How Family Stability Affects Children

The following commentary serves as a response to the article, “Family Stability and Childhood Behavioral Outcomes: A Critical Review of the Literature.” The review article provides a good overview into family factors affecting children, but falls short in discussing how modifying family factors could change specific child behavioral outcomes. The next step in this field of research is a unified definition of family stability, a standardized measure of family stability, and discussion of how child behavior affects family stability, and how changes in family stability could affect child behavior.

Behavioral Outcomes of Home-Based Services for Children and Adolescents with Serious Emotional Disorders

The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an intensive home-based treatment program, Families First, on the behaviors of children and adolescents suffering from mental disorders and being at risk for out-ofi home placement. The sample included 85 youngsters and their families from a semi-rural community. The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) was administered to the children, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was completed by a parent at pretreatment and posttreatment. The families participated in a 4-6 week, intensive home intervention where crisis intervention, social support services, and needed psychological services were offered. The results indicated that both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in youngsters with different diagnoses of mental disorders were significantly reduced at posttreatment as indicated by their CBCL scores. Furthermore, youngsters with a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder seemed to benefit the most, as evidenced by the improved scores on most subscales of the CBCL. Youngsters with mood disorders and conduct disorders seemed to benefit in their most deficient areas, internalizing behavior problems and delinquent behaviors, respectively. Finally, after participating in Families First, more than half of the youngsters in the sample were able to stay home with their families

Intensive Family Preservation in Children's Mental Health: Predictors of Placement

This article examines the predictors of placement following IFPSfor a sample of child mental health service recipients and their families. Risk and protective factors vary depending on the time frame under consideration. Immediately following service, children 's level of Social/Legal functioning, a previous group home placement, and the presence of mental health problems for other family members increase risk of placement, while the number of follow-up services serves to lessen risk. Three to six months after service, the presence of a child behavior presenting problem and a projected placement in foster care serve as protective factors, while two service targets, alcohol monitoring and time management, serve to increase risk. Appropriate use of results for program design and for structuring access to services is discussed.

Mental Health Effects of Equine Therapy with Children

This study examined the effects of eight weekly lessons of therapeutic horseback riding (THR) on five children between the ages of 6 and 12 years who displayed behavioral issues, mood disturbance, relationship issues, or other mental health disorders. All of the children's parents/caregivers completed the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 at the onset of the lessons and at the conclusion of the lessons. The children did not show any significant improvement on the Internalizing, Externalizing, Total Problems scales or the syndrome scales. However, comparisons between the pre-test and post-test scores on the Behavior scale and the Externalizing scale showed positive trends which warrant further study. The lack of significance in the data suggests that a greater participant population or a mixed method study using a combination of quantitative and qualitative strategies may yield more conclusive results.

Promover a parentalidade : recomendações perante as birras e momentos de alimentação da criança

Enquadramento: A parentalidade é um tema de saúde com muita relevância na sociedade atual, intervindo o seu exercício na promoção da saúde e bem-estar da criança. A parentalidade envolve acontecimentos stressantes, nomeadamente em situações de problemas de saúde e necessidades básicas e de resposta ao comportamento da criança, como é o caso do choro/birra e no momento de alimentação, procurando a maioria dos cuidadores responder ao problema de forma independente enquanto outros solicitam apoio dos profissionais de saúde. Objetivo: Identificar recomendações concretas, baseadas na evidência científica, de boas práticas e recomendações a transmitir aos pais para lidarem com o choro /birras e no momento da alimentação da criança. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura de estudos realizados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, publicados entre 2009 e 2014, em bases de dados internacionais CINAHL® Plus with Full-Text, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) e Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), MedicLatina , MEDLINE, com recurso a diversos descritores e operadores booleanos e recorrendo a dois revisores que avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos metodológicos. Resultados: Após avaliação crítica, foram excluídos 50 estudos e incluídos 7, sendo um de grau de evidência A, dois de evidência B e 4 de evidência D. Os outcomes evidenciaram que para gestão da parentalidade o aconselhamento deve feito pelo profissional de referência, que se necessário deverá acompanhar os pais através de contacto telefónico e visita domiciliária sobretudo se mães inexperientes. Os profissionais devem ampliar os seus conhecimentos sobre as dúvidas e preocupações que os pais têm sobre a educação dos seus filhos consultando os espaços de discussão online. A etnia e nacionalidade das mães tem forte impacto sobre os métodos usados para acalmar o bebé, pelo que os cuidados devem ser culturalmente congruentes. Na abordagem do choro/ birras torna-se necessário conhecer o normal desenvolvimento da criança e em que contextos surgem para minimizá-las, sendo importante que os pais dêem à criança atenção positiva, instituindo rotinas. Para melhorar o momento da alimentação os pais devem reconhecer que até aos dois anos decorre a janela de oportunidade de aprendizagem de rotinas e de novos sabores, salientando-se a importância do ambiente de atenção e reciprocidade durante as refeições. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros devem procurar orientar a sua prática com base nas evidências científicas e tendo como base o estudo efectuado, salienta-se a promoção da parentalidade positiva como central para a abordagem dos comportamentos de choro/birra e no momento da alimentação da criança. Palavras – chaves: educação parental, enfermeiro, aleitamento materno, alimentação, birra, choro, relação pais-filhos.

Therapeutic education : its theoretical bases and practice /

Includes index.

Non-eating disorders psychopathology in children and adolescents with eating disorders: Implications for malnutrition and symptom severity

Objectives: To compare the general psychopathology in an eating disorders (ED) and a child mental health Outpatient sample and investigate the implications of comorbidity on psychological and physical measures of ED severity. Methods: One hundred thirty-six children and adolescents with a DSM-IV ED diagnosis were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Measures included the Eating Disorders Examination and the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: The ED group had lower general and externalizing psychopathology scores and no difference in internalizing (anxiety-depression) symptoms. Of the anorexia nervosa group, 49% experienced comorbid psychopathology. This group had significantly higher ED psychopathology, longer duration of illness, and more gastrointestinal symptoms, but no difference in malnutrition status. Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNos) group measures were less influenced by comorbidity status. Conclusions: Anxiety-depressive symptoms are very common in children and adolescents with EDs. Comorbidity status influences illness severity, especially in the anorexia nervosa group. The management implications of these findings are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Are parent-reported outcomes for self-directed or telephone-assisted behavioral family intervention enhanced if parents are observed?

The study examined the effects of conducting observations as part of a broader assessment of families participating in behavior family intervention (BFI). It was designed to investigate whether the observations improve intervention outcomes. Families were randomly assigned to different levels of BFI or a waitlist control condition and subsequently randomly assigned to either observation or no-observation conditions. This study demonstrated significant intervention and observation effects. Mothers in more intensive BFI reported more improvement in their child’s behavior and their own parenting. Observed mothers reported lower intensity of child behavior problems and more effective parenting styles. There was also a trend for less anger among mothers who were observed and evidence of an observation-intervention interaction for parental anger, with observed mothers in more intensive intervention reporting less anger compared to those not observed. Implications for clinical and research intervention contexts are discussed.

Exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en una muestra comunitaria en España y consecuencias psicopatológicas asociadas

En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés científico y social sobre los niños que conviven en situaciones de violencia doméstica y han proliferado diversas investigaciones que analizan los efectos de la exposición infantil a la violencia doméstica. No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones realizadas en España, y la mayoría se centran en población clínica. Objetivos: Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo valorar la presencia de exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en muestra comunitaria que permita capturar una imagen de la realidad en nuestra sociedad. También valora las consecuencias psicopatológicas asociadas: en concreto, se estudia la asociación entre exposición infantil a violencia doméstica y el desarrollo de sintomatología internalizante, externalizante y traumática. El segundo objetivo es estudiar si se producen cambios en cuanto a exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en el tiempo, en concreto entre 2010 y 2014. Metodología: Se contó con una muestra comunitaria seleccionada de forma incidental, formada por 925 sujetos (572 niños en el año 2010 y 353 en el año 2014) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 17 años. Para medir la exposición infantil a violencia doméstica se empleó el instrumento Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale, CEDV (Edleson, Johnson y Shin, 2007). Este cuestionario es una prueba autoadministrada que evalúa frecuencia y grado de exposición a violencia doméstica y, además, valora otros aspectos tales como implicación, otros tipos de victimización, factores de riesgo o exposición a violencia comunitaria. Con el objetivo de valorar sintomatología internalizante y externalizante se empleó el cuestionario Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) de Achenbach y Edelbrock (1991), en concreto se aplicó el formato para jóvenes Youth Self Report (YSR). Este cuestionario ha sido uno de los más empleados a lo largo de la literatura para valorar diferentes problemas en la infancia y adolescencia. Para medir sintomatología traumática se empleó el Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) de Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Tredwell (2001)...

Parents’ Perception of Medication Treatments for Preschool Children with or at – risk for ADHD

Introduction: ADHD is a chronic medical condition that affects 3-7% of school-aged children. Over the last few years, there has been increased attention with children in the preschool age range. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that treatment for ADHD in the preschool age range should take the form of behavior modification first, with medication only considered after behavior modification is not effective alone in treating the symptoms (AAP, 2011). However, little research has been done to examine parent perceptions of evidence-based treatment approaches for children in the preschool age range. Objective: This study sought to examine parent perceptions of psychotropic medication use for preschool age (4-6 years) children with or at-risk of ADHD. Method: Data was collected from 176 families who presented for treatment at a clinic in southeast Florida. Parents completed questionnaires about their family background, their child’s behavior, behavioral functioning, and their perceptions of medication treatment. Results: Preliminary results indicate that 50% of parents were not open to the possibility of medication, 44.6% of parents were open to the possibility of medication, and 5.4% of parents chose against medication when a physician recommended it. Results examining the extent to which severity of child behavior problems impacts parent perceptions of medication will also be presented. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that parents of preschool children are hesitant to consider medication as a treatment option for their young children. The findings of this study are important as more and more young children are being diagnosed with ADHD each year

Évaluation des effets de l’intervention Circle of Security Parenting auprès de mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire : une étude pilote

La prévalence importante des troubles d’adaptation au sein de la population d’enfants et d’adolescents du Québec appuient l’importance d’accorder une attention particulière aux piliers développementaux influençant leur trajectoire (Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux du Québec, 2002). Dans ce sens, des données longitudinales ont permis de statuer sur la nature de l’impact de la relation d’attachement entre le parent et l’enfant sur son adaptation ultérieure (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005). La sécurité d’attachement aurait un rôle protecteur, mais cette relation a aussi été identifiée comme le système le plus influent dans la compromission du développement de l’enfant (Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006). Parmi les interventions disponibles, le programme d’intervention Circle of Security Parenting (COS-P) (Powell, Cooper, Hoffman, & Marvin, 2009) s’avère particulièrement prometteur étant donnée la qualité de l’intégration théorique et clinique qui le sous-tend. Cependant, aucune donnée n’est encore disponible pour appuyer son efficacité au sein de la population québécoise dans un contexte de soins de première ligne. La présente étude vise ainsi à amorcer cette démarche avec un devis pré/post tests en explorant les effets du protocole d’intervention COS-P auprès de quatre mères et leur enfant d’âge préscolaire. À ces fins, des mesures cernant la fonction réflexive parentale et les dimensions des représentations de l’expérience affective du parent (Parent Development Interview – PDI; Aber, Slade, Berger, Bresgi & Kaplan, 1985) sont recueillies avant et après l’intervention. Les retombées de l’intervention sont aussi examinées chez les parents au niveau du stress parental (Parental Stress Index — PSI; Abidin, 1995; Bigras, LaFrenière, & Abidin, 1996) et au niveau des problèmes comportementaux et émotionnels chez les enfants (Child Behavior Checklist – CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000). L’ensemble de ces données est analysé dans un premier temps avec perspective groupale et dans un deuxième temps, avec une perspective individuelle descriptive détaillant les résultats pour chaque participante. Les analyses ne permettent pas de démontrer une amélioration des représentations parentales et une augmentation de la fonction réflexive parentale, tel qu’attendu. Toutefois, le stress parental et les problèmes intériorisés des enfants diminuent, bien que de façon non significative. Il est proposé que l’effet de l’intervention soit compris en considérant le parent à l’intérieur d’un système dynamique, lui permettant de s’approprier l’intervention à travers un ensemble de facteurs qui lui sont propres. Des suggestions pour les études futures sont formulées en regard des constats méthodologiques et cliniques qui se dégagent de la présente étude notamment quant à la pertinence de mesures de relance (Navarro, manuscrit en préparation) et à la poursuite de la démonstration de l’efficacité du protocole avec un devis expérimental (Lemieux, manuscrit en préparation).

Indirect Effects of Parental Coping on Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment in the Context of Pediatric Cancer

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Análise das contingências presentes em situação de orientação de pais na clínica analítico-comportamental infantil

A terapia analítico-comportamental infantil, embasada pelos pressupostos do Behaviorismo Radical e pelos princípios da Análise do Comportamento, é caracterizada por atendimento da criança em consultório e orientação de pais. Estudos têm apontado dificuldades encontradas pelos psicólogos em relação aos resultados clínicos no que se refere à generalização de ganhos terapêuticos. Apesar das investigações concluírem que os programas de intervenção com pais têm apresentado resultados satisfatórios, a prática clínica relata problemas em relação à generalização, principalmente quando avaliados ao longo do tempo. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender o processo de orientação de pais a partir de relações de elementos descritos pela literatura como influentes no processo de generalização de ganhos terapêuticos. Foi aplicado questionário, construído pela autora e sua orientadora a partir da bibliografia de referência da área estudada, com análise de especialistas e análise cognitiva dos itens (aplicação a 5 indivíduos com características semelhantes às dos nossos participantes), em 38 pais de crianças atendidas por psicólogos analistas do comportamento na cidade de Fortaleza-Ce, Brasil. Os dados foram avaliados a partir de uma análise descritiva (Tendência Central e Dispersão). Os itens do questionário foram classificados em nove categorias que foram compreendidas a partir da análise de correlação de Spearman por meio do programa estatístico SPSS. Os resultados constataram correlações positivas e significativas entre o processo de generalização e as categorias estudadas (Relação terapêutica; Ocorrência da orientação de pais; Ocorrência da generalização - Percepção dos pais; Treino de habilidades sociais para pais; Dinâmica familiar - Dificuldades no contexto familiar; Dinâmica familiar - Participação do cônjuge nos processos de orientação/generalização; Estabelecimento de regras funcionais pelos pais; Dificuldades pessoais dos pais), indicando que o psicólogo precisa avaliar e intervir nestas variáveis com o objetivo de contribuir para melhores efeitos no processo terapêutico.