Hospital-related fears and coping strategies in 4-6-year-old children

There is only little information available on the 4-6-year-old child s hospital-related fears, and on the coping with such fears, as expressed by the children themselves. However, previous data collected from parents and hospital personnel indicate that hospitalization is an anxiety-producing experience for young children. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of hospital-related fears and the experience of coping with hospital-related fears of 4-6-year-old children. The aim of this study was to form a descriptive model of the subjective experience of hospital-related fears and coping strategies of 4-6-year old children. The data were collected by interviewing 4-6-year-old children from a hospital and kindergarten settings in Finland from 2004 to 2006. Ninety children were interviewed in order to describe the hospital-related fear and the experience of fear, and 89 to describe their coping with the fear and the experience of coping. The children were chosen through purposive sampling. The data were gathered by semi-structured interview, supported by pictures. The data about hospital-related fears and on strategies for coping with hospital-related fears were reviewed by qualitative and quantitative methods. The experience of hospital-related fears and coping with these fears were analyzed using Colaizzi s Method of Phenomenological Analysis. The results revealed that more than 90 % of the children said they were afraid of at least one thing in hospital. Most of the fears could be categorized as nursing interventions, fears of being a patient, and fears caused by the developmental stage of the child. Children interviewed in the hospital expressed substantially more fears than children interviewed in kindergarten. Children s meanings of hospital-related fears were placed into four main clusters: 1) insecurity, 2) injury, 3) helplessness, 4) and rejection. The results also showed that children have plenty of coping strategies, to deal with their fears, especially such strategies in which the children themselves play an active role. Most often mentioned coping strategies were 1) the presence of parents and other family members, 2) the help of the personnel, 3) positive images and humour, 4) play, and 5) the child s own safety toy. The children interviewed in the hospital mentioned statistically significantly more often play, positive imagination and humour as their coping strategy than children interviewed in kindergarten. The meaning of coping with hospital fears consisted of six clusters: pleasure, security, care, understanding the meaning of the situation participating, and protecting oneself. Being admitted to a hospital is an event which may increase the fears of a 4-6-year-old child. Children who have personal experience of being admitted to a hospital describe more fears than healthy children in kindergarten. For young children, hospital-related fear can be such a distressing experience that it reflects on their feelings of security and their behaviour. Children can sometimes find it difficult to admit their fear. Children need the help of adults to express their hospital-related fears, the objects of the fears, and to cope with the fears. Personnel should be aware of children s fears and support them in the use of coping strategies. In addition to the experiences of security and care, pre-school-aged children need active coping strategies that they can use themselves, regardless of the presence of the parents or nurses. Most of all, children need the possibility to play and experience pleasure. Children can also be taught coping strategies which give them an active, positive role.

Peptide mimics for structural features in proteins. Crystal structures of three heptapeptide helices with a C-terminal 6-->1 hydrogen bond.

The crystal structure determination of three heptapeptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyryl (Aib) residues as a means of helix stabilization provides a high-resolution characterization of 6-->1 hydrogen-bonded conformations, reminiscent of helix-terminating structural features in proteins. The crystal parameters for the three peptides, Boc-Val-Aib-X-Aib-Ala-Aib-Y-OMe, where X and Y are Phe, Leu (I), Leu, Phe (II) and Leu, Leu (III) are: (I) space group P1, Z = 1, a = 9.903 A, b = 10.709 A, c = 11.969 A, alpha = 102.94 degrees, beta = 103.41 degrees, gamma = 92.72 degrees, R = 4.55%; (II) space group P21, Z = 2, a = 10.052 A, b = 17.653 A, c = 13.510 A, beta = 108.45 degrees, R = 4.49%; (III) space group P1, Z = 2 (two independent molecules IIIa and IIIb in the asymmetric unit), a = 10.833 A, b = 13.850 A, c = 16.928 A, alpha = 99.77 degrees, beta = 105.90 degrees, gamma = 90.64 degrees, R = 8.54%. In all cases the helices form 3(10)/alpha-helical (or 3(10)helical) structures, with helical columns formed by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding. The helices assemble in an all-parallel motif in crystals I and III and in an antiparallel motif in II. In the four crystallographically characterized molecules, I, II, IIIa and IIIb, Aib(6) adopts a left-handed helical (hL) conformation with positive phi, psi values, resulting in 6-->1 hydrogen-bond formation between Aib(2) CO and Leu(7)/Phe(7) NH groups. In addition a 4-->1 hydrogen bond is seen between Aib(3) CO and Aib(6) NH groups. This pattern of hydrogen bonding is often observed at the C-terminus of helices proteins, with the terminal pi-type turn being formed by four residues adopting the hRhRhRhL conformation.

Crystal structure and conformation study of N-methyl-t-3-methyl-r-2, c-6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one thiosemicarbazone

Thiosemicarbazones are having the ability to bind with metal and inhibit the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase(RDR),an enzyme which is involved in the synthesis of DNA precursors in the mammalian cells.The title compound N-methyl-t-3-methyl-r-2, c-6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one thiosemicarbazone (NMMDPT), CCDC 218052, was prepared using Mannich reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction methods.The crystal data are:C20H24N4S; M.W= 352.49, triclinic,space group P (1) over bar, a = 8.467(2)angstrom, b = 10.228(2)angstrom, c = 12.249(2)angstrom; lpha=92.595(3)degrees, beta=104.173(3)degrees, gamma=13.628(3)degrees; V=930.0(3)angstrom(3), Z=2, D-cal=1.259Mgm(-3),mu=0.184mm(-1),lambda (MoKalpha)=0.71073 angstrom, final R1 and wR2 are 0.0470 and 0.1052, respectively. The piperidine rings adopt chair conformation. The planar phenyl rings are oriented equatorially at 2,6-positions of the piperidine ring. The molecular packing can be viewed as dimers held together by two N-H...S types of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Weak C-H...pi interactions also support the stability of the molecules in the crystal in addition to van der Waals forces. (c) 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A Pd-6 Molecular Cage via Multicomponent Self-Assembly Incorporating Both Neutral and Anionic Linkers

A Pd-6 molecular cage [{(tmen)Pd}(6)(bpy)(3)(tma)2)](NO3)(6) [1; where tmen = N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylene diamine, bpy = 4,4'-bipyridyl,and H(3)tma = trimesic acid] was prepared via the template-free three-component seff-assembly of a cis-blocked palladium(II) acceptorin combination with a tricarboxylate and a dipyridyl donor. Complex 1 represents the first example of a 3D palladium(II) cage of defined shape incorporating anionic and neutral linkers. Guest-induced exclusive formation of this cage was also monitored by an NMR study.

A Series of Cu-II-Azide Polymers of Cu-6 Building Units and the Role of Chelating Diamine in Controlling their Dimensionality: Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Behavior

Four new neutral copper-azido polymers Cu-6(N-3)(12)(aem)(2)](n)(1), Cu-6(N-3)(12)(dmeen)(2)(H2O)(2)](n) (2), Cu-6(N-3)(12)(N,N'-dmen)(2)](n) (3), and Cu-6(N-3)(12)(hmpz)(2)](n) (4) aem = 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine; dmeen = N,N-dimethyl-N'-ethylethylenediamine; N,N'-dmen = N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine and hmpz = homopiperazine] have been synthesized by using 0.33 mol equiv of the chelating diamine ligands with Cu(NO3)(2)center dot 3H(2)O/CuCl2 center dot 2H(2)O and an excess of NaN3. Single crystal X-ray structures show that the basic unit of these complexes, especially 1-3, contains very similar Cu-6(II) building blocks. But the overall structures of these complexes vary widely in dimensionality. While 1 is three-dimensional (3D) in nature, 2 and 3 have a two-dimensional (2D) arrangement (with different connectivity) and 4 has a one-dimensional (1D) structure. Cryomagnetic susceptibility measurements over a wide range of temperature exhibit dominant ferromagnetic behavior in all the four complexes. The experimental susceptibility data have been analyzed by some theoretical model equations.

Potassamide induced in situ alkylation of 5,6-dihydroisoquinolines: Structure of products

Potassamide induced in situ alkylation of 1-alkyl- 4-cyano-3-methoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolines (2a & 2b) with alkyl iodides (CH3I, CH3CH2I & cyclohexyl iodide) gave the 5-alkyl- and 5,9-dialkyl-5,6-dihydroisoquinolines (4–ad & 3a–e), isoquinoline derivatives, (5a–b) and diastereomeric mixture of 4- alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-ones (6a–e & 6′a–e). Structures were assigned on the basis of spectral data [Mass, 1H & 13C NMR, 2D NOESY & HC-COLOC]. Amide induced in situ alkylation of compounds 3a and 4a with CH3I gave in almost quantitative yield the dimethylated compounds 3d and 3a respectively. While KNH2/liq.NH3 methylation of 1,2- dihydroisoquinoline, 1 with CH3I gave the mixture of compounds, 6a & 6′a and the isoquinoline derivative 5a, NaH/benzene reaction of 1 with CH3I gave exclusively 5a. N-methylation of the mixture of compounds 6a & 6′a with NaH/CH3I gave the methylated derivatives, 7 & 8. A suitable mechanism has been proposed for the formation of products.

ESAT-6 induced COX-2 expression involves coordinated interplay between PI3K and MAPK signaling

Macrophages, as sentinels of robust host immunity, are key regulators of innate immune responses against invading mycobacteria; however, pathogenic mycobacteria survive in the infected host by subverting host innate immunity. Infection dependent expression of early secreted antigenic target protein 6 (ESAT-6) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is strongly correlated with subversion of innate immune responses against invading mycobacteria. As a part of multifaceted immunity to mycobacterial infection, induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may act as an important influencing factor towards effective host immunity. In the current investigation, we demonstrate that ESAT-6 triggers COX-2 expression both in vitro and in vivo in a TLR2 dependent manner. Signaling perturbation data suggest that signaling dynamics of PI3K and p38 and JNK1/2 MAPK assume critical importance in ESAT-6 triggered expression of COX-2 in macrophages. Interestingly, ESAT-6 triggered PI3K-MAPK signaling axis holds the capacity to regulate coordinated activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1. Overall, current investigation provides mechanistic insights into ESAT-6 induced COX-2 expression and unravels TLR2 mediated interplay of PI3K and MAPK signaling axis as a rate-determining step during intricate host immune responses. These findings would serve as a paradigm to understand pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection and clearly pave a way towards development of novel therapeutics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sunlight-Induced Covalent Marriage of Two Triply Interlocked Pd-6 Cages and Their Facile Thermal Separation

A template-free triply interlocked Pd-6 cage (2) was synthesized by two-component self-assembly of cis-blocked 90 degrees acceptor cis-(tmen)Pd(NO3)(2) (M) and 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)benzene (L). Assembly 2 was characterized by H-1 NMR and ESI-MS, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which revealed a parallel conformation of the olefin double bonds belonging to the adjacent cages in the solid state at a distance of 3.656 angstrom, thereby indicating the feasibility of 2+2] photochemical reaction. Two adjacent interlocked cages were covalently married together by intermolecular 2+2] cycloaddition in a single crystal-to-single crystal fashion upon exposure to sunlight/UV irradiation. Most surprisingly, the covalently married pair was easily separated thermally in aqueous medium under mild reaction conditions.

Estudio de seis tratamientos nitrogenados bajo riego por goteo de 3.6 litros de agua por metro lineal por día en la producción de chilote en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.), variedad NB-S, a una densidad de 62 500 ptas/ha

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció entre los meses de febrero–mayo del año 2012, bajo sistema de riego por goteo en los terrenos propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada en el km 12 1/2 carretera norte, municipio de Managua con las coordenadas 12°08 ́36” latitud norte y 86°09 ́49” longitud oeste a una alturade 56 msnm. Con el objetivo de estudiar seis tratamientos nitrogenados (A=50 kg ha-1 de N aplicada 100% a los 21 ddg; B = 50 kg ha-1 de N; Aplicada 50% a los 21dds y 50 % a los 42 ddg; C=50 kg ha-1 de N aplicada 100% a los 42 ddg; D= 100 kg ha-1 de N; Aplicada 100% a los 21 ddg; E= 100 kg ha-1 de N; Aplicada 50% a los 21 ddg y 50 % a los 42 ddg; F=100 kg ha-1 de N; Aplicado 100% a los 42 ddg) ) se estableció un experimento unifactorial en bloques completos al azar, para evaluar el efecto de los mismos sobre el crecimiento del maíz y rendimiento del chilote. Las variables evaluadas fueron durante el desarrollo de la planta: altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas. A la cosecha: Altura de la 1era y 2da inserción del chilote (cm),peso del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (kg),longitud del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (cm), diámetro del chilote con brácteas y sin brácteas (cm) y rendimiento del chilote (kg/ha). La evaluación estadística a los datos de estas variables, se realizó por medio del Análisis de Varianza y separación de medias por Duncan al 5 % de confiabilidad. De los seis tratamientos evaluados, el tratamiento. E indujo al mayor rendimiento de chilote con una producción de 2,265.63 kg ha-1,con un beneficio neto de C$ 12,493.03 córdobas ha-1 y una tasa de retorno marginal del 201.49%

Tidal oscillations at the head of Monterey Submarine Canyon and their relation to oceanographic sampling and the circulation of water in Monterey Bay. Annual report, Part 6, September 1972

During a 25-hour hydrographic times series at two stations near the head of Monterey Submarine Canyon, an internal tide was observed with an amplitude of 80 to 115 m in water depths of 120 and 220 m respectively. These large oscillations produced daily variations in hydrographic and chemical parameters that were of the same magnitude as seasonal variations in Monterey Bay. Computed velocities associated with the internal tide were on the order of 10 em/sec, and this tidally induced circulation may have a significant role in the exchange of deep water between Monterey Submarine Canyon and the open ocean. (PDF contains 49 pages)

Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil [recurso eletrônico] : texto constitucional promulgado em 5 de outubro de 1988, com as alterações adotadas pelas Emendas constitucionais nos 1/1992 a 92/2016, pelo Decreto legislativo nº 186/2008 e pelas Emendas constitucionais de revisão nos 1 a 6/1994

Disponível, também, em formato impresso e digital (MOBI e PDF e EPUB)

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology, 2-6 March 1999 South Padre Island, Texas, U.S.A.

The 19th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation was the largest to date. The beautiful venue was the South Padre Island Convention Centre on South Padre Island, Texas from March 2-6, 1999. Key features of the 19th were invited talks on the theme The Promise, the Pain, and the Progress of 50 years of Sea Turtle Research and Conservation, a mini-symposium on the Kemp's ridley and an increased emphasis on high quality poster sessions. Hosts for the meeting included Texas A&M University, the Texas Sea Grant College Program, The Gladys Porter Zoo and Sea Turtle, Inc. Co-sponsors included the National Marine Fisheries Service-Southeast Fisheries Science Center, the National Marine Fisheries Service-Protected Resources Branch, Padre Island National Seashore and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. With the assistance of Jack Frazier, we were fortunate to obtain a $30,000 grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. This grant provided travel support to 49 individuals from 24 nations who presented a total of 50 presentations. (PDF contains 309 pages)

Deputados brasileiros : repertório biográfico : 49ª legislatura, 1991-1995

Reúne as informações pessoais e sobre a vida profissional e política dos deputados eleitos no pleito de outubro de 1990, no momento inicial da 49ª Legislatura, tendo por objetivo constituir-se em importante fonte de pesquisa e de preservação da memória da Câmara dos Deputados.

Dieta hiperlipídica materna, tecido adiposo, fígado, metabolismo de carboidratos e sinalização central de leptina na prole de camundongos C57BL/6

O consumo materno de dieta hiperlipídica saturada durante a gestação e lactação favorece o desenvolvimento obesidade e anormalidades metabólicas na prole. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a hipótese de que a prole proveniente de mães alimentadas com dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação e lactação desenvolve obesidade e anormalidades metabólicas e de que essas alterações estão associadas a resistência central a leptina. As ratas grávidas da linhagem C57BL/6 (n=20) foram alimentadas com dieta standard chow (SC; 19% de lipídeos) ou dieta hiperlipídica (HF; 49% de lipídeos) durante todo período de gestação e lactação. Após o desmame, a prole de machos foi dividida em quatro grupos experimentais, de acordo com a dieta das mães e da prole: SC(mães)/SC(prole), SC/HF, HF/SC e HF/HF (n=12/gp). As características metabólicas foram avaliadas pela curva de ganho de peso; medida da pressão arterial; glicose de jejum, área sob a curva no teste oral de tolerância a glicose; concentrações de triglicerídeos hepáticos e estimativa da esteatose hepática; análise plasmática de insulina e leptina e; distribuição e análise morfológica do tecido adiposo. Para analisar a sensibilidade a leptina, os quatro grupos originais foram subdivididos em dois grupos cada (veículo ou leptina-5g) para verificar a resposta alimentar (g) após o tratamento agudo intracerebroventricular (ICV) e a sinalização hipotalâmica de leptina. A dieta HF durante o período pós-desmame (grupo SC/HF), durante gestação e lactação (grupo HF/SC), ou ambos os períodos (grupo HF/HF), promoveu aumento da massa corporal. No que concerne as alterações hepáticas e a ação da insulina, a dieta HF durante o período perinatal favoreceu 25% de esteatose hepática, hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia, enquanto os demais grupos experimentais SC/HF e HF/HF, demonstraram um padrão mais exacerbado. A avaliação da distribuição e morfometria do tecido adiposo demonstra o importante papel da dieta HF perinatal em amplificar a habilidade de estocar gordura visceral na prole. Considerando a ação central da leptina nos grupos tratados, a resposta alimentar mostrou-se atenuada em SC/HF, indicando o efeito determinante da dieta pós-desmame sobre a ação da leptina nesse modelo. Os resultados indicam fortemente que a dieta HF materna afeta a saúde da prole adulta. Especificamente, a prole programada apresenta esteatose hepática, hipertrofia de adipócitos, aumento de gordura visceral, hiperleptinemia e resistência a insulina. Esse fenótipo não está associado a resistência central a leptina na prole aos três meses de idade.