Illicit Opiate Abuse

Illicit opiate use, especially injected drugs, contributes to premature mortality and morbidity in many developed and developing societies. The economic costs of illicit drug use are substantial. Fatal overdoses and HIV/AIDS resulting from sharing dirty needles and injecting equipment are major contributors to mortality and morbidity. Illicit opioid use accounted for 0.7 percent of global disability���adjusted life years in 2000. An estimated 15.3 million people, or 0.4 percent of the world population ages 15 to 64, used illicit opioids in 2002, with more than half using heroin and the rest using opium or diverted pharmaceuticals such as buprenorphine, methadone, or morphine. The most popular interventions for illicit opioid dependence in many developed societies have been law enforcement efforts to interdict the drug supply and enforce legal sanctions against drug use. One consequence has been that illicit opioid users have been exposed to the least effective intervention: imprisonment for drug or property offenses. The most effective intervention to reduce blood���borne virus infection resulting from illicit drug injections is provision of clean injecting equipment to users. This intervention has been widely supported in developed countries, but less so in developing countries. In addition, vaccinations are effective against hepatitis B. In treatment settings, the most popular interventions have been detoxification and drug���free treatment, which has proven the least productive in retaining opioid���dependent people in treatment. Opioid agonists have a niche role in treatment of opioid dependence, especially if their efficacy improves with development of long���acting injectable forms of the drug.

Moralidade e pl��gio : um estudo com alunos do ensino m��dio

Nosso objetivo foi compreender o ju��zo da representa����o da a����o de pl��gio de estudantes do segundo e terceiro anos do ensino m��dio, provenientes de escolas p��blicas e particulares de Vit��ria, Esp��rito Santo. Participaram 40 discentes entre 16 a 18 anos, que frequentavam tr��s escolas p��blicas e duas privadas da cidade de Vit��ria-ES, divididos igualmente quanto a sexo e tipo de institui����o. Nosso instrumento de pesquisa foi a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, contendo uma hist��ria-fict��cia que envolveu o comportamento de pl��gio. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, em conson��ncia com o m��todo cl��nico piagetiano e, como procedimento de an��lise dos protocolos, utilizamos a sistematiza����o de categorias proposta por Delval. Avaliamos os ju��zos dos adolescentes com rela����o a representa����o da a����o de pl��gio do personagem da hist��ria-fict��cia contada, nos seguintes aspectos: se consideravam a a����o certa ou errada, se o plagi��rio deve ou n��o ser punido e qual (is) a (s) penalidade (s) sugerida (s). Foram solicitadas as justificativas de todos os aspectos anteriormente mencionados. A partir dos dados encontrados, constatamos que a maior parte dos estudantes: 1) considerou que o pl��gio �� uma atitude errada; 2) justificou ser errado, principalmente pela ���neglig��ncia do aluno no cumprimento do trabalho���, pela ���possibilidade de consequ��ncia negativa��� e pela ���a����o ser incorreta���; 3) afirmou que o personagem ���deve ser punido���; 4) analisou, como castigo para este ato, ���fazer um novo trabalho���, uma ���conversa��� e ���receber nota zero no trabalho��� plagiado e, por fim, 5) justificou as san����es sugeridas em virtude da ���oportunidade de aprendizado e/ou reflex��o do aluno com a puni����o��� da ���adequabilidade da puni����o��� e da ���possibilidade de consequ��ncia negativa para o aluno���. Por outro lado, as raz��es dos poucos escolares que consideravam que o personagem da hist��ria ���n��o deve ser penalizado��� foram a favor da ���aus��ncia de especifica����o e/ou proibi����o pelo docente��� e por causa do pl��gio ser um ���fato rotineiro���. De maneira geral, os dados de nossa pesquisa mostram que os participantes sabem que �� errado plagiar, reconhecem que n��o se deve fazer este ato e a maioria dos estudantes penalizou a conduta investigada. Esse trabalho pode contribuir para a amplia����o dos estudos na ��rea da moralidade e colaborar com subs��dios te��ricos para a elabora����o de projetos de educa����o em valores morais que contemplem, de uma forma geral, o enfrentamento da desonestidade acad��mica e, especificamente, o pl��gio. Consideramos que a inser����o desse conte��do nas propostas de educa����o em valores morais contempor��neas poder�� enriquecer a forma����o moral dos estudantes. Assim, esperamos, a partir dos resultados encontrados na presente pesquisa, subsidiar e promover a realiza����o de outros estudos e propiciar discuss��es e a����es sobre o referido tema, principalmente na Psicologia e na Educa����o.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global ��� with their discoursive productions ��� have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ���self��� and the ���other���, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women���s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. ���Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi���, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-��woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. ���The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality���, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a ���gender shift��� in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. ���The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan���, Maria Helena Guimar��es, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey���s ���imperialist dream���? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural ���contamination��� by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. ���Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh���, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. ���Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society���, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Universit�� Ca���Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping���s ���open policy���. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. ���The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India���, Maria de Deus Manso, University of ��vora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the ���indigenous��� female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer���s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. ���Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia���, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro��level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Social gender stereotypes and their implications in Hindi

This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India.

Indisciplina na sala de aula ��� um estudo centrado numa escola caboverdiana

Este trabalho desenvolve uma reflex��o sobre a indisciplina na sala de aula, numa escola secund��ria na cidade da Praia ��� Cabo Verde. Inicialmente discute-se o conceito de disciplina e indisciplina, considerando as suas diferentes abordagens, bem como os diversos fatores que as promovem. Destaca-se tamb��m o enfoque preventivo como estrat��gia mais adequada para redu����o da utiliza����o de medidas sancionat��rias, concretamente a ordem de sa��da da sala de aula. Por outro lado, analisa algumas estrat��gias de interven����o corretiva da indisciplina na sala de aula. Este trabalho procura caraterizar a situa����o de indisciplina na sala de aula, do 3��ciclo do ensino b��sico da Escola Secund��ria Regina Silva, nomeadamente as suas causas e consequ��ncias, tipos de incidentes disciplinares e formas de interven����o dos professores com vista a interromper comportamentos indisciplinados. Procura tamb��m identificar os comportamentos que motivam a utiliza����o da ordem de sa��da da sala de aula, por parte dos professores. Finalmente, procura-se elencar um conjunto de estrat��gias preventivas que podem contribuir para a redu����o da utiliza����o de medidas disciplinares sancionat��rias, enfatizando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de di��logo, de atividades que proporcionam maior aproxima����o entre professor e aluno e a realiza����o de mais espa��os formativos e de debates.

O Ne bis in idem no Espa��o de Liberdade, Seguran��a e Justi��a e no Direito Europeu da Concorr��ncia

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR��s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

Portugal no conselho de seguran��a das Na����es Unidas

The United Nations is an international organization that was created after World War II, whose main objective is to promote cooperation, social and economic development, as well as to ensure international peace and security. The Member States are key actors in the international political system. For that reason they have strategic interests in what regards taking part in the international organizations. They see it as an opportunity to achieve those goals. The United Nations Security Council has a very important role in preserving international peace and security. It is the organ of the United Nations in which fifteen member states are represented: five permanently and ten non-permanently, being that the latter are elected for two years. Participating in the Security Council is a unique opportunity for middle powers like Portugal to promote their national interests and to increase their international visibility. In addition, they can contribute to the world���s destiny during their mandate period. Portugal has exercised his third term as a non-permanent member of the Security Council in 2011-2012 biennium, defeating Canada after a successful campaign carried out by the Portuguese diplomacy. This study analyses the participation of Portugal in the Security Council��s 2011-2012 biennium. It will focus the application process and election and the role of Portugal in the Security Council, especially in its the presidency and its intervention in the presidency of the Sanctions Committee on Libya. Its aim is to show the impact of Portuguese participation in the Security Council for international peace and security, as well as the geopolitical importance for the country of being part of the Security Council.

A liberaliza����o do mercado energ��tico e o papel das entidades reguladoras

The liberalisation of the energy market goes back to the 1990s, when it was impelled by the European legislator. Since then, three legislative packages, temporarily successive, were approved. Those packages contained the measures to be implemented in order to deepen the internal energy market. Besides the opening up of several national markets to competition, the European legislator aimed the creation of a real internal energy market within the European Union. The unbundling regime was one of the most important steps with respect to the liberalisation process. The introduction of these rules ensured independence to the various market operators. A real and effective right of choice was granted to the consumers so they may choose their electricity and natural gas supplier. Therefore, the activity of comercialisation is subject to competition. However, some activities of the electricity���s and natural gas��� chain of value, namely the activities of transportation and distribution, were kept under regulation rules. Even though it may seem odd, the assignment of important competences and strong powers to a regulatory authority was essential in order to achieve the liberalisation process��� goals. Electricity and natural gas are essential public goods; therefore the market operators are legally bound to public service obligations, such as the security, the universality and the continuity of the supply. The performance of these obligations may become, in some cases, unprofitable for those operators. For such reason, the protection of the consumers��� rights shall only be properly defended if there is a regulatory authority that monitors the behaviour of the operators and sanctions the failure to comply with the public service obligations. Portugal, as a Member State of the European Union, transposed into the national legal order the European directives concerning the liberalisation process. This transposition has caused radical changes to the electricity and natural gas��� national markets. The Entidade Reguladora dos Servi��os Energ��ticos also suffered various mutations in order to keep up with the regulatory demands regarding the liberalisation process.

Algumas considera����es sobre o princ��pio da culpa enquanto factor de autonomiza����o do Direito das Contra-ordena����es

Disserta����o de mestrado em Direito Judici��rio

O testamento vital: considera����es gerais sobre as diretivas antecipadas de vontade

Disserta����o de mestrado em Direito das Crian��as, Fam��lia e Sucess��es

De m��os dadas com a escola:a participa����o dos encarregados de educa����o do 2.�� ciclo da Escola EB 2,3 Barbosa du Bocage

Disserta����o de Mestrado em Ci��ncias Sociais na especialidade de Sociologia

Gestor d'expedients per l'Institut Municipal d'Hisenda

El projecte recull el treball portat a c��rrec per l���an��lisi, disseny i implementaci�� d���una eina per l���Institut Municipal D���Hisenda de l���Ajuntament de Barcelona que compleixi les necessitats d���un sistema d���informaci�� capa�� de gestionar els expedients que genera una s��rie de tributs, les sancions que comporten aix�� com la documentaci�� necess��ria per la comunicaci�� amb el ciutad��. Per realitzar l���aplicaci�� s���han utilitzat tecnologies que ens permeten treballar en l���entorn web, un nucli programat en llenguatge Java sobre la plataforma MVC de Struts, tot sobre un servidor d���aplicacions WebSphere i un motor de base de dades Oracle.

Decision Errors, Legal Uncertainty and Welfare: a General Treatment

This paper provides a general treatment of the implications for welfare of legal uncertainty. We distinguish legal uncertainty from decision errors: though the former can be influenced by the latter, the latter are neither necessary nor sufficient for the existence of legal uncertainty. We show that an increase in decision errors will always reduce welfare. However, for any given level of decision errors, information structures involving more legal uncertainty can improve welfare. This holds always, even when there is complete legal uncertainty, when sanctions on socially harmful actions are set at their optimal level. This transforms radically one���s perception about the ���costs��� of legal uncertainty. We also provide general proofs for two results, previously established under restrictive assumptions. The first is that Effects-Based enforcement procedures may welfare dominate Per Se (or object-based) procedures and will always do so when sanctions are optimally set. The second is that optimal sanctions may well be higher under enforcement procedures involving more legal uncertainty.

La utilitzaci�� dels sistemes de control electr��nic monitorat a la poblaci�� penada de Catalunya

La present recerca t�� per objecte l���estudi de la utilitzaci�� dels sistemes de control electr��nic monitorat a la poblaci�� penada a Catalunya. La finalitat principal del projecte ��s la d���analitzar l���adequaci�� d���aquests sistemes als fins que la llei penal, processal i penitenci��ria els encomana i valorar la viabilitat d���ampliaci�� de la utilitzaci�� d���aquests sistemes. L���inter��s en la realitzaci�� d���aquest estudi deriva de la constataci��, per una banda, de l���exist��ncia d���una ��mplia oferta de sistemes tecnol��gics, en constant desenvolupament i millora, que permeten un seguiment i control dels individus en la comunitat, i per altra banda, de la progressiva incorporaci�� d���aquestes tecnologies en la legislaci�� penal i penitenci��ria. La recerca parteix de la base que en l���actual context de presons superpoblades, de creixent volum de la poblaci�� interna en centres penitenciaris i de recerca de mesures de major control del risc, l���an��lisi de l�����s que s���ha donat a aquest recurs legal i la valoraci�� que de la seva utilitzaci�� en fan els subjectes involucrats en la seva aplicaci�� pot resultar cabdal per al disseny de noves pol��tiques penitenci��ries. A m��s, la recerca hauria de permetre plantejar l���eventual extensi�� d���aquests sistemes a un major nombre de sup��sits en el mateix context del tercer grau penitenciari o b�� fins i tot plantejar la seva utilitzaci�� en la llibertat condicional o en altres ��mbits de l���execuci�� penal.

TFC BD relacionals : sistema gesti�� d'amonestacions i sancions en centres educatius

La Generalitat de Catalunya, com a projecte de millores dins l'ensenyament, ha decidit preparar una implementaci�� d'un sistema de gesti�� d'amonestacions i sancions en els centres educatius. Aquest sistema, ser�� un complement d'altres gestions ja existents als centres educatius, els quals tenen altres funcions diferents a la que es pret��n al nou projecte. Aquest treball final de carrera ��s una proposta per donar una soluci�� v��lida a les necessitats esmentades i cobrint totes les especificacions t��cniques, incloses al plec t��cnic de condicions.