WASAN : the development of a facilitated methodology for structuring a waste minimisation problem

This paper contributes a new methodology called Waste And Source-matter ANalyses (WASAN) which supports a group in building agreeable actions for safely minimising avoidable waste. WASAN integrates influences from the Operational Research (OR) methodologies/philosophies of Problem Structuring Methods, Systems Thinking, simulation modelling and sensitivity analysis as well as industry approaches of Waste Management Hierarchy, Hazard Operability (HAZOP) Studies and As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). The paper shows how these influences are compiled into facilitative structures that support managers in developing recommendations on how to reduce avoidable waste production. WASAN is being designed as Health and Safety Executive Guidance on what constitutes good decision making practice for the companies that manage nuclear sites. In this paper we report and reflect on its use in two soft OR/problem structuring workshops conducted on radioactive waste in the nuclear industry. Crown Copyright © 2010.

Preparation of Excitation Sources to Portable X-Ray Spectrometer by Recovering 241am from Radioactive Lightning Conductor

With the prohibition of the use of radioactive lightning conductor in Brazil, this material passed to be collected and stored as radioactive waste in the waste deposits of The Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). The majority of these lightning conductor used as radioactive source 241Am with activity varying of 1 the 5 mCi. In this work are presented preliminary studies by recovering of 241Am through the electroplating technique, in order to posterior use as sources to portable X-rays fluorescence spectrometer. The 241Am sources have been removed from lightning conductor and dissolved in acid solution. The solution presented an activity of 0,6 Ci L-1. Small amounts of this solution were added to some electrolytes and tested in order to evaluate optimum electrolyte for deposition of 241Am. It was studied as electrolytes: HNO3 (0,2 mol L-1), NH4Cl (5,0 mol L-1) and a mixture of KCN and K2CO3 (in the rate of 2,0 g of each per liter). Yields of up to 90% were obtained applied a current density of 50 mA cm-2.

Vibrational spectroscopic study of the mineral penkvilksite Na2TiSi4O11·2H2O – a mineral used for the uptake of radionuclides

We have used vibrational spectroscopy to study the formula and molecular structure of the mineral penkvilksite Na 2TiSi 4O 11·2H 2O. Penkvilksite is a mineral which may be used in the uptake of radioactive elements. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopies identify a band at 3638 cm−1 attributed to an OH-stretching vibration of hydroxyl units. The inference is that OH units are involved in the structure of penkvilksite. The formula may be well written as Na 2TiSi 4O 10(OH)2·H 2O. The mineral is characterised by a very intense Raman band at 1085 cm−1 and a broad infrared band at 1080 cm−1 assigned to SiO-stretching vibrations. Raman bands at 620, 667 and 711 cm−1 are attributed to SiO and TiO chain bonds. Water-stretching vibrations are observed as Raman bands at 3197, 3265, 3425 and 3565 cm−1. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects of the molecular structure of the mineral penkvilksite to be ascertained. Penkvilksite is a mineral which can incorporate actinides and lanthanides from radioactive waste.

Radioaktivität in Fischen und anderen Meerestieren aus der Nordsee. Auswirkung der 1994 geänderten Genehmigung für Sellafield auf die Strahlenexposition der Bevölkerung

A subject of a change of authorised limits in 1994 for the discharge of liquid radioactive waste by the reprocessing plant Sellafield (UK) was an increase of these limits for certain radionuclides (3H, 14C, 60Co, 99Tc and 129I). It is investigated now how the radioactivity in marine biota from the North Sea and subsequently the public radiation exposure by ingestion has developed in the years since 1994. This is based on a compartment model for the Northeast Atlantic. Discharges of the reprocessing plants Dounreay (UK) and La Hague (F) are included in the assessment. It is deduced that about 60 % of 137Cs in the North Sea originate presently in the remobilisation of old Sellafield discharges from the Irish Sea sediment. A comparison with measured biota data shows that the model is conservative in the most cases. The public radiation exposure from ingestion of fish, crustaceans and molluscs from the central North Sea as the sum over 12 considered radionuclides has decreased from 1992 to 1998 from 0,13 to 0,08 μSv·y–1. For the southward and northward joined regions it was a little bit smaller with a similar decreasing trend.

Caracterização e manejo de resíduos gerados nos laboratórios do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, IBRAG, UERJ.

O crescimento da população mundial, aumento da industrialização e consumo de bens e serviços, tem aumentado significativamente a geração de resíduos que vem causando impactos negativos na saúde humana e ambiental. Neste contexto, se destaca a geração de produtos perigosos, tais como, os resíduos de serviços de saúde- RSS. Por apresentarem riscos à saúde da população e do meio ambiente, recomendações, normas e legislações surgiram para orientar a melhor maneira o manejo e disposição final destes resíduos. No Brasil, as resoluções NBR 306/04 e CONAMA 358/05 dão diretrizes para a elaboração de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde-PGRSS. Os laboratórios de pesquisa e ensino, como geradores de RSS, precisam se adequar à legislação, porém existem poucos estudos e a legislação não aborda especificamente os resíduos destes laboratórios. Os laboratórios e unidades da UERJ, geradores de RSS, não possuem PGRSS. Na UERJ, somente dois estudos levantaram os resíduos gerados em laboratórios, entretanto os dados levantados para o Instituto de Biologia são incompletos. Este estudo buscou avaliar o manejo dos resíduos biológico, químico, radioativo e perfurocortante nos laboratórios do Instituto de Biologia. Os dados foram coletados pelas informações dadas pelos professores, funcionários ou alunos dos laboratórios e por observação direta. Os dados de manejo foram analisados de acordo com a RDC 306/04 Anvisa, da Resolução CONAMA 358/05 e das fichas de segurança dos produtos químicos. Foram estudados 83% dos laboratórios do Instituto de Biologia. Destes, 43% geram resíduos químicos. Dos laboratórios caracterizados, 19 laboratórios geram somente resíduo químico. No pavilhão Américo Piquet estão localizados 63% dos laboratórios geradores de resíduos biológicos, químicos, perfurocortantes ou radioativos. Do total de resíduos gerados nos laboratórios, cerca de 80% foi de resíduo biológico, 15% de resíduo químico e 5% de resíduo perfurocortante. O manejo dos resíduos nos laboratórios é realizado de maneira confusa, geralmente os erros estão na segregação, identificação e acondicionamento. De maneira geral, as informações sobre o manejo utilizado para os resíduos são incompletas, desconhecidas ou imprecisas. As ações incorretas do manejo de resíduos são características para cada tipo de resíduo; no resíduo biológico, freqüentemente, encontraram-se resíduos comuns. O resíduo químico é geralmente descartado sem tratamento prévio na rede de esgoto. O resíduo radioativo não possui identificação e acompanhamento do decaimento, para posterior descarte. No resíduo perfurocortante encontrou-se, freqüentemente, resíduo biológico e químico misturados. Para o sucesso de um futuro Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos, a capacitação dos profissionais é muito importante. A Instituição deve investir na consolidação desse trabalho, considerando que ela não pode se furtar de adotar uma postura pró-ativa com relação aos problemas ambientais, sejam eles dirigentes da instituição, ou profissionais que ali atuam. Espera-se que essa pesquisa possa auxiliar neste sentido.

主从式核废料处理机器人研究

为解决在核废料清理的问题,结合了机器人和吊车的特点,提出了一种新型的主从式处理机器人,并介绍了机构和控制方法。

地下水流动数值模拟的并行计算方法研究

Numerical modeling of groundwater is very important for understanding groundwater flow and solving hydrogeological problem. Today, groundwater studies require massive model cells and high calculation accuracy, which are beyond single-CPU computer’s capabilities. With the development of high performance parallel computing technologies, application of parallel computing method on numerical modeling of groundwater flow becomes necessary and important. Using parallel computing can improve the ability to resolve various hydro-geological and environmental problems. In this study, parallel computing method on two main types of modern parallel computer architecture, shared memory parallel systems and distributed shared memory parallel systems, are discussed. OpenMP and MPI (PETSc) are both used to parallelize the most widely used groundwater simulator, MODFLOW. Two parallel solvers, P-PCG and P-MODFLOW, were developed for MODFLOW. The parallelized MODFLOW was used to simulate regional groundwater flow in Beishan, Gansu Province, which is a potential high-level radioactive waste geological disposal area in China. 1. The OpenMP programming paradigm was used to parallelize the PCG (preconditioned conjugate-gradient method) solver, which is one of the main solver for MODFLOW. The parallel PCG solver, P-PCG, is verified using an 8-processor computer. Both the impact of compilers and different model domain sizes were considered in the numerical experiments. The largest test model has 1000 columns, 1000 rows and 1000 layers. Based on the timing results, execution times using the P-PCG solver are typically about 1.40 to 5.31 times faster than those using the serial one. In addition, the simulation results are the exact same as the original PCG solver, because the majority of serial codes were not changed. It is worth noting that this parallelizing approach reduces cost in terms of software maintenance because only a single source PCG solver code needs to be maintained in the MODFLOW source tree. 2. P-MODFLOW, a domain decomposition–based model implemented in a parallel computing environment is developed, which allows efficient simulation of a regional-scale groundwater flow. The basic approach partitions a large model domain into any number of sub-domains. Parallel processors are used to solve the model equations within each sub-domain. The use of domain decomposition method to achieve the MODFLOW program distributed shared memory parallel computing system will process the application of MODFLOW be extended to the fleet of the most popular systems, so that a large-scale simulation could take full advantage of hundreds or even thousands parallel processors. P-MODFLOW has a good parallel performance, with the maximum speedup of 18.32 (14 processors). Super linear speedups have been achieved in the parallel tests, indicating the efficiency and scalability of the code. Parallel program design, load balancing and full use of the PETSc were considered to achieve a highly efficient parallel program. 3. The characterization of regional ground water flow system is very important for high-level radioactive waste geological disposal. The Beishan area, located in northwestern Gansu Province, China, is selected as a potential site for disposal repository. The area includes about 80000 km2 and has complicated hydrogeological conditions, which greatly increase the computational effort of regional ground water flow models. In order to reduce computing time, parallel computing scheme was applied to regional ground water flow modeling. Models with over 10 million cells were used to simulate how the faults and different recharge conditions impact regional ground water flow pattern. The results of this study provide regional ground water flow information for the site characterization of the potential high-level radioactive waste disposal.

Impacts of shale gas wastewater disposal on water quality in western Pennsylvania.

The safe disposal of liquid wastes associated with oil and gas production in the United States is a major challenge given their large volumes and typically high levels of contaminants. In Pennsylvania, oil and gas wastewater is sometimes treated at brine treatment facilities and discharged to local streams. This study examined the water quality and isotopic compositions of discharged effluents, surface waters, and stream sediments associated with a treatment facility site in western Pennsylvania. The elevated levels of chloride and bromide, combined with the strontium, radium, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the effluents reflect the composition of Marcellus Shale produced waters. The discharge of the effluent from the treatment facility increased downstream concentrations of chloride and bromide above background levels. Barium and radium were substantially (>90%) reduced in the treated effluents compared to concentrations in Marcellus Shale produced waters. Nonetheless, (226)Ra levels in stream sediments (544-8759 Bq/kg) at the point of discharge were ~200 times greater than upstream and background sediments (22-44 Bq/kg) and above radioactive waste disposal threshold regulations, posing potential environmental risks of radium bioaccumulation in localized areas of shale gas wastewater disposal.