicado recentemente pela Associação Ludus e pela Apenas Livros, da autoria conjunta de Ricardo Teixeira, Susana Costa e Vera Moniz. O número é o seguinte: 9 789 896 185 039. (...) O leitor pode mesmo aproveitar para aplicar estes critérios de divisibilidade e fazer um brilharete junto de familiares e amigos. Por exemplo, pode virar-se de costas e pedir a um amigo que construa uma sequência de 5 cartas, utilizando cartas numeradas do Ás ao 5, pela ordem que bem entender; sem ver a sequência formada, a sua "intuição de mágico" dar-lhe-à a certeza de que o número é divisível por 3!

Agressão no trabalho em processos de mudança organizacional: O papel mediador do cinismo organizacional e do comportamento político

Workplace aggression is a factor that shapes the interaction between individuals and their work environment and produces many undesirable outcomes, sometimes introducing heavy costs for organizations. Only through a comprehensive understanding o f the genesis of workplace aggression is possible to develop strategies and interventions to minimize its nefarious effects. The existent body of knowledge has already identified several individual, situational and contextual antecedents of workplace aggr ession, although this is a research area where significant gaps occur and many issues were still not addressed (Dupré & Barling, 2006). According to Neuman and Baron (1998) one of these predictors is organizational change, since certain changes in the work environment (e.g., changes in management) can lead to increased aggression. This paper intends to contribute to workplace aggression research by studying its relationship with organizational change, considering the mediation role of political behaviors an d organizational cynicism (Ammeter, Douglas, Gardner, Hochwarter, & Ferris, 2002). The literature review suggests that mediators and moderators that intervene in the relationships between workplace aggression and its antecedents are understudied topics. Ja mes (2005) sustains that organizational politics is related to cynicism and the empirical research of Miranda (2008) has identified leadership political behavior as an antecedent of cynicism but these two variables were not yet investigated regarding their relationship with workplace aggression. This investigation was operationalized using several scales including the Organizational Change Questionnaire - climate of change, processes, and readiness (Bouckenooghe, Devos, & Broeck, 2009), a Workplace Aggressio n Scale (Vicente, 2008, 2009), an Organizational Cynicism Scale (Wanous, Reichers, & Austin, 1994) and a Political Behavior Questionnaire (Yukl & Falbe, 1990). Participants representing a wide variety of jobs across many organizations were surveyed. The r esults of the study and its implications will be presented and discussed. This study contribution is also discussed in what concerns organizational change practices in organizations.

Possibilidade de desenvolvimento integrado pela expressão musical: Uma experiência no 1º CEB

Desde o primeiro momento, este projeto procurou libertar-se dos cenários tradicionais em que a aprendizagem era encarada como uma atividade solitária e individual; ao longo do processo, cada aluno encontrava-se sozinho perante a tarefa, sob olhar atento do professor (tais posturas eram próprias de uma cultura autoritária e pouco solidária na apropriação do saber). Decorrente dessa vontade de alterar formas de atuação, este projeto assentou os seus pressupostos teóricos na teoria em espiral de Bruner e na teoria das inteligências múltiplas de Gardner. Assim, o aluno é sempre encarado como um ser em desenvolvimento, razão pela qual urge ter uma visão holística e integrada desse desenvolvimento. Como tal, associada a estas teorias aparece a aprendizagem cooperativa e, consequentemente, o conceito de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal de Vygotsky e a integração curricular diretamente ligada à metodologia de projeto defendida por autores como Dewey e Kilpatrik, pontos basilares de todo este estudo. Tal como o próprio nome do projeto indica Possibilidades de desenvolvimento integrado pela Expressão Musical: Uma experiência no 1.º CEB, o objetivo principal é investigar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento global do aluno, com a interligação dos vários saberes que lhe permitam construir o seu conhecimento de uma forma integrada, tendo como ponto de partida a expressão musical. Desde a elaboração das planificações, passando pelas atividades desenvolvidas ao longo das aulas, houve sempre a preocupação em promover a participação ativa dos alunos e, como é evidente pelos mapas de conceitos, privilegiar a integração curricular bem como o desenvolvimento global dos alunos. Os dados obtidos através da entrevista efetuada aos alunos e do inquérito final demonstram o reconhecimento, por parte dos alunos, da expressão musical como uma mais3 valia para a sua aprendizagem nas diversas disciplinas, bem como a sua preferência pelo trabalho cooperativo.

Torpedo Maculopathy with an Anisometropic Amblyopia in a 5-Year-Old Caucasian Girl: Case Report

The aim of this study is to report a clinical case of asymptomatic female Caucasian children with torpedo maculopathy. A 5-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for routine evaluation. The ophthalmic examination revealed best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes, without any changes in the biomicroscopy. Fundus examination showed normal findings in one eye, whereas in the contralateral eye it disclosed, in the temporal sector of the macular region, a whitish, atrophic, oval chorioretinal lesion with clearly defined margins. Posterior evaluations documented the stability of the lesion. Torpedo maculopathy diagnosis is based on its characteristic shape and peculiar location. The differential diagnosis has to be established versus choroidal lesions (melanoma and nevus), congenital or iatrogenic hyperplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and particularly versus the congenital pigmented lesions associated with Gardner's syndrome.

Long-Term Lamivudine Treatment of Children with Chronic Hepatitis B: Durability of Therapeutic Responses and Safety

Lamivudine has been demonstrated safe and efficacious in the short term in a large cohort of children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but optimal duration of treatment has not been elucidated and limited data on the safety of long-term lamivudine administration have been reported. In addition, the durability of favourable therapeutic outcomes after lamivudine therapy in children has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the safety of lamivudine and the durability of clinical responses in a group of children who received up to 3 years of treatment for CHB. One hundred and fifty-one children from centres in nine countries who had previously received lamivudine in a large prospective trial were enrolled. During the first year, children had been randomized to either lamivudine or placebo treatment. Subsequently, in a separate extension study, those who remained hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive were given lamivudine for up to 2 years and those who were HBeAg negative were observed for additional 2 years. Results of these studies have been previously reported. In this study, these children were followed for 2 additional years. Data gathered from medical record review included weight, height, signs and symptoms of hepatitis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, serologic markers, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels and serious adverse events (SAEs). Other pharmacological treatments for CHB were allowed according to the practices of individual investigators and were documented. Subjects were divided into two groups for analysis, those who had achieved virological response (VR), defined as HBeAg negative and undetectable HBV DNA by the bDNA assay by the end of the extension study at 3 years, and those who had not. In those who had achieved VR by the end of the extension study, long-term durability of HBeAg seroconversion was 82% and >90% in those who had received lamivudine for 52 weeks and at least 2 years respectively. This compares to 75% for those who had achieved seroconversion after placebo. In those who had not achieved VR by the end of the extension study, an additional 11% did so by the end of the study; they had all received lamivudine in the previous trial, and none had received further treatment during the study. Eight children lost hepatitis B surface antigen during the study and all had received lamivudine at some point during the previous trials. Evaluation of safety data revealed no SAEs related to lamivudine. There was no effect of treatment on weight or height z scores. Clinically benign ALT flares (>10 times normal) were seen in 2% of children. Favourable outcomes from lamivudine treatment of CHB in children are maintained for at least several years after completion of treatment. Up to 3 years of lamivudine treatment is safe in children.

A motivação como fator essencial para a aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino de Português e de Línguas Clássicas no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário ou de Língua Estrangeira (Espanhol) nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário

Pharmacological evaluation of plant extracts from Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil): Focus on antioxidant and cytotoxic properties

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia de Plantas MAP - Bioplant

Validation of a Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Walking Estimated-Limitation Calculated by History (WELCH)

Abstract Background: The Walking Estimated-Limitation Calculated by History (WELCH) questionnaire has been proposed to evaluate walking impairment in patients with intermittent claudication (IC), presenting satisfactory psychometric properties. However, a Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire is unavailable, limiting its application in Brazilian patients. Objective: To analyze the psychometric properties of a translated Brazilian Portuguese version of the WELCH in Brazilian patients with IC. Methods: Eighty-four patients with IC participated in the study. After translation and back-translation, carried out by two independent translators, the concurrent validity of the WELCH was analyzed by correlating the questionnaire scores with the walking capacity assessed with the Gardner treadmill test. To determine the reliability of the WELCH, internal consistency and test–retest reliability with a seven-day interval between the two questionnaire applications were calculated. Results: There were significant correlations between the WELCH score and the claudication onset distance (r = 0.64, p = 0.01) and total walking distance (r = 0.61, p = 0.01). The internal consistency was 0.84 and the intraclass correlation coefficient between questionnaire evaluations was 0.84. There were no differences in WELCH scores between the two questionnaire applications. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the WELCH presents adequate validity and reliability indicators, which support its application to Brazilian patients with IC.

Species richness and community structure of arboreal spider assemblages in fragments of three vegetational types at Banhado Grande wet plain, Gravataí River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The taxonomic composition, observed and estimated species richness, and patterns of community structure of arboreal spider assemblages in eleven sites surrounding the "Banhado Grande" wet plain in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are presented. These sites represent three different vegetational types: hillside (four sites), riparian (five sites) and flooded forests (two sites). The spiders were captured by beating on foliage and "aerial litter". A sample was defined as the result of beating on twenty bushes, tree branches or "aerial litter" clusters, which roughly corresponds to one-hour search effort per sample. Fifty five samples (five per site) were obtained, resulting in an observed richness of 212 species present as adult or identifiable juveniles. The total richness for all samples was estimated to be between 250 (Bootstrap) to 354 species (Jackknife 2). Confidence intervals of both sample and individual-based rarefaction curves for each vegetation type clearly indicated that flooded forest is the poorest vegetation type with respect to spider species richness, with hillside and riparian forests having a similar number of species. The percentage complementarity between the eleven sites indicated that all sites contain a distinct set of species, irrespective of their vegetation types. Nevertheless, the spider assemblages in riparian and hillside forests are more similar with respect to each other than when compared to flooded forest. Both cluster and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses showed no strong correspondence between the spider arboreal fauna and the three vegetation types. Moreover, a Mantel test revealed no significant association between species composition and geographic distance among sites.

Síndrome d'alienació parental (SAP): aproximació al perfil de competències parentals del progenitor alienat: elaboració d'una guia d'exploració tècnica

De l’experiència professional de l’equip del SATAF al llarg dels anys, s’ha constatat que un dels conflictes més recurrents, existents en els procediments contenciosos, és el rebuig filial envers un dels progenitors, habitualment, el no-custodi. Un tipus de rebuig filial és la Síndrome d’Alienació Parental (SAP), descrita per Gardner, inicialment, l’any 1985. A partir dels estudis realitzats d’ençà l’any 2004, aquest grup d’investigació pretén centrar la present recerca en el perfil de competències parentals del progenitor alienat. Paral·lelament, s’ha elaborat una entrevista semiestructurada d’exploració de la SAP. Altrament, també s’ha creat una guia d’observadors per tal d’aconseguir certa operativitat diagnòstica. Els resultats obtinguts han partit d’una anàlisis estadística no-paramètrica, considerant el petit tamany de la mostra. Amb l’anàlisi, es constata que la gravetat de la SAP no manté relació quant a presència d’habilitats parentals en el progenitor alienat. D'altra banda, l’actitud d’aquests progenitors incideix en el manteniment de la Síndrome. Disposar d’eines específiques per a l’avaluació d’aquests casos optimitza i operatitvitza les intervencions amb aquestes famílies.

Research needs in allergy: an EAACI position paper, in collaboration with EFA.

In less than half a century, allergy, originally perceived as a rare disease, has become a major public health threat, today affecting the lives of more than 60 million people in Europe, and probably close to one billion worldwide, thereby heavily impacting the budgets of public health systems. More disturbingly, its prevalence and impact are on the rise, a development that has been associated with environmental and lifestyle changes accompanying the continuous process of urbanization and globalization. Therefore, there is an urgent need to prioritize and concert research efforts in the field of allergy, in order to achieve sustainable results on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this most prevalent chronic disease of the 21st century.The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is the leading professional organization in the field of allergy, promoting excellence in clinical care, education, training and basic and translational research, all with the ultimate goal of improving the health of allergic patients. The European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients' Associations (EFA) is a non-profit network of allergy, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) patients' organizations. In support of their missions, the present EAACI Position Paper, in collaboration with EFA, highlights the most important research needs in the field of allergy to serve as key recommendations for future research funding at the national and European levels.Although allergies may involve almost every organ of the body and an array of diverse external factors act as triggers, there are several common themes that need to be prioritized in research efforts. As in many other chronic diseases, effective prevention, curative treatment and accurate, rapid diagnosis represent major unmet needs. Detailed phenotyping/endotyping stands out as widely required in order to arrange or re-categorize clinical syndromes into more coherent, uniform and treatment-responsive groups. Research efforts to unveil the basic pathophysiologic pathways and mechanisms, thus leading to the comprehension and resolution of the pathophysiologic complexity of allergies will allow for the design of novel patient-oriented diagnostic and treatment protocols. Several allergic diseases require well-controlled epidemiological description and surveillance, using disease registries, pharmacoeconomic evaluation, as well as large biobanks. Additionally, there is a need for extensive studies to bring promising new biotechnological innovations, such as biological agents, vaccines of modified allergen molecules and engineered components for allergy diagnosis, closer to clinical practice. Finally, particular attention should be paid to the difficult-to-manage, precarious and costly severe disease forms and/or exacerbations. Nonetheless, currently arising treatments, mainly in the fields of immunotherapy and biologicals, hold great promise for targeted and causal management of allergic conditions. Active involvement of all stakeholders, including Patient Organizations and policy makers are necessary to achieve the aims emphasized herein.

Hacia una reformulación sistémica del “Síndrome de Alienación Parental”. Estudio de un caso.

El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una lectura de una situación de alienación parental en un divorcio conflictivo desde un enfoque sistémico-relacional, respondiendo a la falta de modelos de intervención para dicha casuística y considerando poco holístico el planteamiento defendido bajo la categoría Síndrome de Alienación Parental (SAP), descrita por Gardner el año 1985. Se analizan con metodología cualitativa cinco sesiones de psicoterapia de una familia de tres miembros derivada judicialmente por el rechazo de la hija a mantener contacto con la madre. Atendiendo a sus respectivas narrativas en relación a la pareja, los resultados muestran una mitología compartida en el pasado y una ruptura de la misma, en el caso de la madre. Se observa una precaria gestión del cambio, así como un conflicto comunicacional que impide desarrollar nuevas estrategias narrativas tras la separación. Los resultados permiten apoyar la apertura de líneas de investigación que contribuyan a una reformulación del SAP desde una perspectiva más profunda que aprehenda la complejidad de lo llamamos las Prácticas Alienadoras Familiares (PAF).

Programa d’educació emocional en l’àmbit penitenciari: les competències personals

Al llarg de la història educativa i tractamental, s'ha donat molta importància als desenvolupaments cognitius sense tenir en compte el desenvolupament emocional. Autors com Gardner o Goleman van donar un fort impuls al que ara es coneix com a intel·ligència emocional potenciant la creació de programes i dissenys curriculars que enforteixen la vessant emocional. No oblidem que les emocions són intrínseques al ser humà i condicionen la forma en què ens relacionem amb nosaltres mateixos i l'entorn. Per tant, entenem que el desenvolupament emocional és una de les bases fonamentals de l'educació. Com a educadors i educadores socials no podem perdre de vista aquest camp d'acció, i com a professionals de l'àmbit penitenciari considerem necessari que els nostres educands identifiquin les emocions (tant les pròpies com les alienes), millorin la seva autoestima i aprenguin a gestionar allò que senten. Tot amb l'objectiu que les seves relacions amb si mateixos, els altres i la societat siguin òptimes i saludables. La nostra pràctica diària ens ha fet veure que hi ha una manca de conscienciació i una pobre gestió de les emocions. Els interns i internes són persones que, a causa de les circumstàncies que han viscut i viuen, mostren dificultats per reaccionar de forma socialment adaptada i aquest fet genera conseqüències nefastes tant per a ells com per al seu entorn: agressions verbals i físiques, conflictes, addiccions, desarrelaments, malalties… No és fàcil treballar les emocions en un entorn hostil com el penitenciari, i menys fer-ho des d'una perspectiva educativa. És per això que el Programa d'educació emocional a l'àmbit penitenciari consta de dues parts; a la primera (la que aquí presentem), abordem aquelles competències personals necessàries per a un òptim desenvolupament emocional. El proper any es treballaran les competències socials que ajudin en la seva relació amb l'entorn. Entenem que per poder parlar d'aquestes últimes, primer s'han d'assolir els objectius a nivell personal. No podem perdre de vista que el circuit emocional és un circuit de comunicació obert on tots estem implicats i, per tant, on les influències són mútues i constants. En conseqüència, entenem que el programa que aquí presentem ha de comptar, també, amb altres professionals implicats com són els psicòlegs. Tenim clar que la figura de l'educador ha de quedar en tot moment entesa com d’acompanyament i guia, d’oferiment de les eines necessàries perquè els interns millorin el seu nivell de consciència i gestió emocional. En aquells casos en què sorgeixin problemes vinculats a aquest aprenentatge

Programa d’educació emocional en l’àmbit penitenciari: les competències socials

Al llarg de la història educativa i tractamental, s'ha donat molta importància als desenvolupaments cognitius sense tenir en compte el desenvolupament emocional. Autors com Gardner o Goleman van donar un fort impuls al que ara es coneix com a intel·ligència emocional potenciant la creació de programes i dissenys curriculars que enforteixen la vessant emocional. No oblidem que les emocions són intrínseques al ser humà i condicionen la forma en què ens relacionem amb nosaltres mateixos i l'entorn. Per tant, entenem que el desenvolupament emocional és una de les bases fonamentals de l'educació. Com a educadors i educadores socials no podem perdre de vista aquest camp d'acció, i com a professionals de l'àmbit penitenciari considerem necessari que els nostres educands identifiquin les emocions (tant les pròpies com les alienes), millorin la seva autoestima i aprenguin a gestionar allò que senten. Tot amb l'objectiu que les seves relacions amb si mateixos, els altres i la societat siguin òptimes i saludables. La nostra pràctica diària ens ha fet veure que hi ha una manca de conscienciació i una pobre gestió de les emocions. Els interns i internes són persones que, a causa de les circumstàncies que han viscut i viuen, mostren dificultats per reaccionar de forma socialment adaptada i aquest fet genera conseqüències nefastes tant per a ells com per al seu entorn: agressions verbals i físiques, conflictes, addiccions, desarrelaments, malalties… No és fàcil treballar les emocions en un entorn hostil com el penitenciari, i menys fer-ho des d'una perspectiva educativa. Objectius generals - Oferir una sèrie de bases, principis, recursos i orientacions adreçats al desenvolupament de les competències socials. - Conèixer elements i tècniques que afavoreixen l’autogestió emocional en l’entorn social. - Identificar elements i pràctiques que afavoreixen la creació d’una sana autoestima en el marc de la relació social. - Afavorir el desenvolupament de l’empatia. - Afavorir des de la gestió emocional el foment de la resiliència. - Reconèixer els elements que afavoreixen un bon clima emocional envers els altres. Objectius específics - Conèixer les diferents competències socials. - Afavorir espais per poder desenvolupar-les. - Millorar l'estil relacional dels interns que duguin a terme el programa

Decay of linkage disequilibrium within genes across HGDP-CEPH human samples: most population isolates do not show increased LD

Background: It is well known that the pattern of linkage disequilibrium varies between human populations, with remarkable geographical stratification. Indirect association studies routinely exploit linkage disequilibrium around genes, particularly in isolated populations where it is assumed to be higher. Here, we explore both the amount and the decay of linkage disequilibrium with physical distance along 211 gene regions, most of them related to complex diseases, across 39 HGDP-CEPH population samples, focusing particularly on the populations defined as isolates. Within each gene region and population we use r2 between all possible single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pairs as a measure of linkage disequilibrium and focus on the proportion of SNP pairs with r2 greater than 0.8.Results: Although the average r2 was found to be significantly different both between and within continental regions, a much higher proportion of r2 variance could be attributed to differences between continental regions (2.8% vs. 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, while the proportion of SNP pairs with r2 > 0.8 was significantly different across continents for all distance classes, it was generally much more homogenous within continents, except in the case of Africa and the Americas. The only isolated populations with consistently higher LD in all distance classes with respect to their continent are the Kalash (Central South Asia) and the Surui (America). Moreover, isolated populations showed only slightly higher proportions of SNP pairs with r2 > 0.8 per gene region than non-isolated populations in the same continent. Thus, the number of SNPs in isolated populations that need to be genotyped may be only slightly less than in non-isolates. Conclusion: The "isolated population" label by itself does not guarantee a greater genotyping efficiency in association studies, and properties other than increased linkage disequilibrium may make these populations interesting in genetic epidemiology.