970 resultados para Basic Research, Methedology


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ABSTRACT: A workshop was held at the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases with a focus on the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on energy balance and diabetes. The workshop identified a number of key principles for research in this area and a number of specific opportunities. Studies in this area would be facilitated by active collaboration between investigators in sleep/circadian research and investigators in metabolism/diabetes. There is a need to translate the elegant findings from basic research into improving the metabolic health of the American public. There is also a need for investigators studying the impact of sleep/circadian disruption in humans to move beyond measurements of insulin and glucose and conduct more in-depth phenotyping. There is also a need for the assessments of sleep and circadian rhythms as well as assessments for sleep-disordered breathing to be incorporated into all ongoing cohort studies related to diabetes risk. Studies in humans need to complement the elegant short-term laboratory-based human studies of simulated short sleep and shift work etc. with studies in subjects in the general population with these disorders. It is conceivable that chronic adaptations occur, and if so, the mechanisms by which they occur needs to be identified and understood. Particular areas of opportunity that are ready for translation are studies to address whether CPAP treatment of patients with pre-diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevents or delays the onset of diabetes and whether temporal restricted feeding has the same impact on obesity rates in humans as it does in mice.

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Cysteine cathepsin protease activity is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Increased activity and aberrant localization of proteases within the tumour microenvironment have a potent role in driving cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered functions for cathepsins in the suppression of the response to therapeutic intervention in various malignancies. However, cathepsins can be either tumour promoting or tumour suppressive depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous in vivo analyses to ascertain function. Here, we review the basic research and clinical findings that underlie the roles of cathepsins in cancer, and provide a roadmap for the rational integration of cathepsin-targeting agents into clinical treatment.

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The objective of this thesis is to provide a business model framework that connects customer value to firm resources and explains the change logic of the business model. Strategic supply management and especially dynamic value network management as its scope, the dissertation is based on basic economic theories, transaction cost economics and the resource-based view. The main research question is how the changing customer values should be taken into account when planning business in a networked environment. The main question is divided into questions that form the basic research problems for the separate case studies presented in the five Publications. This research adopts the case study strategy, and the constructive research approach within it. The material consists of data from several Delphi panels and expert workshops, software pilot documents, company financial statements and information on investor relations on the companies’ web sites. The cases used in this study are a mobile multi-player game value network, smart phone and “Skype mobile” services, the business models of AOL, eBay, Google, Amazon and a telecom operator, a virtual city portal business system and a multi-play offering. The main contribution of this dissertation is bridging the gap between firm resources and customer value. This has been done by theorizing the business model concept and connecting it to both the resource-based view and customer value. This thesis contributes to the resource-based view, which deals with customer value and firm resources needed to deliver the value but has a gap in explaining how the customer value changes should be connected to the changes in key resources. This dissertation also provides tools and processes for analyzing the customer value preferences of ICT services, constructing and analyzing business models and business concept innovation and conducting resource analysis.

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The Brazilian industrialisation process, which occurred from World War II up to the early eighties, was almost totally based on imported technology and has thus not demanded local S&T capability. National S&T expenditures were limited to 0.7 % of the GNP, covering mainly expenses with basic research and training of scientists and engineers. Federal Government was then responsible for 90% of the national S&T expenditures. The globalisation of the economy, associated with the reduction of tariff barriers, has, since the early nineties, exposed Brazilian industries to international competition and, thus, forced them to invest in research and development. S&T policy fosters research activities, provides research infrastructure and human resources training. The goal is to raise national expenditures to 1.5% of GDP by 1999, with a share of the private sector of about 40%. In 1996, national S&T expenditures have already attained 1.1% of the GDP and private sector investments in this area reached a share of 30%.

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This paper proposes an experiment to be performed in both instrumental analysis and experimental physical-chemistry curricular disciplines in order to open options to develop challenging basic research activities. Thus the experimental procedures and the results obtained in the preparation of electrodeposited lead dioxide onto graphite and its evaluation as potentiometric sensor for H3O+ and Pb2+ ions, are presented. The data obtained in acid-base titrations were compared with those of the traditional combination glass electrode at the same conditions. Although a linear sub-Nernstian response to free hydrogen ions was observed for the electrodeposited PbO2 electrode, a good agreement was obtained between them. Working as lead(II) sensing electrode, the PbO2 showed a linear sub-Nernstian behavior at total Pb2+ concentrations ranging from 3,5 x 10-4 to 3,0 x 10-2 mol/L in nitrate media. For the redox couple PbO2/Pb(II) the operational slope converges to the theoretical one, as the acidity of the working solution increases.

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Sanomalehdissä käyty keskustelu “innovaatioyliopistosta” eli Helsinkiin sijoittuvasta Teknillisen korkeakoulun, Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulun ja Taideteollisen korkeakoulun fuusiohankkeesta on ollut vilkasta. Työnimestä huolimatta sisällöllinen keskustelu innovatiivisuudesta on ollut vähäistä. Tämän työn tutkimusmetodi on diskurssianalyysi. Sen keinoin pureudutaan innovatiivisuuden merkityksentymiseen yliopistofuusion kontekstissa. Laajasta kuuden sanomalehden artikkeliaineistosta vuosina 2005-2008 on valittu innovaatiodiskurssia edustava pääaineisto, jota on tulkittu sosiaalisesta ja kielellisestä näkökulmasta käsin. Innovatiivisuus yliopistokontekstissa merkityksentyi pääasiassa innovaatiojärjestelmien kautta. Perustutkimuksen tärkeä rooli innovaatioketjussa esittäytyi näkyvästi.

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Palveluinnovaatioprosessi voidaan jakaa 5 eri vaiheeseen: strategiasidonnaisuus, perustutkimus, suorituskyvyn analysointi, systeemimuutokset sekä kaupallistaminen. Tästä palveluinnovaatioprosessista voidaan johtaa perustutkimusprosessi rahoitusalalle: strategiasidonnaisuus, ideoiden luonti ja karsinta, suorituskyvyn analysointi, differointimahdollisuuksien kartoittaminen ja palveluinnovaation myynti yritysjohdolle sekä osakkaille. Strategiasidonnaisuudella varmistetaan, että yritys pysyy omalla osaamisalueellansa hyödyntämällä omia ydinkompetenssejaan. Perustutkimus osana palveluinnovaatioprosessia selvittää oleellisimmat tiedot markkinatilanteesta sekä toimii ohjaavana että karsivana tekijänä uuden tuotteen jatkotoimenpiteille. Yrityksen kyvykkyyksien mittaaminen perustutkimusta varten on oleellinen vaihe uuden palvelun vaatimien liiketoiminnallisten muutosten määrittämiseksi. Tuotedifferoinnilla voidaan luoda kilpailullista etua tuotteiden puolesta homogeenisilla markkinoilla, joissa kilpailu tapahtuu pääosin hinnoittelussa. Rahoitusalalla tuotedifferointi voi muodostua haastavaksi kuluttajien suhtautuessa konservatiivisesti uusiin tuotteisiin. Makroekonomisten tekijöiden perusteella voidaan päätellä, että suomalaiset kuluttajat ottavat lainaa tulevaisuudessakin. Asuntolaina on ollut lainamarkkinoilla luottokannan kasvun veturina ja tästä syystä uudet asuntolainan kaltaiset tuotteet voisivat olla menestyksekkäitä. Kilpailu asuntolainamarkkinoilla kulminoituu kolmen hallitsevan kilpailijan ympärille: Osuuspankki, Sampo Pankki ja Nordea. Asuntolainan kaltainen käänteinen asuntolaina voisi olla menestys markkinoilla, jos sitä pystyttäisiin differoimaan kylliksi. Markkinapotentiaali pelkälle käänteiselle asuntolainalle on tällä hetkellä liian alhainen. GE Money Finland ei myöskään pysty tarjoamaan tuotetta yhtä kilpailulliseen hintaan kuin kilpailijansa. GE Money Finlandin tulisi edellä mainituista syistä johtuen pyrkiä differoimaan käänteisen asuntolainan kaltaista tuotettaan Heloc, jotta se menestyisi markkinoilla.

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Tehdyssä kirjallisuus- ja teoriakatsauksessa vuosien 2006 - 2010 välisenä aikana, Keski-Suomessa toimivan konepajateollisuuden järjestelmätoimittajayrityksen toimeksiannosta, pyrittiin muodostamaan kokonaiskuva laajasta tuotannonsuunnittelun ja -ohjauksen aihealueesta. Perustutkimuskysymykset liittyivät ns. MPC-systeemiin, jolla tarkoitetaan sitä, että tuotannonsuunnittelu- ja ohjauskysymyksissä on huomioitava aina henkilöiden, organisaation, teknologioiden ja prosessien muodostama kokonaisuus. Operatiivisen johtamisen tehtävänä on yrityksen tuotteita koskevan kysynnän ja tarjonnan tasapainottaminen niin, että resursseja käytettäisiin ja tarvittaisiin mahdollisimman vähän vastattaessa kysyntään asiakasvaatimukset huomioiden. Tuotantostrategian pohjalta on voitava rakentaa MPC-systeemi, jonka avulla ja jota kehittäen tuotanto saavuttaisi sille asetetut suorituskykytavoitteet mm. kustannusten, laadun, nopeuden, luotettavuuden sekä tuottavuuskehityksen osalta. Työssä tarkasteltiin yleisen kolmitasoisen viitekehyksen kautta ”perinteisistä MPC-systeemien perusratkaisuista” hierarkkisia, suunnittelu- ja laskentaintensiiviä, MRP-pohjaisia sekä yksinkertaistamiseen ja nopeuteen perustuvia JIT/Lean -menetelmiä. Tämä viitekehys käsittää: 1) kysynnän- ja resurssien hallinnan, 2) yksityiskohtaisemman kapasiteetin ja materiaalien hallinnan sekä 3) tarkemman tuotannon ja hankintojen ohjauksen sekä tuotannon lattiatason osa-alueet. Johtamisen ja MPC-systeemien kehittämisen ”uusina aaltoina ja näkökulmina” raportissa käsiteltiin myös johtamisen eri koulukuntia sekä em. viitekehyksen pohjalta tarvittavia tietojärjestelmiä. Olennaisimpana johtopäätöksenä todettiin, että MRP-pohjaisten ratkaisujen lisäksi, etenkin monimutkaisia tuotteita tilausohjautuvasti valmistavien kappaletavarateollisuuden yritysten, on mahdollisesti hyödynnettävä myös kehittyneempiä suunnittelu- ja ohjausjärjestelmiä. Lisäksi huomattiin, että ”perinteisten strategioiden” rinnalle yritysten on nostettava myös tieto- ja viestintäteknologiastrategiat. On tärkeää ymmärtää, että täydellistä MPC-systeemiä ei ole vielä keksitty: jokaisen yrityksen tehtäväksi ja vastuulle jää ”oman totuutensa” muodostaminen ja systeeminsä rakentaminen sen pohjalta.

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Finlands industri har av tradition varit starkt energikrävande. Träförädlingsindustrin, som fick sin egentliga start i medlet på 1800-talet, använde stora mängder energi liksom metallförädlingsföretagen i ett senare skede. Krigstiden med sin energiransonering visade handgripligen för allmänheten liksom för specialisterna att en tillräcklig tillgång till energi är ett livsvillkor för vår industri och därmed för vårt land. Efterkrigstiden kännetecknades av en allt snabbare utbyggnad av den på vatten- och ångkraft baserade elkraftskapaciteten, en utbyggnad som den inhemska verkstadsindustrin i stor utsträckning deltog i. Men redan på 1950-talet var vattenkraften till stor del utbyggd, varför den privata såväl som den statliga sektorns intresse allt mera inriktade sig på den speciellt i USA favoriserade atomenergin. Efter fördjupade studier i kärnfysik och kärnteknik vid the International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering i USA deltog författaren av dessa rader intensivt (först som Ahlströmanställd och senare som VD för Finnatom) i den utvecklingsverksamhet inom det kärntekniska området som inte bara elproducenterna utan även verkstadsindustrin i vårt land genomförde. Det var därför naturligt för mig att som objekt för min doktorsavhandling välja introduktionen av kärnkraften i Finland med speciell fokus på den inhemska verkstadsindustrins roll. Jag ställde följande forskningsfrågor: a. När och hur skedde introduktionen av kärnkraften i Finland? b. Vilka var orsakerna till och resultatet av denna introduktion? c. Vilken var den inhemska verkstadsindustrins roll? Ett grundligt studium av litteraturen inklusive mötesprotokoll och tidningsreferat samt personligen genomförda intervjuer med ett trettiotal av de verkliga aktörerna i den långa och komplicerade introduktionsprocessen ledde till en teori, vars riktighet jag anser mig ha kunnat bevisa. Den inhemska verkstadsindustrins roll var synnerligen central. Dess representanter lyckades, bl.a. refererande till erfarenheterna från utbyggnaden av vatten- och ångkraften liksom till byggandet av den underkritiska milan YXP samt forskningsreaktorn TRIGA, övertyga beslutsfattarna om att den besatt nödig kompetens för att kompensera den kompetensbrist som kunde iakttas inom vissa områden hos den sovjetiska kärnkraftverksleverantören. De inhemska leveranserna påverkade även driftsresultatet, speciellt i fallet Lovisa, i positiv riktning. Introduktionsprocessen, som omfattade tiden från slutet av 1950-talet till början på 1980-talet, beskrevs, noterande bl.a. J. W. Creswells anvisningar, i detalj i avhandlingen. Introduktionen fick som resultat konkurrenskraftig elkraft, impuls till start av nya företag, exempelvis Nokia Elektronik, liksom en klar höjning av den tekniska nivån hos vår industri, inkluderande kärnteknisk tillverkning i stor skala. Katastrofen i Tjernobyl i slutet av april 1986 innebar emellertid att utvecklingen tog en paus på ett par decennier. Erfarenheterna från introduktionsfasen kan förhoppningsvis utnyttjas till fullo nu, när utbyggnaden av kärnkraften återupptagits i vårt land.

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This study is made in the context of basic research within the field ofcaring science. The aim is to make a theoretical and ontological investigation of what the space is in the world of caring. The basic proposition is that the space, as a fundamental dimension, has an impact on how the appreciation of one's mental health and suffering is shaped, and vice versa. The overall purpose is to develop a theoretical model of space from the caring science point of view andalso to offer an ideal concept of space to caring science. Guided by a theoretical horizon (Eriksson 1993, Eriksson 1995, Eriksson 2001) and methodological approach grounded in Gadamer's philosophic and existential hermeneutics a three-stage analysis and interpretation is conducted. The hermeneutic spiral of this investigation starts through a procedure in accordance with Eriksson's model (1997) of concept definition. The goal is to clarify the etymology of the concept as well as semantic differences between synonymous concepts, i.e. to identify the different extents of the concept of `space` (`rum`) in order to bring these closer for an exploration. The second phase is to analyse and interpret a sample of narratives in order to explicate the ontological nature and meaning of the space. The material used here is literary texts. The goal is to clarify the characteristics of the very inside of the space when it is shaped in relation to the human being in encountering suffering. In the third phase an interview study is taken place. The focus of the study is directed towards the phenomenon of space as it is known by a patient in a landscape of psychiatric care, i.e. what the space is in a contextual meaning. Then, a gradual hermeneutic understanding of the space is attempted by using theories from the field of caring science as well as additional theories from other disciplines. Metaphors are used as they are vivid and expressive tools for generating meaning. Different metaphoric space formations depict here a variety of purports that, although not quite the same, share extensive elements. Six metaphorically summarized entities of meaning emerged. The comprehensive form of space is pointed out as the Mobile-Immobile Room. Furthermore, the Standby, the Asylum, the Wall and the Place. In the further dialogue with the texts the understanding has deepened ontologically. The theoretical model ofthe space sums up the vertical, horizontal and the inward extent of deepness inthe movement of mental health. Three entities of ontological meaning have emerged as three significant rooms: the Common Land emerges as the ideal concept of mutual creation in the freedom of doing, being and becoming health. On the interpersonal level it means freedom, which includes sovereignty, choice and dignity of the human being. The Ice World signifies, ultimately, the space as a kind of frozenness of despair which "wallpapers" the person's entire being in the world in the drama of suffering. The Spiritual Home is shaped when the human being has acquired the very core of his/her inner and outer placeness as a kind of "at-homeness" and rootedness. Time is a central element and the inward extent of deepness of this trialectic space. Each of the metaphors is then the human being's unique, although even paradoxical, way of conceiving reality, and mastering spiritual suffering. They condense characteristic structures and patterns of dynamic scenery, which take place within the movement of health. The space encloses a contradictory spatiality constituted through the dynamic field of meaningfulness and meaninglessness. Anyway, it is not through a purging of these contradictions but through bringing them together in a drama of suffering that the space is shaped as ontologically good and meaningful in the world of caring.

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Denna vårdvetenskapliga studie har sökarljuset riktat mot lyssnande som något fundamentalt för människan. Studiens syfte är att utifrån forskarens traditionstillhörighet och en klart uttalad teorikärna, värdegrund, ontologisk grund samt en hermeneutisk ansats avtäcka nytt inseende om vad lyssnande är samt vad som är vårdande i lyssnande. Studiens avsikt är att bringa ontologisk klarhet, klargöra lyssnandets plats inom vårdvetenskaplig teoribildning samt bidra med bilder av det vårdande med relevans för klinisk praxis. Det hermeneutiska arbetssättet är en ständig rörelse mellan det enskilda och gemensamma. Den vårdvetenskapliga traditionens grundläggande ordning utgör siktet för kunskapssökandet samtidigt som det är gentemot den caritativa vårdteorin som nytt inseende ur historiska källor reflekteras för att lysa upp och synliggöra det evidenta och ursprungliga om lyssnande. Begreppsutredningen av lyssna som begrepp ger förståelse för begreppets historiska ursprung och dess starka band med begreppen lyss, lystra, lyda, följa, iaktta, se samt lust, begär, böjelse och glädje. Läsning och begrundan av filosoferna Bubers, Lévinas och författaren Dostojevskijs livsverk avtäcker vittnesbörd och stillbilder som tolkas för att synliggöra tolkningsantaganden om lyssnandets väsen och gestaltning. Jag har läst och begrundat texterna med öppenhet, lyhördhet och en kvardröjande hållning för att låta dem beröra, tilltala mig och framträda som något nytt. Ur de enskilda texterna avtäcks mönster av en gemensam inre ordning och en gemensam stillbild och tolkningsantaganden om lyssnande formas. När den gemensamma inre ordningen får sammanstråla med studiens vårdvetenskapliga grund synliggörs en urbild och teser om lyssnande samt det vårdande i lyssnande. Avtäckandet visar att lyssnande är en grundhållning till livet självt. Människan lyssnar till sitt innersta väsen för att tillägna sig en inre grundordning samt hörsamma sin tillhörighet i en mera allomfattande gemenskap till den skapande, den andre och det oändliga. I ljuset av kärlekens kraft och bejakandet av mänskligt lidande kan ensamhet och gemenskap sluta förbund med varandra i en mellanverklighet som bär oändlighetens och evighetens kännetecken, och som får toner av det heliga och eviga att ljuda i allt och alla i en närvaro här och nu. Lyssnande är en väsenshandling som uttalas genom en vårdande hållning att tjäna, offra och bära ansvar för den andre med medmänsklig barmhärtighet och medmänskligt medlidande. Band till den andre knyts genom den egna sårbarheten och genom att med ödmjukhet, äkthet och gästfrihet bjuda in och välkomna den andre i sin annanhet. Den vårdande gemenskapen skapar en rörelse som bär på en livsbringande kraft genom vilken människan uppnår frihet att varda, finna näring och försoning.

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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tutkia ekologisen kestävyyden huomioimista Suomen innovaatiojärjestelmässä. Ekologinen kestävyys on osa laajempaa kestävän kehityksen käsitettä, joka syntyi jo 1980-luvun lopulla. Sillä viitataan toimintaan, joka jättää mahdollisuuksia tuleville sukupolville yhtä paljon tai enemmän kuin nykyään on käytettävissä. Kestävyyteen pyritään nykyisin laajalti ja sen toteutumisen turvaamiseksi on laadittu muun muassa EU-maat, Pohjoismaat ja Suomen kattavat strategiat. Ekologisen kestävyyden suurimmat uhat ovat tällä hetkellä ilmastonmuutos, biodiversiteetin pieneneminen ja ravinteiden kierto. Kestävä innovointi ja ympäristöinnovaatiot ovat tärkeitä keinoja ekologiseen kestävyyteen panostettaessa. Näissä innovaatioissa kyse on teknologian, talouden ja ympäristön tasapainosta. Suomen innovaatiotoimintaa tuetaan ja kansallista kilpailukykyä pidetään yllä kansallisen innovaatiojärjestelmän avulla. Suomen innovaatiojärjestelmässä on useita eri tason toimijoita. Tärkeimpinä voidaan pitää päättäjiä, rahoittajia ja tutkimuksen tuottajia. Rahoituksen suuntaaminen vaikuttaa siihen, mistä aihealueista tutkimusta tuotetaan. Suomen Akatemialla, Tekesillä ja Sitralla on ekologista kestävyyttä edistäviä ohjelmia. Lisäksi mm. SHOK:issa on huomioitu ekologisuus. Perustutkimusta rahoitetaan Suomen innovaatiojärjestelmässä huomattavasti soveltavaa tutkimusta vähemmän. Ekologiseen kestävyyteen panostavan tutkimuksen teemoista nousee selkeimmin esiin kestävä energiantuotanto sekä kestävä rakentaminen. Jatkotutkimuksena voisi selvittää, kuinka nämä panostukset ovat vaikuttaneet suomalaiseen rakennusalaan.

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Pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method is a commonly used non-destructive technique for investigating space charges. It has been developed since early 1980s. These days there is continuing interest for better understanding of the influence of space charge on the reliability of solid electrical insulation under high electric field. The PEA method is widely used for space charge profiling for its robust and relatively inexpensive features. The PEA technique relies on a voltage impulse used to temporarily disturb the space charge equilibrium in a dielectric. The acoustic wave is generated by charge movement in the sample and detected by means of a piezoelectric film. The spatial distribution of the space charge is contained within the detected signal. The principle of such a system is already well established, and several kinds of setups have been constructed for different measurement needs. This thesis presents the design of a PEA measurement system as a systems engineering project. The operating principle and some recent developments are summarised. The steps of electrical and mechanical design of the instrument are discussed. A common procedure for measuring space charges is explained and applied to verify the functionality of the system. The measurement system is provided as an additional basic research tool for the Corporate Research Centre of ABB (China) Ltd. It can be used to characterise flat samples with thickness of 0.2–0.5 mm under DC stress. The spatial resolution of the measurement is 20 μm.

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Cells of epithelial origin, e.g. from breast and prostate cancers, effectively differentiate into complex multicellular structures when cultured in three-dimensions (3D) instead of conventional two-dimensional (2D) adherent surfaces. The spectrum of different organotypic morphologies is highly dependent on the culture environment that can be either non-adherent or scaffold-based. When embedded in physiological extracellular matrices (ECMs), such as laminin-rich basement membrane extracts, normal epithelial cells differentiate into acinar spheroids reminiscent of glandular ductal structures. Transformed cancer cells, in contrast, typically fail to undergo acinar morphogenic patterns, forming poorly differentiated or invasive multicellular structures. The 3D cancer spheroids are widely accepted to better recapitulate various tumorigenic processes and drug responses. So far, however, 3D models have been employed predominantly in the Academia, whereas the pharmaceutical industry has yet to adopt a more widely and routine use. This is mainly due to poor characterisation of cell models, lack of standardised workflows and high throughput cell culture platforms, and the availability of proper readout and quantification tools. In this thesis, a complete workflow has been established entailing well-characterised 3D cell culture models for prostate cancer, a standardised 3D cell culture routine based on high-throughput-ready platform, automated image acquisition with concomitant morphometric image analysis, and data visualisation, in order to enable large-scale high-content screens. Our integrated suite of software and statistical analysis tools were optimised and validated using a comprehensive panel of prostate cancer cell lines and 3D models. The tools quantify multiple key cancer-relevant morphological features, ranging from cancer cell invasion through multicellular differentiation to growth, and detect dynamic changes both in morphology and function, such as cell death and apoptosis, in response to experimental perturbations including RNA interference and small molecule inhibitors. Our panel of cell lines included many non-transformed and most currently available classic prostate cancer cell lines, which were characterised for their morphogenetic properties in 3D laminin-rich ECM. The phenotypes and gene expression profiles were evaluated concerning their relevance for pre-clinical drug discovery, disease modelling and basic research. In addition, a spontaneous model for invasive transformation was discovered, displaying a highdegree of epithelial plasticity. This plasticity is mediated by an abundant bioactive serum lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and its receptor LPAR1. The invasive transformation was caused by abrupt cytoskeletal rearrangement through impaired G protein alpha 12/13 and RhoA/ROCK, and mediated by upregulated adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A, and Rac/ PAK pathways. The spontaneous invasion model tangibly exemplifies the biological relevance of organotypic cell culture models. Overall, this thesis work underlines the power of novel morphometric screening tools in drug discovery.

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The aim of this study is to explore longing and its implication for health. The overall purpose is to develop a theory model of longing. The research question is: What is the substance of longing in a caring science perspective? The model is developed based on theoretical and empirical studies, which contains three different research materials; hermeneutic reading of texts by Augustine and Kierkegaard, and interpretation of research interviews with nine women in a cancer context. The design of the study is explorative and the ontological hermeneutics of Gadamer is chosen as a guidance for understanding. The main standpoint of the study is performed within the systematic caring science, which through basic research, generates knowledge about the human desire as crucial for the deeper health processes. Through the contextual study there is a link to the clinical caring science. In the ontology of the systematic caring science, the character of longing is in touch with two different aspects. Longing is rooted in the inner source of love of the ethos of the human where the inscrutable depth exists and contains the reality beyond the visible. Further, longing is essential for human being becoming in health and suffering, through holiness as a unit of body, soul and spirit. The results of the study are presented in a theory model. The model has by abduction provided new and deeper understanding of dimensions of longing related to health. On a general level the forces in longing unfolds in two perspectives; suffering and the basis of love. There appears to be a relationship between human and the source of love in all three materials. When human opens up his life in a larger perspective, resting in love, he can manage to stand in the thrill, and acknowledge loss and emptiness. In the transparency of an inner dialogue unfolding dispair, deeper longing can be opened up so that lives are released from the source of love. The holiness of the human desire has such appeal because the holiness of the source of love is always more than the suffering and the particular. The holiness in longing seems to satisfy the hearts deepest searching. The directon of longing is performed in relation to human and the source of love. The study reveals how longing is associated with the source of love, where the holiness of longing seems to drag the human and by that gives the answer to the seeking of the heart. Dynamics forces have direction from the human suffering in the foundation and a release of the power is given back to transform, deepen and reconcile life and suffering. The movements of the power released by longing are keys to understand the suffering of human in relation to the source of love, becoming in health. By this study, results contribute to deepen the ontological core of caring science. Firstly, human in his longing is connected to the inner ethos and by that the most sacred and absolute in itself so that parts of the potential of love can be released to health. Secondly, longing is the road of reconciliation and can further expand to authentic reconciliation, where human is becoming towards unity and holiness. Thirdly, the spirituality is unfolding through longing and the transcendental is received. In longing, human is in touch with the mystery, the longing exceeds the present and moving towards eternity and infinity, and is in what is yet to come. Such deep experience of longing moments leave an impression and show the longing fulfilled.