��ndice de sustentabilidade municipal: uma abordagem fuzzy para um sistema de apoio a decis��o

P��s-gradua����o em Ci��ncias Ambientais - Sorocaba

As aglomera����es produtivas de cal��ados, folheados e de j��ias do CRAJUBAR (CE): forma����o, produ����o, trabalho, implica����es socioespaciais

P��s-gradua����o em Geografia - IGCE

Gest��o energ��tica nos setores transversais para redu����o do consumo de energia em uma empresa automobil��stica

P��s-gradua����o em Engenharia de Produ����o - FEG

Integration of socioeconomic and genetic aspects involved in the conservation of animal genetic resources = Integraci��n de aspectos socioecon��micos y gen��ticos involucrados en la conservaci��n de recursos gen��ticos animales

El sector ganadero est�� siendo gradualmente dominado por sistemas intensivos y especializados en los que los factores de producci��n est��n controlados y en los que los caracteres productivos son los criterios principales para la selecci��n de especies y razas. Entretanto, muchos de los bienes y servicios que tradicionalmente suministraba el ganado, tales como los fertilizantes, la tracci��n animal o materias primas para la elaboraci��n vestimenta y calzado est��n siendo reemplazados por productos industriales. Como consecuencia de ambos cambios, las razas seleccionadas intensivamente, las cuales est��n estrechamente ligadas a sistemas agr��colas de alta producci��n y altos insumos, han desplazado a muchas razas aut��ctonas, en las que la selecci��n pr��cticamente ha cesado o es muy poco intensa. Actualmente existe una mayor conciencia social sobre la situaci��n de las razas aut��ctonas y muchas funciones del ganado que previamente hab��an sido ignoradas est��n siendo reconocidas. Desde hace algunas d��cadas, se ha aceptado internacionalmente que las razas de ganado cumplen funciones econ��micas, socio-culturales, medioambientales y de seguridad alimentaria. Por ello, diferentes organismos internacionales han reconocido que la disminuci��n de los recursos gen��ticos de animales dom��sticos (RGADs) es un problema grave y han recomendado su conservaci��n. Aun as��, la conservaci��n de RGADs es un tema controvertido por la dificultad de valorar las funciones del ganado. Esta valoraci��n es compleja debido que los RGADs tiene una doble naturaleza privada - p��blica. Como algunos economistas han subrayado, el ganado es un bien privado, sin embargo debido a algunas de sus funciones, tambi��n es un bien p��blico. De esta forma, el aumento del conocimiento sobre valor de cada una de sus funciones facilitar��a la toma de decisiones en relaci��n a su conservaci��n y desarrollo. Sin embargo, esta valoraci��n es controvertida puesto que la importancia relativa de las funciones del ganado var��a en funci��n del momento, del lugar, de las especies y de las razas. El sector ganadero, debido a sus m��ltiples funciones, est�� influenciado por factores t��cnicos, medioambientales, sociales, culturales y pol��ticos que est��n interrelacionados y que engloban a una enorme variedad de actores y procesos. Al igual que las funciones del ganado, los factores que afectan a su conservaci��n y desarrollo est��n fuertemente condicionados por localizaci��n geogr��fica. Asimismo, estos factores pueden ser muy heterog��neos incluso dentro de una misma raza. Por otro lado, es razonable pensar que el ganadero es el actor principal de la conservaci��n de razas locales. Actualmente, las razas locales est��n siendo Integration of socioeconomic and genetic aspects involved in the conservation of animal genetic resources 5 explotadas por ganaderos muy diversos bajo sistemas de producci��n tambi��n muy diferentes. Por todo ello, es de vital importancia comprender y evaluar el impacto que tienen las motivaciones, y el proceso de toma de decisiones de los ganaderos en la estructura gen��tica de las razas. En esta tesis doctoral exploramos diferentes aspectos sociales, econ��micos y gen��ticos involucrados en la conservaci��n de razas locales de ganado vacuno en Europa, como ejemplo de RGADs, esperando contribuir al entendimiento cient��fico de este complejo tema. Nuestro objetivo es conseguir una visi��n global de los procesos subyacentes en la conservaci��n y desarrollo de estas razas. Pretendemos ilustrar como se pueden utilizar m��todos cuantitativos en el dise��o y establecimiento de estrategias de conservaci��n y desarrollo de RGADs objetivas y adecuadas. En primer lugar, exploramos el valor econ��mico total (VET) del ganado analizando sus componentes p��blicos fuera de mercado usando como caso de estudio la raza vacuna Alistana-Sanabresa (AS). El VET de cualquier bien est�� formado por componentes de uso y de no-uso. Estos ��ltimos incluyen el valor de opci��n, el valor de herencia y el valor de existencia. En el caso del ganado local, el valor de uso directo proviene de sus productos. Los valores de uso indirecto est��n relacionados con el papel que cumple las razas en el mantenimiento de los paisajes y cultura rural. El valor de opci��n se refiere a su futuro uso potencial y el valor de herencia al uso potencial de las generaciones venideras. Finalmente, el valor de existencia est�� relacionado con el bienestar que produce a la gente saber que existe un recurso espec��fico. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la importancia relativa que tienen los componentes fuera de mercado sobre el VET de la raza AS. Para ello evaluamos la voluntad de la gente a pagar por la conservaci��n de la AS mediante experimentos de elecci��n (EEs) a trav��s de encuestas. Estos experimentos permiten valorar individualmente los distintos componentes del VET de cualquier bien. Los resultados los analizamos mediante de uso de modelos aleatorios logit. Encontramos que las funciones p��blicas de la raza AS tienen un valor significativo. Sus valores m��s importantes son el valor de uso indirecto como elemento cultural Zamorano y el valor de existencia (ambos representaron el 80% de VET). Adem��s observamos que el valor que gente da a las funciones p��blicas de la razas de ganado dependen de sus caracter��sticas socioecon��micas. Los factores que condicionaron la voluntad a pagar para la conservaci��n de la raza AS fueron el lugar de residencia (ciudad o pueblo), el haber visto animales de la raza o haber consumido sus productos y la actitud de los encuestados ante los conflictos entre el desarrollo econ��mico y el medioambiente. Por otro lado, encontramos que no todo el mundo tiene una visi��n completa e integrada de todas las funciones p��blicas de la raza AS. Por este motivo, los programas o actividades de concienciaci��n sobre su estado deber��an hacer hincapi�� en este aspecto. La existencia de valores p��blicos de la raza AS implica que los ganaderos deber��an recibir compensaciones econ��micas como pago por las funciones p��blicas que cumple su raza local. Las compensaciones asegurar��an un tama��o de poblaci��n que permitir��a que la raza AS siga realizando estas funciones. Un mecanismo para ello podr��a ser el desarrollo del turismo rural relacionado con la raza. Esto aumentar��a el valor de uso privado mientras que supondr��a un elemento a��adido a las estrategias de conservaci��n y desarrollo. No obstante, los ganaderos deben analizar c��mo aprovechar los nichos de mercado existentes, as�� como mejorar la calidad de los productos de la raza prestando especial atenci��n al etiquetado de los mismos. Una vez evaluada la importancia de las funciones p��blicas de las razas locales de ganado, analizamos la diversidad de factores t��cnicos, econ��micos y sociales de la producci��n de razas locales de ganado vacuno existente en Europa. Con este fin analizamos el caso de quince razas locales de ocho pa��ses en el contexto de un proyecto de colaboraci��n internacional. Investigamos las diferencias entre los pa��ses para determinar los factores comunes clave que afectan a la viabilidad de las razas locales. Para ello entrevistamos mediante cuestionarios a un total de 355 ganaderos en las quince razas. Como indicador de viabilidad usamos los planes de los ganaderos de variaci��n del tama��o de las ganader��as. Los cuestionarios inclu��an diferentes aspectos econ��micos, t��cnicos y sociales con potencial influencia en las din��micas demogr��ficas de las razas locales. Los datos recogidos los analizamos mediante distintas t��cnicas estad��sticas multivariantes como el an��lisis discriminante y la regresi��n log��stica. Encontramos que los factores que afectan a la viabilidad de las razas locales en Europa son muy heterog��neos. Un resultado rese��able fue que los ganaderos de algunos pa��ses no consideran que la explotaci��n de su raza tenga un alto valor social. Este hecho vuelve a poner de manifiesto la importancia de desarrollar programas Europeos de concienciaci��n sobre la importancia de las funciones que cumplen las razas locales. Adem��s los pa��ses analizados presentaron una alta variabilidad en cuanto a la importancia de los mercados locales en la distribuci��n de los productos y en cuanto al porcentaje en propiedad del total de los pastos usados en las explotaciones. Este estudio reflej�� la variabilidad de los sistemas y medios de producci��n (en el sentido socioecon��mico, t��cnico y ecol��gico) que existe en Europa. Por ello hay que ser cautos en la implementaci��n de las pol��ticas comunes en los diferentes pa��ses. Tambi��n encontramos que la variabilidad dentro de los pa��ses puede ser elevada debido a las diferencias entre razas, lo que implica que las pol��ticas nacionales deber ser suficientemente flexibles para adaptarse a las peculiaridades de cada una de las razas. Por otro lado, encontramos una serie de factores comunes a la viabilidad de las razas en los distintos pa��ses; la edad de los ganaderos, la colaboraci��n entre ellos y la apreciaci��n social de las funciones culturales, medioambientales y sociales del ganado local. El envejecimiento de los ganaderos de razas locales no es solo un problema de falta de transferencia generacional, sino que tambi��n puede suponer una actitud m��s negativa hacia la inversi��n en las actividades ganaderas y en una menor capacidad de adaptaci��n a los cambios del sector. La capacidad de adaptaci��n de los ganaderos es un factor crucial en la viabilidad de las razas locales. Las estrategias y pol��ticas de conservaci��n comunes deben incluir las variables comunes a la viabilidad de las razas manteniendo flexibilidad suficiente para adaptarse a las especificidades nacionales. Estas estrategias y pol��ticas deber��an ir m��s all�� de compensaci��n econ��mica a los ganaderos de razas locales por la menor productividad de sus razas. Las herramientas para la toma de decisiones ayudan a generar una visi��n amplia de la conservaci��n y desarrollo de las razas locales. Estas herramientas abordan el dise��o de estrategias de conservaci��n y desarrollo de forma sistem��tica y estructurada. En la tercera parte de la tesis usamos una de estas herramientas, el an��lisis DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas y Oportunidades), con este prop��sito, reconociendo que la conservaci��n de RGADs depende de los ganaderos. Desarrollamos un an��lisis DAFO cuantitativo y lo aplicamos a trece razas locales de ganado vacuno de seis pa��ses europeos en el contexto del proyecto de colaboraci��n mencionado anteriormente. El m��todo tiene cuatro pasos: 1) la definici��n del sistema; 2) la identificaci��n y agrupaci��n de los factores influyentes; 3) la cuantificaci��n de la importancia de dichos factores y 4) la identificaci��n y priorizaci��n de estrategias. Identificamos los factores utilizando multitud de agentes (multi-stakeholder appproach). Una vez determinados los factores se agruparon en una estructura de tres niveles. La importancia relativa de los cada uno de los factores para cada raza fue determinada por grupos de expertos en RGADs de los pa��ses integrados en el citado proyecto. Finalmente, desarrollamos un proceso de cuantificaci��n para identificar y priorizar estrategias. La estructura de agrupaci��n de factores permiti�� analizar el problema de la conservaci��n desde el nivel general hasta el concreto. La uni��n de an��lisis espec��ficos de cada una de las razas en un an��lisis DAFO com��n permiti�� evaluar la adecuaci��n de las estrategias a cada caso concreto. Identificamos un total de 99 factores. El an��lisis revel�� que mientras los factores menos importantes son muy consistentes entre razas, los factores y estrategias m��s relevantes son muy heterog��neos. La idoneidad de las estrategias fue mayor a medida que estas se hac��an m��s generales. A pesar de dicha heterogeneidad, los factores influyentes y estrategias m��s importantes estaban ligados a aspectos positivos (fortalezas y oportunidades) lo que implica que el futuro de estas razas es prometedor. Los resultados de nuestro an��lisis tambi��n confirmaron la gran relevancia del valor cultural de estas razas. Las factores internos (fortalezas y debilidades) m��s importantes estaban relacionadas con los sistemas de producci��n y los ganaderos. Las oportunidades m��s relevantes estaban relacionadas con el desarrollo y marketing de nuevos productos mientras que las amenazas m��s importantes se encontraron a la hora de vender los productos actuales. Este resultado implica que ser��a fruct��fero trabajar en la motivaci��n y colaboraci��n entre ganaderos as�� como, en la mejora de sus capacidades. Concluimos que las pol��ticas comunes europeas deber��an centrarse en aspectos generales y ser los suficientemente flexibles para adaptarse a las singularidades de los pa��ses y las razas. Como ya se ha mencionado, los ganaderos juegan un papel esencial en la conservaci��n y desarrollo de las razas aut��ctonas. Por ello es relevante entender que implicaci��n puede tener la heterogeneidad de los mismos en la viabilidad de una raza. En la cuarta parte de la tesis hemos identificado tipos de ganaderos con el fin de entender c��mo la relaci��n entre la variabilidad de sus caracter��sticas socioecon��micas, los perfiles de las ganader��as y las din��micas de las mismas. El an��lisis se ha realizado en un contexto sociol��gico, aplicando los conceptos de capital cultural y econ��mico. Las tipolog��as se han determinado en funci��n de factores socioecon��micos y culturales indicadores del capital cultural y capital econ��mico de un individuo. Nuestro objetivo era estudiar si la tipolog��a socioecon��mica de los ganaderos afecta al perfil de su ganader��a y a las decisiones que toman. Entrevistamos a 85 ganaderos de la raza Avile��a-Negra Ib��rica (ANI) y utilizamos los resultados de dichas entrevistas para ilustrar y testar el proceso. Definimos los tipos de ganaderos utilizando un an��lisis de cl��ster jerarquizado con un grupo de variables can��nicas que se obtuvieron en funci��n de cinco factores socioecon��micos: el nivel de educaci��n del ganadero, el a��o en que empez�� a ser ganadero de ANI, el porcentaje de los ingresos familiares que aporta la ganader��a, el porcentaje de propiedad de la tierra de la explotaci��n y la edad del ganadero. La tipolog��a de los ganaderos de ANI result�� ser m��s compleja que en el pasado. Los resultados indicaron que los tipos de ganaderos variaban en muchos aspectos socioecon��micos y en los perfiles de sus Integration of socioeconomic and genetic aspects involved in the conservation of animal genetic resources 9 ganader��as. Los tipos de ganaderos determinados toman diferentes decisiones en relaci��n a la modificaci��n del tama��o de su ganader��a y a sus objetivos de selecci��n. Por otro lado, reaccionaron de forma diferente ante un hipot��tico escenario de reducci��n de las compensaciones econ��micas que les planteamos. En este estudio hemos visto que el capital cultural y el econ��mico interact��an y hemos explicado como lo hacen en los distintos tipos de ganaderos. Por ejemplo, los ganaderos que pose��an un mayor capital econ��mico, capital cultural formal y capital cultural adquirido sobre la raza, eran los ganaderos cuyos animales ten��an una mayor demanda por parte de otros ganaderos, lo cual podr��a responder a su mayor prestigio social dentro de la raza. Uno de los elementos claves para el futuro de la raza es si este prestigio responde a una superioridad gen��tica de las animales. Esto ocurrir��a si los ganaderos utilizaran las herramientas que tienen a su disposici��n a la hora de seleccionar animales. Los tipos de ganaderos identificados mostraron tambi��n claras diferencias en sus formas de colaboraci��n y en su reacci��n a una hipot��tica variaci��n de las compensaciones econ��micas. Aunque algunos tipos de ganaderos mostraron un bajo nivel de dependencia a estas compensaciones, la mayor��a se manifestaron altamente dependientes. Por ello cualquier cambio dr��stico en la pol��tica de ayudas puede comprometer el desarrollo de las razas aut��ctonas. La adaptaci��n las pol��ticas de compensaciones econ��micas a la heterogeneidad de los ganaderos podr��a aumentar la eficacia de las mismas por lo que ser��a interesante explorar posibilidades a este respecto. Concluimos destacando la necesidad de desarrollar pol��ticas que tengan en cuenta la heterogeneidad de los ganaderos. Finalmente abordamos el estudio de la estructura gen��tica de poblaciones ganaderas. Las decisiones de los ganaderos en relaci��n a la selecci��n de sementales y su n��mero de descendientes configuran la estructura demogr��fica y gen��tica de las razas. En la actualidad existe un inter��s renovado por estudiar las estructuras poblacionales debido a la influencia potencial de su estratificaci��n sobre la predicci��n de valores gen��micos y/o los an��lisis de asociaci��n a genoma completo. Utilizamos dos m��todos distintos, un algoritmo de cl��steres basados en teor��a de grafos (GCA) y un algoritmo de clustering bayesiano (STRUCTURE) para estudiar la estructura gen��tica de la raza ANI. Prestamos especial atenci��n al efecto de la presencia de parientes cercanos en la poblaci��n y de la diferenciaci��n gen��tica entre subpoblaciones sobre el an��lisis de la estructura de la poblaci��n. En primer lugar evaluamos el comportamiento de los dos algoritmos en poblaciones simuladas para posteriormente analizar los genotipos para 17 microsat��lites de 13343 animales de 57 ganader��as distintas de raza ANI. La ANI es un ejemplo de raza con relaciones complejas. Por otro lado, utilizamos el archivo de pedigr�� de la raza para estudiar el flujo de genes, calculando, entre otras cosas, la contribuci��n de cada ganader��a a la constituci��n gen��tica de la raza. En el caso de las poblaciones simuladas, cuando el FST entre subpoblaciones fue suficientemente alto, ambos algoritmos, GCA y STRUCTURE, identificaron la misma estructura gen��tica independientemente de que existieran o no relaciones familiares. Por el contrario, cuando el grado de diferenciaci��n entre poblaciones fue bajo, el STRUCTURE identific�� la estructura familiar mientras que GCA no permiti�� obtener ning��n resultado concluyente. El GCA result�� ser un algoritmo m��s r��pido y eficiente para de inferir la estructura gen��tica en poblaciones con relaciones complejas. Este algoritmo tambi��n puede ser usado para reducir el n��mero de cl��steres a testar con el STRUTURE. En cuanto al an��lisis de la poblaci��n de ANI, ambos algoritmos describieron la misma estructura, lo cual sugiere que los resultados son robustos. Se identificaron tres subpoblaciones diferenciadas que pudieran corresponderse con tres linajes distintos. Estos linajes estar��an directamente relacionados con las ganader��as que han tenido una mayor contribuci��n a la constituci��n gen��tica de la raza. Por otro lado, hay un conjunto muy numeroso de individuos con una mezcla de or��genes. La informaci��n molecular describe una estructura estratificada de la poblaci��n que se corresponde con la evoluci��n demogr��fica de la raza. Es esencial analizar en mayor profundidad la composici��n de este ��ltimo grupo de animales para determinar c��mo afecta a la variabilidad gen��tica de la poblaci��n de ANI. SUMMARY Summary Livestock sector is gradually dominated by intensive and specialized systems where the production environment is controlled and the production traits are the main criteria for the selection of species and breeds. In the meantime, the traditional use of domestic animals for draught work, clothes and manure has been replaced by industrial products. As a consequence of both these changes, the intensively selected breeds closely linked with high-input highoutput production systems have displaced many native breeds where the selection has practically ceased or been very mild. People are now more aware of the state of endangerment among the native breeds and the previously ignored values of livestock are gaining recognition. For some decades now, the economic, socio-cultural, environmental and food security function of livestock breeds have been accepted worldwide and their loss has been recognized as a major problem. Therefore, the conservation of farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) has been recommended. The conservation of FAnGR is controversial due to the complexity of the evaluation of its functions. This evaluation is difficult due to the nature of FAnGR both as private and public good. As some economists have highlighted, livestock animals are private goods, however, they are also public goods by their functions. Therefore, there is a need to increase the knowledge about the value of all livestock functions since to support the decision-making for the sustainable conservation and breeding of livestock. This is not straightforward since the relative importance of livestock functions depends on time, place, species and breed. Since livestock play a variety of roles, their production is driven by interrelated and everchanging economic, technical, environmental, social, cultural and political elements involving an enormous range of stakeholders. Not only FAnGR functions but also the importance of factors affecting the development and conservation of FAnGR can be very different across geographical areas. Furthermore, heterogeneity can be found even within breeds. Local breeds are nowadays raised by highly diverse farmers in equally diverse farms. It is quite reasonable to think that farmer is the major actor in the in situ conservation of livestock breeds. Thus, there is a need to understand the farmers��� motivations, decision making processes and the impact of their decisions on the genetic structure of breeds. In this PhD thesis we explore different social, economic and genetic aspects involved in the conservation of local cattle breeds, i.e. FAnGR, in Europe seeking to contribute to the scientific understanding of this complex issue. We aim to achieve a comprehensive view of the processes involved in the conservation and development of local cattle breeds and have made special efforts in discussing the implications of the research results in this respect. The final outcome of the thesis is to illustrate how quantitative methods can be exploited in designing and establishing sound strategies and programmes for the conservation and development of local livestock breeds. Firstly we explored the public non-market attributes of the total economic value (TEV) of livestock, using the Spanish Alistana-Sanabresa (AS) cattle breed as a case study. Total economic value of any good comprises both use and non-use components, where the latter include option, bequest and existence values. For livestock, the direct use values are mainly stemming from production outputs. Indirect use values relate to the role of livestock as a maintainer of rural culture and landscape. The option value is related to the potential use of livestock, the bequest values relate to the value associated with the inheritance of the resources to future generation and the existence values relate to the utility perceived by people from knowing that specific resources exist. We aimed to determine the relative importance of the non-market components of the TEV of the AS breed, the socio-economic variables that influence how people value the different components of TEV and to assess the implications of the Spanish national conservation strategy for the AS breed. To do so, we used a choice experiment (CE) approach and applied the technique to assess people���s willingness to pay (WTP) for the conservation of AS breed. The use of CE allows the valuation of the individual components of TEV for a given good. We analysed the choice data using a random parameter logit (RPL) model. AS breed was found to have a significant public good value. Its most important values were related to the indirect use value due to the maintenance of Zamorian culture and the existence value (both represent over 80% of its TEV). There were several socioeconomic variables influencing people���s valuation of the public service of the breed. In the case of AS breed, the place of living (city or rural area), having seen animals of the breed, having eaten breed products and the respondents��� attitude towards economic development ��� environment conflicts do influence people���s WTP for AS conservation. We also found that people do not have a complete picture of all the functions and roles that AS breed as AnGR. Therefore, the actions for increasing awareness of AS should go to that direction. The farmers will need incentives to exploit some of the public goods values and maintain the breed population size at socially desirable levels. One such mechanism could be related to the development of agritourism, which would enhance the private good value and provide an important addition to the conservation and utilisation strategy. However, the farmers need a serious evaluation on how to invest in niche product development or how to improve product quality and brand recognition. Using the understanding on the importance of the public function of local cattle we tried to depict the current diversity regarding technical, economic and social factors found in local cattle farming across Europe. To do so we focused in an international collaborative project on the case of fifteen local cattle breeds in eight European countries. We investigated the variation among the countries to detect the common key elements, which affect the viability of local breeds. We surveyed with interviews a total of 355 farms across the fifteen breeds. We used the planned herd size changes by the farmer as an indicator of breed viability. The questionnaire included several economic, technical and social aspects with potential influence on breeds��� demographic trends. We analysed the data using multivariate statistical techniques, such as discriminat analysis and logistic regression. The factors affecting a local breed���s viability were highly heterogeneous across Europe. In some countries, farmers did not recognise any high social value attached to keeping a local cattle breed. Hence there is a need to develop communication programmes across EU countries making people aware about the diversity and importance of values associated to raising local breeds. The countries were also very variable regarding the importance of local markets and the percentage of farm land owned by the farmers. Despite the country specificities, there were also common factors affecting the breed viability across Europe. The factors were from different grounds, from social, such as the age of the farmer and the social appreciation of their work, to technicalorganizational, such as the farmers��� attitude to collaborating with each other. The heterogeneity found reflects the variation in breeding systems and production environment (in the socioeconomic, technical and ecological sense) present in Europe. Therefore, caution should be taken in implementing common policies at the country level. Variability could also be rather high within countries due to breed specificities. Therefore, the national policies should be flexible to adapt to the specificities. The variables significantly associated with breed viability should be positively incorporated in the conservation strategies, and considered in developing common and/or national policies. The strategy preparation and policy planning should go beyond the provision of a general economic support to compensate farmers for the lower profitability of local breeds. Of particular interest is the observation that the opportunity for farmer collaboration and the appreciation by the society of the cultural, environmental and social role of local cattle farming were positively associated with the breed survival. In addition, farmer's high age is not only a problem of poor generation transfer but it is also a problem because it might lead to a lower attitude to investing in farming activities and to a lower ability to adapt to environment changes. The farmers��� adaptation capability may be a key point for the viability of local breeds. Decision making tools can help to get a comprehensive view on the conservation and development of local breeds. It allows us to use a systematic and structured approach for identifying and prioritizing conservation and development strategies. We used SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) analysis for this purpose and recognized that many conservation and development projects rely on farmers. We developed a quantified SWOT method and applied it in the aforementioned collaborative research to a set of thirteen cattle breeds in six European countries. The method has four steps: definition of the system, identification and grouping of the driving factors, quantification of the importance of driving factors and identification and prioritization of the strategies. The factors were determined following a multi-stakeholder approach and grouped with a three level structure. FAnGR expert groups ranked the factors and a quantification process was implemented to identify and prioritize strategies. The structure of the SWOT analysis allowed analyzing the conservation problem from general down to specific perspectives. Joining breed specific analyses into a common SWOT analysis permitted comparison of breed cases across countries. We identified 99 driving factors across breeds. The across breed analysis revealed that irrelevant factors were consistent. There was high heterogeneity among the most relevant factors and strategies. The strategies increased eligibility as they lost specificity. Although the situation was very heterogeneous, the most promising factors and strategies were linked to the positive aspects (Strengths and Opportunities). Therefore, the future of the studied local breed is promising. The results of our analysis also confirmed the high relevance of the cultural value of the breeds. The most important internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) were related farmers and production systems. The most important opportunities were found in developing and marketing new products, while the most relevant threats were found in selling the current conventional products. In this regard, it should be fruitful to work on farmers��� motivation, collaboration, and capacity building. We conclude that European policies should focus on general aspects and be flexible enough to be adapted to the country and breed specificities. As mentioned, farmers have a key role in the conservation and development of a local cattle breed. Therefore, it is very relevant to understand the implications of farmer heterogeneity within a breed for its viability. In the fourth part of the thesis, we developed a general farmer typology to help analyzing the relations between farmer features and farm profiles, herd dynamics and farmers��� decision making. In the analysis we applied and used the sociological framework of economic and cultural capital and studied how the determined farmer types were linked to farm profiles and breeding decisions, among others. The typology was based on measurable socioeconomic factors indicating the economic and cultural capital of farmers. A group of 85 farmers raising the Spanish Avile��a-Negra Ib��rica (ANI) local cattle breed was used to illustrate and test the procedure. The farmer types were defined by a hierarchical cluster analysis with a set of canonical variables derived from the following five the socioeconomic factors: the formal educational level of the farmer, the year the farmer started keeping the ANI breed, the percentage of the total family income covered by the farm, the percentage of the total farm land owned by the farmer and the farmer���s age. The present ANI farmer types were much more complex than what they were in the past. We found that the farmer types differed in many socioeconomic aspects and in the farms profile. Furthermore, the types also differentiate farmers with respect to decisions about changing the farm size, breeding aims and stated reactions towards hypothetical subsidy variation. We have verified that economic and cultural capitals are not independent and further showed how they are interacting in the different farmer types. The farmers related to the types with high economic, institutionalized and embodied cultural capitals had a higher demand of breeding animals from others farmers of the breed, which may be related to the higher social prestige within the breed. One of the key implications of this finding for the future of the breed is whether or not the prestige of farmers is related to genetic superiority of their animals, what is to say, that it is related with a sound use of tools that farmers have available to make selection decisions. The farmer types differed in the form of collaboration and in the reactions to the hypothetical variation in subsidies. There were farmers with low dependency on subsidies, while most of them are highly dependent on subsidies. Therefore, any drastic change in the subsidy programme might have influence on the development of local breeds. The adaptation of these programme to the farmers��� heterogeneity might increase its efficacy, thus it would be interesting to explore ways of doing it. We conclude highlighting the need to have a variety of policies, which take into account the heterogeneity among the farmers. To finish we dealt with the genetic structure of livestock populations. Farmers��� decisions on the breeding animals and their progeny numbers shape the demographic and genetic structure of the breeds. Nowadays there is a renovated interest in studying the population structure since it can bias the prediction of genomic breeding values and genome wide association studies. We determined the genetic structure of ANI breed using two different methods, a graphical clustering algorithm (GCA) and a Bayesian clustering algorithm (STRUCTURE) were used. We paid particular attention to the influence that the presence of closely related individuals and the genetic differentiation of subpopulations may have on the inferences about the population structure. We first evaluated the performance of the algorithms in simulated populations. Then we inferred the genetic structure of the Spanish cattle breed ANI analysing a data set of 13343 animals (genotyped for 17 microsatellites) from 57 herds. ANI breed is an example of a population with complex relationships. We used the herdbook to study the gene flow, estimation among other things, the contribution of different herds to the genetic composition of the ANI breed. For the simulated scenarios, when FST among subpopulations was sufficiently high, both algorithms consistently inferred the correct structure regardless of the presence of related individuals. However, when the genetic differentiation among subpopulations was low, STRUCTURE identified the family based structure while GCA did not provide any consistent picture. The GCA was a fast and efficient method to infer genetic structure to determine the hidden core structure of a population with complex history and relationships. GCA could also be used to narrow down the number of clusters to be tested by STRUCTURE. Both, STRUCTURE and GCA describe a similar structure for the ANI breed suggesting that the results are robust. ANI population was found to have three genetically differentiated clusters that could correspond to three genetic lineages. These are directly related to the herds with a major contribution to the breed. In addition, ANI breed has also a large pool made of individuals with an admixture of origins. The genetic structure of ANI, assessed by molecular information, shows a stratification that corresponds to the demographic evolution of the breed. It will be of great importance to learn more about the composition of the pool and study how it is related to the existing genetic variability of the breed.

Estudio hist��rico del convento agustino extramuros de Madrigal de las Altas Torres y la intervenci��n clasicista del arquitecto Juan del Ribero Rada

Esta tesis estudia y analiza el que fue importante convento de los agustinos calzados, extramuros de la villa de Madrigal de la Altas Torres. El conjunto que en su d��a fue llamado el ���Escorial de Castilla���, donde muri�� fray Luis de Le��n en 1591, con c��tedras de teolog��a y filosof��a y casa de cap��tulos provinciales, ha visto languidecer sus f��bricas en paralelo al declive de Castilla y al de la propia villa de Madrigal, hasta que (al igual que en otros muchos casos) los decretos de supresi��n y desamortizaci��n en el siglo XIX, cerraron definitivamente sus puertas como convento y las abrieron a la destrucci��n y a la ruina que hoy presenta. En mi condici��n de arquitecto e historiador he pretendido seguir una metodolog��a que a��ne tanto los aspectos hist��ricos del edificio, que permitan un mayor conocimiento del mismo, como otros aspectos estrictamente arquitect��nicos en su doble vertiente compositiva y constructiva-tipol��gica, dentro del marco de la arquitectura clasicista en la que de forma clara se define el convento. Estos campos se completan con los levantamientos planim��tricos del edificio y con su modelizaci��n, que tratan de analizar la evoluci��n del convento a trav��s de su tiempo, reinterpretando el volumen que pudo tener en el siglo XVI y XVII (el imaginado por el tracista). Se trata pues de una metodolog��a que quiere ser integradora de disciplinas que frecuentemente discurren por v��as separadas, pero que tienen el objetivo com��n se��alado. En el primer tomo, el estudio hist��rico del convento recoge los aspectos cronol��gicos del edificio, localizados en una sistem��tica y razonable b��squeda en los archivos y fuentes documentales, as�� como las relaciones de poder y de patronazgo que a distintas escalas se establecen entre el convento y la Corte (especialmente durante los siglos XV y XVI), y otro tipo de conexiones e influencias (menores pero no por ello menos importantes) entre los frailes de Madrigal y la orden agustina calzada a la que pertenecen, o entre el convento y su territorio, identificado principalmente con la villa de Madrigal. Es en definitiva el conocimiento de qui��nes, (frailes, arquitectos, maestros, artistas etc. ), c��mo y cu��ndo han intervenido en la ideaci��n, ejecuci��n, sostenimiento (e incluso destrucci��n) del edificio, dentro de los avatares sociopol��ticos y administrativos de cada periodo. No podemos olvidar por otra parte, los aspectos econ��micos, que como veremos juegan un papel fundamental en la propia edificaci��n del convento, cuyas fases constructivas se corresponden con aportaciones econ��micas extraordinarias, emanadas principalmente de la enorme fortuna personal de D. Gaspar de Quiroga, arzobispo de Toledo e Inquisidor General con Felipe II. El an��lisis del edificio se centra principalmente en su fase como convento de Agustinos, a partir de 1528, cuando las monjas agustinas que lo fundaron y habitaron se trasladan al antiguo palacio de Juan II, que reciben de Carlos I, y se lo ceden a los frailes por mediaci��n de Santo Tom��s de Villanueva, y su final tras las desamortizaciones decimon��nicas. El segundo tomo recoge la descripci��n del edificio y su evoluci��n en el tiempo, con las limitaciones que supone la p��rdida actual de la mayor parte de sus muros. Se exponen tambi��n en este cap��tulo algunos de los aspectos constructivos del edificio, sus medidas y proporciones, que de alguna manera nos introducen en el cap��tulo de la arquitectura clasicista. Se estudia la arquitectura del convento en esta etapa, que abarca un periodo comprendido entre 1585 y 1645, por ser el momento en que se construye la pr��ctica totalidad del mismo mediante los recursos y el patronazgo del arzobispo toledano. Tanto la traza del convento como la de la iglesia pertenecen al momento de mayor ��nfasis y dinamismo del clasicismo vallisoletano, representado por la figura de Juan del Ribero Rada, que interviene en ambos proyectos, siendo de especial inter��s el descubrimiento de que ��ste arquitecto es tambi��n el autor de la traza conventual, tal como se pone de manifiesto en el concurso de fray Luis de Le��n de 1590, ampli��ndose el conocimiento de su obra arquitect��nica. En relaci��n con este an��lisis de la arquitectura clasicista de Juan de Ribero en Madrigal, se ha realizado un levantamiento planim��trico exhaustivo, que por s�� mismo compone una parte substancial de esta tesis. Este levantamiento nos ha permitido dar un paso m��s, procediendo a la ���reconstrucci��n��� idealizada de sus vol��menes, tal como pudo ser concebida por el tracista y por el propio Quiroga, bas��ndonos en los datos sobre el edificio que nos aportan tanto sus restos, como las diversas fuentes documentales. Ante un edificio excepcional y actualmente destruido casi en su totalidad 1, se debe entender este trabajo como parte de un proceso de recuperaci��n de nuestra memoria hist��rica colectiva, entendiendo que el conocimiento de un edificio va m��s all�� de la mera acumulaci��n de datos.

O EVANGELHO SEGUNDO DOSTOI��VSKI UMA ABORDAGEM INTERTEXTUAL DA IMAGEM DE CRISTO NO ROMANCE O IDIOTA

No romance O Idiota, Dostoi��vski cria, por meio do pr��ncipe M��chkin, uma personagem com as caracter��sticas do Cristo. Sabe-se que a B��blia, principalmente o Novo Testamento, acompanhou o escritor desde sua inf��ncia at�� o momento de sua morte. O primeiro cap��tulo, dedicado ao referencial te��rico da pesquisa, lida com o universo da linguagem. Tanto o texto liter��rio quanto a literatura b��blica procedem do mito. Neste sen-tido, religi��o e literatura se tocam e se aproximam. O segundo cap��tulo foi escrito na inten����o de mostrar como o Cristo e os Evangelhos s��o temas, motivos e imagens recorrentes na obra de Dostoi��vski. A literatura b��blica est�� presente, com mais ou menos intensidade, em diversas das principais obras do escritor russo e n��o somente em O Idiota. A hip��tese de que Dostoi��vski cria um Cristo e um Evangelho por meio de O Idiota �� demonstrada na an��lise do romance, no terceiro cap��tulo. A tese proposta ��: Dostoi��vski desenvolve um evangelho liter��rio, por meio de M��chkin, misto de um Cristo russo, ao mesmo tempo divino e humano, mas tamb��m idiota e quixotesco. Na din��mica intertextual entre os Evangelhos b��blicos e O Idiota, entre Cristo e M��chkin, a literatura e o sagrado se revelam, como uma presen��a divina. Nas cenas e na estrutura����o do enredo que comp��e o romance, Cristo se manifesta nas a����es de M��chkin, na luz, na beleza, mas tamb��m na tragicidade de uma trajet��ria deslocada e antin��mica. O amor e a compaix��o ganham forma e vida na presen-��a do pr��ncipe, vazio de si, servo de todos.

Cultura e desenvolvimento: o caso de S��o Tom�� e Pr��ncipe

A quest��o que nos propusemos analisar consiste em perceber como �� que a cultura pode ser um fator de desenvolvimento e em que moldes se tem processado. Em primeiro lugar, procuraremos definir o conceito de cultura, tendo em conta as diferentes ace����es que tem adquirido ao longo do tempo, para estabelecer o que �� que hoje quer dizer ���cultura���. No fundo, abordar de que maneira a ��rea da cultura se interliga com outros dom��nios, tais como os direitos humanos, a educa����o, a economia, o ambiente. Tamb��m procurar debater de que modo estas ��reas s��o fundamentais para a compreens��o da no����o atual de cultura e como interferem na quest��o do desenvolvimento. Al��m disso, abordaremos o papel fundamental das ind��strias culturais e criativas para a compreens��o do que aqui est�� em causa. Deste modo, daremos resposta a quest��es como a forma de a cultura poder ser um fator de criação de emprego, qualifica����o e forma����o e como pode ser um impulso �� economia. Ao considerar que a cultura tem um car��ter pragm��tico, lan��aremos um olhar sobre a realidade de S��o Tom�� e Pr��ncipe, de que analisaremos os principais espa��os de criatividade, as principais quest��es que se conjugam com o fator cultural bem como o papel que lhe �� atribu��do enquanto um elemento a ter em conta nas pol��ticas p��blicas. Em suma, pretendemos perceber o que ainda �� preciso ser feito, procurando aliar um dos pontos que constituem a chave da cultura em STP ��� a tradi����o ��� ��s exig��ncias das novas abordagens no setor cultural.

A gera����o de 27 e o barroco: la mirada exuberante

From the context of the degree���s creation of Spanish literature and language���s course, at UFRN, came the motivation to make this research, that presents a literary study of a poet���s group known as Generaci��n del 27, that came in to light at Spain, on 1920. A lot of aspects of this study are themes of many others disciplines, of this degree (Spanish Literature II, IberianAmerican Literature, Spanish Culture, Translation in Spanish Language). This work will also serve as inspiration to new reflections and proposes of translations, as bridges between the language that goes and the other that comes. It is the Translation as comprehension���s negotiation between languages, it is the decir casi lo mismo, here in poem���s form (ECO, 2007), in the attempt to conclude new learning, that will be shared with undergraduate and graduate students, being at teaching area, extension or new researches. To contextualize this generation���s studies, were elected the anthologies organized by Gerardo Diego, called Poes��a Espa��ola (Antolog��as), published on 2007, by Ediciones C��tedras, and the Antolog��a Comentada de La Generaci��n del 27, wrote by V��ctor Garc��a de La Concha, published on 2006, by Editorial Espasa Calpe. The research took Generacion Del 27 as their object of research and - from many others critical reading about the poetry made by those young poets, their creative vocation of aesthetics and vanguard ��� wanted to understand the context of literary���s creation of those poets del 27. We form our foundation with contributions by Antonio Maravall (2009), Eugenio D���ors (s.d) Severo Sarduy (1999), Lezama Lima (2011), Alfonso Reyes (1958) e Deleuze (2005) among others that brought the comprehension of the baroque���s language, giving emphasis to pluridirectional movement, deconstructing it���s linearity, creating others new forms, as returns, circles, spirals favoring encounters, detachment or equal points of departure and arrivals. In this way, the poets del 27 approached the baroque of six hundred on a re-reading, and made of the third centenary���s celebration of the G��ngora���s a Mirada exuberante death, to the return of baroque���s spirit. Alfonso Reyes e Rub��n Dar��o said that real lights highlighted the paths of this poets generation: The light that desdobra scintillates on Garc��a Lorca, Jorge Gull��n, D��maso Alonso, Gerardo Diego and the bullfighter Ignacio S��nchez Mej��as, poets that expressed tributes in big style to Soledades author, at Madrid���s Caffe and all Spain.

Vernaculares: a casa de fazenda seridoense do s��culo XIX como exemplo de adapta����o ao clima semi��rido

The farm���s rural dwellings of creation from the Serid�� Potiguar microregion, built in the nineteenth century, became a reference by its vernacular character, i.e. these buildings, besides having recognized relevance to the identity of the region, they are adapted to the conditions of the place in many aspects (economic, cultural, construction, physical, et.) and consist in protective spaces in relation to hostile characteristics of Serid�����s climate. Considering the above premise, the following question arises: What characteristics of the nineteenth century Serid�� Potiguar���s cattle farms are crucial for them to be a protective space in relation to the semiarid climate? In order to answer the question, this research aim to identify which particularities of the Serid�����s farmhouses that contribute to adaptability in these buildings to semiarid climate, as protection environments; and contribute to the stock valuation of the architectural heritage concerned. Therefore, procedures were adopted divided into two stages. Were first identified the recurring characteristics in the studied buildings, through typological study performed from existing inventories (DINIZ, 2008; FEIJ��, 2002; IPHAN, 2012). To define the type it worked up with the concept that merges Durand���s analytical typology that identifies the similarities and differences to classify buildings, having the character of historical survey and architectural documentation, with the definition proposed by Argan (1963) that the type is not defined a priory, but the deduction from a number of illustrative cases which have formal and functional similarity with each other. Then worked up in a sample of five different types with each other, defined by the possibility of access to the interior of the houses, proximity to other copies, good state of conservation and preservation. The contemplated farms were: Pitombeiras, Agenus e Garrotes in Acari���s town, and the municipality of Caic��, Palma and Penedo. The second stage consists of the architectural survey, photographic record, digital three-dimensional modeling (aiming to expand the existing documentation and registration) and thermal monitoring over approximately a representative day in five farmhouses, relating the thermal performance of the houses with their individual characteristics. The selected variables for analysis monitoring are based on the thermal comfort adaptive model (SPAGNOLO and DE DEAR, 2003 apud NEGREIROS, 2010). The characteristics of the houses were analyzed as meeting the passive thermal conditioning strategies recommended by NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), for the bioclimatic zone 7 where the municipalities of Caic�� and Acari are located. The house���s analysis of the operating temperatures revealed that 90% of the times of day the environments are within the comfort range. The farmhouses, which had a higher degree of compliance with recommended bioclimatic strategies, had the best thermal performance. In environments (usually the kitchen and rooms with low ceiling heights, exposed to west radiation) which still had discomfort hours, the thermal comfort can be reached with air movement approximately 1,0 m/s.

Vernaculares: a casa de fazenda seridoense do s��culo XIX como exemplo de adapta����o ao clima semi��rido

The farm���s rural dwellings of creation from the Serid�� Potiguar microregion, built in the nineteenth century, became a reference by its vernacular character, i.e. these buildings, besides having recognized relevance to the identity of the region, they are adapted to the conditions of the place in many aspects (economic, cultural, construction, physical, et.) and consist in protective spaces in relation to hostile characteristics of Serid�����s climate. Considering the above premise, the following question arises: What characteristics of the nineteenth century Serid�� Potiguar���s cattle farms are crucial for them to be a protective space in relation to the semiarid climate? In order to answer the question, this research aim to identify which particularities of the Serid�����s farmhouses that contribute to adaptability in these buildings to semiarid climate, as protection environments; and contribute to the stock valuation of the architectural heritage concerned. Therefore, procedures were adopted divided into two stages. Were first identified the recurring characteristics in the studied buildings, through typological study performed from existing inventories (DINIZ, 2008; FEIJ��, 2002; IPHAN, 2012). To define the type it worked up with the concept that merges Durand���s analytical typology that identifies the similarities and differences to classify buildings, having the character of historical survey and architectural documentation, with the definition proposed by Argan (1963) that the type is not defined a priory, but the deduction from a number of illustrative cases which have formal and functional similarity with each other. Then worked up in a sample of five different types with each other, defined by the possibility of access to the interior of the houses, proximity to other copies, good state of conservation and preservation. The contemplated farms were: Pitombeiras, Agenus e Garrotes in Acari���s town, and the municipality of Caic��, Palma and Penedo. The second stage consists of the architectural survey, photographic record, digital three-dimensional modeling (aiming to expand the existing documentation and registration) and thermal monitoring over approximately a representative day in five farmhouses, relating the thermal performance of the houses with their individual characteristics. The selected variables for analysis monitoring are based on the thermal comfort adaptive model (SPAGNOLO and DE DEAR, 2003 apud NEGREIROS, 2010). The characteristics of the houses were analyzed as meeting the passive thermal conditioning strategies recommended by NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), for the bioclimatic zone 7 where the municipalities of Caic�� and Acari are located. The house���s analysis of the operating temperatures revealed that 90% of the times of day the environments are within the comfort range. The farmhouses, which had a higher degree of compliance with recommended bioclimatic strategies, had the best thermal performance. In environments (usually the kitchen and rooms with low ceiling heights, exposed to west radiation) which still had discomfort hours, the thermal comfort can be reached with air movement approximately 1,0 m/s.

Mobilizing capacity of environmental information: the importance of quality journalism to achieve proenvironmental attitudes

Citizens say they are very concerned about the environment, and they know the role they play in their deterioration; but there is a gap between this proclaimed interest and the mobilization against environmental problems. Several news published between 2010 and 2011 about the Spanish energy policy and Do��ana have economic and social aspects, that sometimes are confused with environmental aspects. It is worthy of study, therefore, to analyze how the press reflects that citizen interest; and how a critical issue as the quality of the information can influence the attitude of citizens in issues related to the environment. If the journalistic practice does not meet quality its function, it will condition the social participation.

Ecuadorian migration and family strategies of social mobility: dialectic relation between emotional and financial capital

This text deals with transnational strategies of social mobility in Ecuadorian migrant households in Spain. We apply the capital accumulation model (Moser, 2009) for this purpose. The main target of this article is, beyond thinking in terms of capital stock and accumulation, the analysis in depth of the dynamics of the different types of capital, that is to say, how they interact with each other in the framework of the social mobility strategies of the migrants and their families. We are bringing into light the way some households adopt investing decisions in capitals that don't translate into any addition or earnings in all cases, on the contrary, concentrating all their efforts on the accumulation of a certain asset they may, in some cases, lead to a loss of another. We will concentrate our analysis primarily on the dynamics between the physical and financial capital and the social and emotional capital, showing the tensions produced between these two types of assets. At the same time, we will highlight how migrants negotiate their family strategies of social mobility in the transnational area. Our study is based in empirical material obtained from qualitative fieldwork (in-depth interviews) with families of migrants in the urban district of Turubamba Bajo -(south of Quito) and in Madrid. A series of households were selected where interviews were carried out in the country of origin as well as in the context of immigration, with different family members, analysing the transnational social and economic strategies of families of migrant members. Family members of migrants established in Spain were interviewed in Quito, as well as key informants in the district (school teachers, nursery members of the staff, etc.). The research was framed within the projects "Impact of migration on the development: gender and transnationalism", Ministry of Science and Innovation (SEJ2007/63179) (Laura Oso, dir. 2007-2010),"Gender, transnationalism and intergenerational strategies of social mobility", Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEM2011/26210) (Laura Oso, dir. 201-1-2015) and ���Gender, Crossed Mobilities and Transnational Dynamics���, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEM2015-67164).

Econom��a pol��tica de la publicidad: el caso de la televisi��n peruana

Este ensayo pretende esbozar el rol y el impacto que ejerce la publicidad por televisi��n en una econom��a dependiente como la nuestra, present��ndose el marco te��rico necesario para centrar el problema en la perspectiva correcta. En los tres primeros cap��tulos se tratar��n los aspectos microsc��picos, centrando el an��lisis en los sujetos de la actividad econ��mica y su ubicaci��n frente a la publicidad: el consumidor y el capitalista, y el intermediario entre ellos: el publicista. Tal exposici��n se basa en la evaluaci��n relativamente minuciosa de cerca de doscientos anuncios grabados a lo largo del segundo semestre del a��o pasado, tal como fueron transmitidos por los canales de televisi��n de mayor sinton��a en Lima Metropolitana. Estimamos que con ello cubrimos alrededor del 90% del universo, muestra que consideramos nos llevar�� a conclusiones que pueden generalizarse sin temor. Y, arriesgando un poco m��s, pensamos incluso que lo que puede aprenderse de los anuncios comerciales de la televisi��n y tal como atacaremos el problema, es susceptible de proyectarse a los anuncios de radio, peri��dicos, etc. y a la publicidad de exteriores.

Fisheries co-management : ecological and social impacts. A case study of Northern Mozambique

Co-management, or participative management of fisheries, consists of returning or opening to the community the management of fisheries. This work, carried out in northern Mozambique, analyzed the ecological and social impacts of the implementation of co-management of fisheries. Firstly 198 species of fish were found and photographed and a guide to identification of species - essential to who works in the marine environment ��� was produced. Following, the spill-over effect was identified in a marine sanctuary. It occurred after 6 years and only for herbivore fishes and not to the carnivores. In order to evaluate co���management of fisheries effects, the captures of the entire province were analyzed. No differences were found in the diversity of the species caught, but an increase of the fish size was detected: this size was smaller in the fishing centers with no CCP (Community Fishing Councils), slightly bigger in the fishing centers with CCP and even bigger in the fishing centers with a more efficient management. At the same time it was observed that the size of the fish caught is bigger in the fishing centers further away from the markets. In addition to the ecological effects and the effects on fisheries, it was also analyzed the point of view of those who live the co-management. The socioeconomic factors that have a stronger influence in their perceptions are the age and the wealth. Finally and according to the CCP members, their main achievements are in the fisheries inspection and in the creation of conservation areas. Their main difficulties are the lack of means of transportation and the lack of recognition of the CCP's authority; both among the population and in the coordination with local authorities. This thesis pioneered in Mozambique in assessing the effects of Community sanctuaries and the effects of CCP on fisheries as well as by revealing the profile of the supporters of co-management and marine sanctuaries. Finally, an assessment of the matter of fact problems that the communities have to face when implementing co-management was also made.

Proposta de desenvolvimento regional sustent��vel no semi-��rido promovido por agente do setor el��trico.

Este trabalho sugere uma proposta de desenvolvimento regional sustent��vel no semi��rido nordestino brasileiro promovido por termel��tricas convencionais j�� instaladas e operando atualmente com combust��veis n��o-renov��veis (diesel ou ��leo mineral pesada). A proposta est�� formatada num modelo de cadeia produtiva de oleaginosa composta por processo seq��encial de produ����o agr��cola caracterizada com agricultura familiar, extra����o de ��leo vegetal in natura das sementes de mamona e convers��o em biodiesel e, finalmente, aplica����o de misturas de ��leos de origem vegetal adlcloaados aos atuais combust��veis de termel��tricas para gera����o de eletricidade. Os resultados dessa aplica����o s��o geradores tornando-se agentes de desenvolvimento sustent��vel sobre os aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais, como: est��mulo da economia local; a promo����o de gera����o de emprego e renda para a comunidade local; fixa����o do homem no campo; minimiza����o de emiss��o de g��s de efeito estufa, gera����o de energia limpa e renov��vel e etc.