Inovação no modelo de negócio: o caso do setor grossista alimentar em Portugal

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Empreendedorismo e Internacionalização Orientada por Professor Doutor José de Freitas Santos

Construção de vantagens competitivas nas estratégias de internacionalização: estudo do caso da EFACEC

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Politécnico do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Gestão das Organizações, Ramo de Gestão de Empresas Orientador: Professor Doutor Orlando Manuel Martins Marques de Lima Rua

Contributos para a compreensão das dimensões e características do Capital Intelectual valorizadas por uma Empresa líder no Sector dos Seguros em Portugal

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Internet Geography: Spaces of Innovation

Information Society plays an important role in all kinds of human activity, inducing new forms of economic and social organization and creating knowledge. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, large investments in telecommunication networks were made to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions were the beneficiaries of this new technological investment’s wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services, products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical/real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network/virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. Internet Geography is one example. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to regional development studies, and at the same time. The IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt for Portugal) could show the same economic patterns, reflecting territorial inflexibility or, by opposition, new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to analyse the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level. At the same time it shows that information technologies are essential to innovation and competitive advantage.

Web competitive intelligence methodology

Master’s Degree Dissertation

Internationalization strategy: HOLOS Mobile - Angola

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Business planning in nonprofit: laying the ground for customer relationship management in Instituto de Empreendedorismo Social

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Innovaation kehittäminen yritysverkostolle, Case: Projektihallinta

Työn tavoitteena on kehittää arvoinnovaatio yritysverkostolle. Arvoinnovaation teoreettisen viitekehyksen konkretisoimiseksi ja arvioimiseksi käytetään työssä kohteena ProPortfolio - ohjelmistotuotetta sekä sen kehittämistyössä saatuja kokemuksia. ProPortfolio on vuosina 2001-2004 kehitetty mobiiliin teknologiaan perustuva ohjelmistosovellus. ProPortfolio ohjelmisto on liikkeenjohdon konsulttiyritys Tuloskunto Oy:n johdolla ja TEKES:n rahoittamassa hankkeessa kehitetty pientaloprojektien toteuttajaverkoston toiminnanohjausjärjestelmä. Pitkäaikaisen kilpailuedun saavuttaminen erottumalla kilpailijoiden massasta on kasvava haaste yrityksille. Tutkijoiden Kimin ja Mauborgnen kehittämän arvoinnovaation ja strategisen suunnittelun prosessin lähtökohtana on kilpailun kiertäminen differoitumalla kilpailijoista ja uusien markkinoiden luominen. Perinteisen strategisen ajattelutavan mukaan yritykset voivat tuottaa korkeampaa arvoaasiakkaille korkeammin kustannuksin tai kohtuullista arvoa pienemmin kustannuksin. Eli strateginen asemointi perustuu valintaan differoitumisen ja kustannusjohtajuuden välillä (Porter,1985). Arvoinnovaatioon perustuvassa asemoinnissa tavoitellaan sekä differoitumista että kustannusjohtajuutta samanaikaisesti. Arvoinnovaation keskeisimmät kriteerit täyttyivät kehityshankkeen lopputuloksena syntyneessä ProPortfolio -ohjelmistotuotteessa. Tämän työn pohjalta voidaan todeta, että Kimin ja Mauborgnen kehittämä strategian suunnitteluprosessi on laaja ja vaativa. Arvoinnovaatio syntyy harvoin hetkellisenä oivalluksena, vaan kehittyy järjestelmällisen työskentelyn tuloksena. ProPortfolio -ohjelmistotuotteen arvoinnovaation muodostuminen perustui kehityshankkeen onnistuneeseen asiakastarpeiden tunnistamiseen ja ennakoimiseen. Selkeän kuvan hahmottuminen ratkaistavista ongelmista auttoi asemoimaan hankkeen jatkokehitystyön oikein ja loi edellytykset arvoinnovaation muodostumiselle. Tutkijat Kim jaMauborgne ovat haastaneet perinteiset strategiatyöskentelyn mallit. Tutkimustuloksiinsa pohjautuen he ovat kehittäneet uuden arvoinnovaatioon perustuvan strategisen suunnittelun teoreettisen viitekehikon ja prosessin. Nämä mallit tulevat varmasti jättämään pysyvän jäljen strategiatyöskentelyn nykykäytäntöihin.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chains. Smile. Part 1. eBusiness between global company and itslocal sme supplier network

VALOSADE (Value Added Logistics in Supply and Demand Chains) is the research project of Anita Lukka's VALORE (Value Added Logistics Research) research team inLappeenranta University of Technology. VALOSADE is included in ELO (Ebusiness logistics) technology program of Tekes (Finnish Technology Agency). SMILE (SME-sector, Internet applications and Logistical Efficiency) is one of four subprojects of VALOSADE. SMILE research focuses on case network that is composed of small and medium sized mechanical maintenance service providers and global wood processing customers. Basic principle of SMILE study is communication and ebusiness insupply and demand network. This first phase of research concentrates on creating backgrounds for SMILE study and for ebusiness solutions of maintenance case network. The focus is on general trends of ebusiness in supply chains and networksof different industries; total ebusiness system architecture of company networks; ebusiness strategy of company network; information value chain; different factors, which influence on ebusiness solution of company network; and the correlation between ebusiness and competitive advantage. Literature, interviews and benchmarking were used as research methods in this qualitative case study. Networks and end-to-end supply chains are the organizational structures, which can add value for end customer. Information is one of the key factors in these decentralized structures. Because of decentralization of business, information is produced and used in different companies and in different information systems. Information refinement services are needed to manage information flows in company networksbetween different systems. Furthermore, some new solutions like network information systems are utilised in optimising network performance and in standardizingnetwork common processes. Some cases have however indicated, that utilization of ebusiness in decentralized business model is not always a necessity, but value-add of ICT must be defined case-specifically. In the theory part of report, different ebusiness and architecture models are introduced. These models are compared to empirical case data in research results. The biggest difference between theory and empirical data is that models are mainly developed for large-scale companies - not for SMEs. This is due to that implemented network ebusiness solutions are mainly large company centered. Genuine SME network centred ebusiness models are quite rare, and the study in that area has been few in number. Business relationships between customer and their SME suppliers are nowadays concentrated more on collaborative tactical and strategic initiatives besides transaction based operational initiatives. However, ebusiness systems are further mainly based on exchange of operational transactional data. Collaborative ebusiness solutions are in planning or pilot phase in most case companies. Furthermore, many ebusiness solutions are nowadays between two participants, but network and end-to-end supply chain transparency and information systems are quite rare. Transaction volumes, data formats, the types of exchanged information, information criticality,type and duration of business relationship, internal information systems of partners, processes and operation models (e.g. different ordering models) differ among network companies, and furthermore companies are at different stages on networking and ebusiness readiness. Because of former factors, different customer-supplier combinations in network must utilise totally different ebusiness architectures, technologies, systems and standards.

MANAGING STRATEGIC CHANGE:New Business Models Applying Wireless Technology as a Source of Competitive Edge

The diffusion of mobile telephony began in 1971 in Finland, when the first car phones, called ARP1 were taken to use. Technologies changed from ARP to NMT and later to GSM. The main application of the technology, however, was voice transfer. The birth of the Internet created an open public data network and easy access to other types of computer-based services over networks. Telephones had been used as modems, but the development of the cellular technologies enabled automatic access from mobile phones to Internet. Also other wireless technologies, for instance Wireless LANs, were also introduced. Telephony had developed from analog to digital in fixed networks and allowed easy integration of fixed and mobile networks. This development opened a completely new functionality to computers and mobile phones. It also initiated the merger of the information technology (IT) and telecommunication (TC) industries. Despite the arising opportunity for firms' new competition the applications based on the new functionality were rare. Furthermore, technology development combined with innovation can be disruptive to industries. This research focuses on the new technology's impact on competition in the ICT industry through understanding the strategic needs and alternative futures of the industry's customers. The change speed inthe ICT industry is high and therefore it was valuable to integrate the DynamicCapability view of the firm in this research. Dynamic capabilities are an application of the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm. As is stated in the literature, strategic positioning complements RBV. This theoretical framework leads theresearch to focus on three areas: customer strategic innovation and business model development, external future analysis, and process development combining these two. The theoretical contribution of the research is in the development of methodology integrating theories of the RBV, dynamic capabilities and strategic positioning. The research approach has been constructive due to the actual managerial problems initiating the study. The requirement for iterative and innovative progress in the research supported the chosen research approach. The study applies known methods in product development, for instance, innovation process in theGroup Decision Support Systems (GDSS) laboratory and Quality Function Deployment (QFD), and combines them with known strategy analysis tools like industry analysis and scenario method. As the main result, the thesis presents the strategic innovation process, where new business concepts are used to describe the alternative resource configurations and scenarios as alternative competitive environments, which can be a new way for firms to achieve competitive advantage in high-velocity markets. In addition to the strategic innovation process as a result, thestudy has also resulted in approximately 250 new innovations for the participating firms, reduced technology uncertainty and helped strategic infrastructural decisions in the firms, and produced a knowledge-bank including data from 43 ICT and 19 paper industry firms between the years 1999 - 2004. The methods presentedin this research are also applicable to other industries.

Modeling and measuring organizational renewal capability

Globalization and new information technologies mean that organizations have to face world-wide competition in rapidly transforming, unpredictable environments, and thus the ability to constantly generate novel and improved products, services and processes has become quintessential for organizational success. Performance in turbulent environments is, above all, influenced by the organization's capability for renewal. Renewal capability consists of the ability of the organization to replicate, adapt, develop and change its assets, capabilities and strategies. An organization with a high renewal capability can sustain its current success factors while at the same time building new strengths for the future. This capability does not only mean that the organization is able to respond to today's challenges and to keep up with the changes in its environment, but also that it can actas a forerunner by creating innovations, both at the tactical and strategic levels of operation and thereby change the rules of the market. However, even though it is widely agreed that the dynamic capability for continuous learning, development and renewal is a major source of competitive advantage, there is no widely shared view on how organizational renewal capability should be defined, and the field is characterized by a plethora of concepts and definitions. Furthermore,there is a lack of methods for systematically assessing organizational renewal capability. The dissertation aims to bridge these gaps in the existing research by constructing an integrative theoretical framework for organizational renewal capability and by presenting a method for modeling and measuring this capability. The viability of the measurement tool is demonstrated in several contexts, andthe framework is also applied to assess renewal in inter-organizational networks. In this dissertation, organizational renewal capability is examined by drawing on three complimentary theoretical perspectives: knowledge management, strategic management and intellectual capital. The knowledge management perspective considers knowledge as inherently social and activity-based, and focuses on the organizational processes associated with its application and development. Within this framework, organizational renewal capability is understood as the capacity for flexible knowledge integration and creation. The strategic management perspective, on the other hand, approaches knowledge in organizations from the standpoint of its implications for the creation of competitive advantage. In this approach, organizational renewal is framed as the dynamic capability of firms. The intellectual capital perspective is focused on exploring how intangible assets can be measured, reported and communicated. From this vantage point, renewal capability is comprehended as the dynamic dimension of intellectual capital, which consists of the capability to maintain, modify and create knowledge assets. Each of the perspectives significantly contributes to the understanding of organizationalrenewal capability, and the integrative approach presented in this dissertationcontributes to the individual perspectives as well as to the understanding of organizational renewal capability as a whole.

Dynamics of Appropriability - Finding a Balance between Efficiency and Strength in the Appropriability Regime

Building and sustaining competitive advantage through the creation of market imperfections is challenging in a constantly changing business environment - particularly since the sources of such advantages are increasingly knowledge-based. Facilitated by improved networks and communication, knowledge spills over to competitors more easily than before,thus creating an appropriability problem: the inability of an innovating firm to utilize its innovations commercially. Consequently, as the importance of intellectual assets increases, their protection also calls for new approaches. Companies have various means of protection at their disposal, and by taking advantage of them they can make intangibles more non-transferable and prevent, or at leastdelay, imitation of their most crucial intellectual assets. However, creating barriers against imitation has another side to it, and the transfer of knowledge in situations requiring knowledge sharing may be unintentionally obstructed. Theaim of this thesis is to increase understanding of how firms can balance knowledge protection and sharing so as to benefit most from their knowledge assets. Thus, knowledge protection is approached through an examination of the appropriability regime of a firm, i.e., the combination of available and effective means ofprotecting innovations, their profitability, and the increased rents due to R&D. A further aim is to provide a broader understanding of the formation and structure of the appropriability regime. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and the overall results of the study, and the second part consists of six complementary research publications covering various appropriability issues. The thesis contributes to the existing literature in several ways. Although there is a wide range of prior research on appropriability issues, a lot of it is restricted either to the study of individual appropriability mechanisms, or to comparing certain features of them. These approaches are combined, and the relevant theoretical concepts are clarified and developed. In addition, the thesis provides empirical evidence of the formation of the appropriability regime, which is consequently presented as an adaptive process. Thus, a framework is provided that better corresponds to the complex reality of the current business environment.

Yritysten väliset verkostot tietojohtamisen näkökulmasta – Case Imatran Seudun Koivukeskus

Alueellinen yrityskeskittymä sisältää monenlaisia yhteistyöverkostoja siinä toimivien yritysten välillä. Olemassa olevien verkosto- ja tietojohtamisteorioiden pohjalta yhteistyöverkostot jaettiin niiden perustehtävän mukaan kolmeen eri päätyyppiin, jotka ovat tuottaja-, kehittäjä- ja innovaatioverkosto. Tutkimusongelmana oli määrittää, voidaanko verkostoja eritellä niiden perustehtävän mukaan ja näkyykö perustehtävän erilaisuus niiden organisoitumis- ja kommunikointitavassa. Tutkimuskohteena oli kasvava puualan keskittymä, Imatran Seudun Koivukeskus. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin tapaustutkimusta ja aineistonkeruumenetelmänä teemahaastattelua. Aineistoa käsiteltiin käyttämällä menetelmänä profilointia ja teemoittelua. Tutkimuksen perusteella voitiin alueelta erottaa selvästi kolme verkostojen päätyyppiä, jotka toimivat alueella tietoa luovana, välittävänä ja soveltavana tasona. Päätyyppien välillä havaittiin eroja, kun kriteereinä käytettiin verkostojen suhteita, osaamista, tiedonkulkua ja johtajuutta. Koivukeskukselle erityisen tärkeänä verkostotyyppinä pidettiin kehittäjäverkostoa, sillä se toimii alueen sosiaalisen pääoman kasvualustana ja täten auttaa muiden verkostotyyppien kehittymistä. Mikäli kaikki päätyypit saadaan toimi-maan tehokkaasti, alueen innovaatioverkostossa syntyvät uudet prosessi- ja tuoteinnovaatiot ovat välittömästi siirrettävissä tehostamaan tuotantoa. Alueellinen yrityskeskittymä sisältää kaikkia edellä mainittuja verkostotyyppejä, ja yksittäinen toimija voi kuulua samanaikaisesti kaikkiin verkostotyyppeihin. Johtopäätöksenä esitettiin, että alueellisen yrityskeskittymän kilpailuetu syntyy alueen sisälle muodostuvien tuottaja-, kehittäjä- ja innovaatioverkoston kautta. Alueellisen yrityskeskittymän verkostopohjaisen kehittämisen avuksi kehitettiin yksinkertainen työkalu.

User-driven community-based service development

This final thesis project was carried out in the Industrial Management department of University of Applied Sciences Stadia for Forum Virium Helsinki. The purpose of this study was to answer to the question of how companies can use online customer community of co-creation in service development and what is the value gained from it. The paper combines a range of recently published theoretical works and ongoing customer community case development. The study aims to provide new information and action approaches to new service developers that may increase the success of the community building process. The paper also outlines the benefits of the use of online customer community and offers practical suggestions for maximizing the value gained from the community in service development projects. The concepts and suggestions introduced in the study appear to have notable new possibilities to the service development process but they have to be further tested empirically. This paper describes the online consumer community of co-creation to an important organizational process of innovation management suggesting that it possesses a great value to business. Online customer communities offer a potential of improving the success of new services or products enabling early, penetrable market entry and creating sustainable competitive advantage.

Strategian toimeenpanon haasteet - case SPY

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksensa oli luoda kokonaiskuva strategian toimeenpanoprosessista ja tuoda esiin case –yrityksen strategian toimeenpanon haasteet. Case –yritys toimii tietoliikennepalvelujen toimialalla, joka on ollut jatkuvassa muutoksessa. Yritys käynnisti strategiaprosessin vuonna 2002, jonka seurauksena liiketoiminnan painopistettä muutettiin palveluliiketoimintaan. Strategian toimeenpano ei sujunut haasteitta. Yritys on käynnistämässä uutta strategiaprosessia. Jotta edellisen strategian toimeenpanon ongelmat vältettäisiin, haluttiin tutkia, mikä on case –yrityksen strategian toimeenpanon taso tällä hetkellä ja tunnistaa case -yrityksen strategian toimeenpanemisen kehittämiskohdat. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen case –tutkimus, joka toteutettiin teemahaastatteluin. Tulokset osoittivat, että case –yrityksessä strategian toimeenpanoa voidaan kehittää erityisesti selkeyttämällä visio, lisäämällä johtajuutta ja visionäärisyyttä. Strategian toimeenpanossa johdolta vaaditaan myyntitaitoja: selkeää päämäärää, viestintää, luottamuksen tunteen luomista ja herkkyyttä kuunnella henkilöstön tuntoja. Johdon on itse omalla esimerkillään tehtävä tämä myyntityö. Hyvä visio poistaa muutosvastarintaa ja ohjaa oikeisiin päätöksiin. Ilman hyvää visiota, strategiasta voi tulla toimeenpanokelvoton. Strateginen johtaminen jatkuvana oppimisprosessina antaa hyvät mahdollisuudet tunnistaa toimintaympäristön muutokset. Strategiaprosessi kasvattaa koko yrityksen visionäärisyyttä samalla sitouttaen strategian toimeenpanoon. Lisäksi strategiaprosessi auttaa luomaan yritykseen joustavan oppivan organisaation kulttuurin, joka on edellytys kilpailukyvyn säilymiseen muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä.