Impact of different irrigation strategies on grapes and wine quality of four grapevine cultivars (Vitis sp.) in cool climate conditions. An investigation into the relationships among ABA, water status, grape cultivar and wine quality

Niagara Peninsula of Ontario is the largest viticultural area in Canada. Although it is considered to be a cool and wet region, in the last decade many water stress events occurred during the growing seasons with negative effects on grape and wine quality. This study was initiated to understand and develop the best strategies for water management in vineyards and those that might contribute to grape maturity advancement. The irrigation trials investigated the impact of time of initiation (fruit set, lag phase and veraison), water replacement level based on theoretical loss through crop evapotranspiration (ETc; 100,50 and 25%) and different irrigation strategies [partial root zone drying (PRD) versus regulated deficit irrigation (RD!)] on grape composition and wine sensory profiles. The irrigation experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard (Lambert Vineyards Inc.) located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, from 2005 through 2009. The two experiments that tested the combination of different water regimes and irrigation time initiation were set up in a randomized block design as follows: Baco noir - three replicates x 10 treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set, lag phase and veraison) + control]; Chardonnay - three replicates x seven treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set and veraison) + control]. The experiments that tested different irrigation strategies were set up on two cultivars as follows: Sauvignon blanc - four replicates x four treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]; Cabemet Sauvignon - four replicates x five treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc), RDI (50% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]. The controls in each experiment were nonirrigated. The irrigation treatments were compared for many variables related to soil water status, vine physiology, berry composition, wine sensory profile, and hormone composition [(abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites]. Soil moisture profile was mostly affected by irrigation treatments between 20 and 60 em depth depending on the grapevine cultivar and the regime of water applied. Overall soil moisture was consistently higher throughout the season in 100 and 50% ETc compare to the control. Transpiration rates and leaf temperature as well as shoot growth rate were the most sensitive variables to soil water status. Drip irrigation associated with RDI treatments (50% ETc and 25% ETc) had the most beneficial effects on vine physiology, fruit composition and wine varietal typicity, mainly by maintaining a balance between vegetative and reproductive parts of the vine. Neither the control nor the 100 ETc had overall a positive effect on grape composition and wine sensory typicity. The time of irrigation initiation affected the vine physiology and grape quality, the most positive effect was found in treatments initiated at lag phase and veraison. RDI treatments were overall more consistent in their positive effect on grape composition and wine varietal typicity comparing to PRD treatment. The greatest difference between non-irrigated and irrigated vines in most of the variables studied was found in 2007, the driest and hottest season of the experimental period. Soil water status had a greater and more consistent effect on red grapevine cultivars rather than on white winegrape cultivars. To understand the relationships among soil and plant water status, plant physiology and the hormonal profiles associated with it, abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites [phaseic acid (PA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), 7-hydroxy-ABA (TOH-ABA), 8' -hydroxy-ABA, neophaseic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE)] were analyzed in leaves and berries from the Baco noir and Chardonnay irrigation trials over two growing seasons. ABA and some of its catabolites accurately described the water status in the vines. Endogenous ABA and some of its catabolites were strongly affected in Baco noir and Chardonnay by both the water regime (i.e. ET level) and timing of irrigation initiation. Chardonnay grapevines produced less ABA in both leaves and berries compared to Baco noir, which indicated that ABA synthesis is also cultivar dependant. ABA-GE was the main catabolite in treatments with high water deficits, while PA and DPA were higher in treatments with high water status, suggesting that the vine produced more ABA-GE under water deficits to maintain rapid control of the stomata. These differences between irrigation treatments with respect to ABA and catabolites were particularly noticeable in the dry 2007 season. Two trials using exogenous ABA investigated the effect of different concentrations of ABA and organs targeted for spraying, on grape maturation and berry composition of Cabemet Sauvignon grapevines, in two cool and wet seasons (2008-2009). The fIrst experiment consisted of three replicates x three treatments [(150 and 300 mg/L, both applications only on clusters) + untreated control] while the second experiment consisted in three replicates x four treatments [(full canopy, only clusters, and only leaves sprayed with 300 ppm ABA) + untreated control]. Exogenous ABA was effective in hastening veraison, and improving the composition of Cabemet Sauvignon. Ability of ABA to control the timing of grape berry maturation was dependant on both solution concentration and the target organ. ABA affected not only fruit composition but also yield components. Berries treated with ABA had lower weight and higher skin dry mass, which constitutes qualitative aspects desired in the wine grapes. Temporal advancement of ripening through hormonal control can lead to earlier fruit maturation, which is a distinct advantage in cooler areas or areas with a high risk of early frost occurrence. Exogenous ABA could provide considerable benefits to wine industry in terms of grape composition, wine style and schedule activities in the winery, particularly in wet and cool years. These trials provide the ftrst comprehensive data in eastern North America on the response of important hybrid and Vitis vinifera winegrape cultivars to irrigation management. Results from this study additionally might be a forward step in understanding the ABA metabolism, and its relationship with water status. Future research should be focused on ftnding the ABA threshold required to trigger the ripening process, and how this process could be controlled in cool climates.

MCMI-II borderline personality disorder in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. 'Trastorno l??mite de personalidad seg??n el MCMI-II en la anorexia y bulimia nerviosas'

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Sentit pedagògic del mite de la bèstia enamorada. 'Sentido pedagógico del mito de la bestia enamorada'.

El tema de la bestia enamorada es frecuente en los cuentos de todas las culturas. No siempre se trata de un animal sino que el enamorado suele adoptar formas mostruosas y feroces. Partiendo del psicoanálisis, se ha demostrado la acción liberadora que ejercen los cuentos populares en la formación de la personalidad infantil y en la maduración de la afectividad, el enriquecimiento del lenguaje y la imaginación, la educación de la atención pero sobre todo la capacidad que poseen para favorecer el conocimiento y superar los propios problemas emocionales a través de recrearlos en los cuentos. El coraje es sin duda uno de los valores que con más insistencia ofrecen los cuentos populares: la aventura iniciática es siempre un reto, un riesgo a los ojos del protagonista para que sea capaz de correr las peripecias llenas de intriga que la historia le plantea. Pero sobre todo lo que es más destacable en los cuentos es que sus mensajes llegan a través de simples y cotidianas situaciones sociales, como el mito de la bestia enamorada sirve para cambiar la actitud de la mujer frente al sexo, para pasar del sentimiento de rechazo y miedo a la aceptación.

Sentit pedagògic del mite de la bèstia enamorada. 'Sentido pedagógico del mito de la bestia enamorada'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

El Montseny i les Guilleries : paisatge, mite i literatura. 'El Montseny y las Guilleries : paisaje, mito y literatura'

Resumen del v??deo en catal??n

Mitologia : l'antropologia a través del mite. 'Mitología : la antropología a través del mito'.

Trabajo que analiza los mitos y las leyendas que han creado los distintos pueblos y culturas del mundo en su intento de dar respuesta a las preguntas que a lo largo de los siglos se ha planteado la humanidad. Asi el capítulo segundo estudia los dioses y héroes de la mitología china, africana, árabe, inca, vikinga y helénica. Para finalizar con una cronología, documentos y bibliografía, así como con una serie de actividades y juegos para una mejor comprensión del tema..

El CAP : tr??mite y exigencia

El matricularse en el CAP es simplemente un tr??mite burocr??tico y obligatorio. Exigible para dar clases y opositar. Est?? condenado a vivir sin ser curso de aptitud pedag??gica. Si este curso es necesario y requiere una organizaci??n hay que organizarlo bien, con profesores competentes que supervisen de modo constante las practicas, programaciones y resultados de su actividad. La memoria es un tr??mite es un tramite molesto e innecesario que se deber??a suprimir. La ruina del CAP no viene de ensayar f??rmulas nuevas, sino de querer mantener a toda costa una estructura caduca y cara, adem??s de inoperante e in??til.

Definiciones personales y aspectos estructurales del concepto de l??mite finito de una funci??n en un punto

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La regulaci??n de las titulaciones universitarias oficiales como??l??mite a la descentralizaci??n en la Educaci??n Superior

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Rousseau, tres-cents anys despr??s : entre el mite i la realitat

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Acampar sin permiso, pensar sin l??mite : evaluaci??n del proceso de un estudio de caso sobre el 15M (Granada)

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: "Otra investigaci??n es posible"

La deixa del mite grec en la literatura contempor??nia

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Factors affecting distribution and mobility of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a perennial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Champagne region of France

Soil and Vitis vinifera L (coarse and fine roots, leaves, berries) concentration and geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in a contaminated calcareous Champagne plot to assess their mobility and transfer. Accumulation ratios in roots remained low (0.1-0.4 for Cu and Zn, <0.05 for Pb). Differences between elements resulted from vegetation uptake strategy and soil partitioning. Copper, significantly associated with the oxidisable fraction (27.8%), and Zn with the acid soluble fraction (33.3%), could be mobilised by rhizosphere acidification and oxidisation, unlike Pb, essentially contained in the reducible fraction (72.4%). Roots should not be considered as a whole since the more reactive fine roots showed higher accumulation ratios than coarse ones. More sensitive response of fine roots, lack of correlation between chemical extraction results and vegetation concentrations, and very limited translocation to aerial parts showed that fine root concentrations should be used when assessing bioavailability. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Disease-weather relationships for powdery mildew and yellow rust on winter wheat

Key weather factors determining the occurrence and severity of powdery mildew and yellow rust epidemics on winter wheat were identified. Empirical models were formulated to qualitatively predict a damaging epidemic (>5% severity) and quantitatively predict the disease severity given a damaging epidemic occurred. The disease data used was from field experiments at 12 locations in the UK covering the period from 1994 to 2002 with matching data from weather stations within a 5 km range. Wind in December to February was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic of powdery mildew. Disease severity was best identified by a model with temperature, humidity, and rain in April to June. For yellow rust, the temperature in February to June was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic as well as for disease severity. The qualitative models identified favorable circumstances for damaging epidemics, but damaging epidemics did not always occur in such circumstances, probably due to other factors such as the availability of initial inoculum and cultivar resistance.