Aprendizagem e desenvolvimento humano: avaliações e intervenções

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

A leitura na perspectiva de Bakhtin e suas possibilidades na formação do leitor: na educação infantil e no primeiro ano do ensino fundamental

Overall, in Brazilian schools, the concept of reading does not take into account its possibilities and its meaning for life. But read is assigning meaning to something , make sense, interact with the text read. Thus, the present study addresses the mechanical reading, that without contextualization, performed on a technique by joining letters and syllables loose and also reading social use, consisting of statements, dialogism , polyphony and heteroglossy. It is known that the mechanical reading brings undesirable consequences, including learning problems, such as lack of attention, concentration, memory, imagination. When the reading is taught in a systematic way, with only the goal of the code decoding of written language, destroys social perspectives and intellectual development. It is common, when you offer the children a book, there the difficult disinterest of textual interpretation, because there is no attribute meaning to the content, and even the ability to interact with the text. With the interest in studying the dialogic reading this and the statements and genres, the present study was based on several authors: Bakhtin (1988, 2000), Schneuwly and Dolz (2000), Faraco (2009) and Ponzio (2009) Jolibert (1994), Bajard (2002; 2007) Foucambert (1997) Martins ( 1985) and Smith ( 1999). Aim for this study the following research question: what are the contributions of Mikhail Bakhtin's theory to the teaching of reading from kindergarten through the first grade of elementary school? Our hypothesis is that if they are guaranteed to pre -school and elementary school beginners diversified materials and new approaches in teaching reading and encouragement to her, will be developed in children a taste for the act of reading, so that they can assign meaning and significance, making reading part of their lives...

Práticas educativas de professores, habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento: um estudo comparativo, correlacional e preditivo

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

Elaboração de um Jogo Digital Educacional sobre Saúde Bucal Direcionado para a População Infantil

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an educational oral health digital game for 5-to-7-year-old children. Method: The game, called “Dr. Trata Dente”, was based on the approach to three different oral health-related topics: a) bacterial plaque and the main diseases caused by it; b) oral hygiene methods for bacterial plaque control; c) dental caries and preventive measures for this disease. These topics were discussed in sequential order in three different stages of the game. Dr. Trata Dente is represented by the figure of a little super-hero dentist, who talks to the children about oral health during the game. The game is sub-divided according to its propositions to the children, into an association game, a memory game and a coloring game. After its development, the game was evaluated by three professionals of each of the following areas: Dentistry, Pedagogy and Psychology (n=9), who verified the suitability of the concepts presented in the game as regards oral health, linguistic abilities worked with the children, fulfillment of the intended didactic criteria, and the playful aspect of the game. Results: According to the dentists, the dental concepts presented in the game are adequate. According to the pedagogues, the choice of a super-hero was correct and the given explanations are well elaborated, organized and have accessible language, although long. For the psychologists, the game has a potential positive effect on the children’s learning, but there should be more interaction of the character with the children. After this evaluation, changes were made in the game according to the professionals’ suggestions. Conclusion: It was concluded that in spite of the suggested alterations, the game is suitable for teaching oral health by means of children’s play.

Análise das comparações e correlações entre problemas de comportamento, práticas parentais e habilidades sociais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Percepção e atitudes de pedagogos sobre aspectos relevantes do uso de escovas dentárias

Objective: To evaluate the perception and attitude of kindergarten teachers in relation to the storage of toothbrushes. Methodology: The analysis instrument used was a structured and previously validated questionnaire. The sample universe of this study was composed of all states and municipals kindergarten school teachers who taught in school year of 2010 at the town of Araçatuba / SP (n = 232). The criteria used to integrate the study were: to have a college degree and agree to participate. Results: 164 teachers participated of the study. The results were analyzed using Epi Info 6.04 and showed that 55% of the teachers had received some information about the proper storage of toothbrushes, and only 35% believed that the toothbrushes were storaged improperly. Most teachers, 97% reported being possible the transmission of microorganisms through the brush, however, there was observed difficulty in identifying which diseases could be transmitted. About the question related to the execute of supervised toothbrushing, 93% of the educators said that they realize supervised toothbrushing and the same percentage was observed for the identification of preschoolers at the toothbrushes. Conclusions: The perception and attitude of the teachers ahead the storage of toothbrushes are weak and limited, so there is a need for educational programs targeted to this group, so that they would have more information and knowledge related to the correct storage of toothbrushes and would continue to perform oral health preventive methods.

Reinventando o ambiente: educação ambiental na educação infantil

This study was performed in two kindergarten classes of the public network education (Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil). The major aim of the present work was to realize an environmental mapping with the children, inspired on the research-action-participative methodology, which is guided by the evolved group organization about the search of the problems solutions lived by the group. For that, from the mapping, environmental problems more significant were selected, identified at the school and in the surroundings to realize cooperative actions in this environment as a means to deepen our comprehension about then and also problematize their solutions.

Habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento: um estudo exploratório baseado no modelo construcional

The research aimed to assess, according to the constructional approach by Goldiamond, the reports of 20 mothers of children with behavior problems, (clinical group) and 20 mothers of children without these problems (non-clinical group), social skills and behavior problems of pre-school, investigate the situations and behaviors of mothers before the behavior of children and suggest hypotheses for functionally equivalent behaviors that were investigated. The instruments used were two scales, a questionnaire and a structured interview. The results indicated that children of non-clinical group presented with more frequency and diversity, social skills and with less frequency, of behavior problems compared to children of the clinical group.

O brincar para conhecer o desenvolvimento de crianças com implante coclear

This research analyses the development of children presented with profound deafness and benefited by the cochlear implant, discovery of great significance in hearing health. The work is based, theoretically, on Winnicott, and methodologically, in anamnesis data and playing on a set of ludic scenes, systematically organized. Ten pre-school children with implants, selected by hospital and homogenization eligibility criteria participate in this study encompassing interviews with parents and playful observation sessions with the children, besides Lynn´s Dolls Structured Game. In the children, the results show immaturity, regression to earlier stages of their development, dependency and behavioral disorders, in particular, those related to language, interrelationship and anxiety. In the parents, family disorientation, partly overcome. The children and family participating are assisted by a multidisciplinary health team, at the hospital where they are attended.

O contexto das brincadeiras das crianças ribeirinhas da Ilha do Combu

O presente estudo descreve o contexto das brincadeiras de pré-escolares da Ilha do Combu, em Belém-Pará, destacando aspectos do ambiente físico e social, as principais atividades dos adultos e peculiaridades das brincadeiras. Participaram da pesquisa treze crianças de uma turma de educação infantil, onze meninos e duas meninas, entre quatro e cinco anos de idade. As crianças e seus familiares foram entrevistados. As crianças foram observadas brincando em suas casas. Foram analisados os temas, os parceiros, os locais, os objetos e os significados produzidos nas brincadeiras. Apesar de estarem em contato com o contexto urbano, as crianças mostraram-se vinculadas, principalmente, ao contexto ribeirinho.

Quando se inicia o processo de alfabetização?

Embora a aprendizagem informal da língua escrita na fase pré-escolarjá fosse observada desde o século XIX, muitos anos se passaram até que fosse reconhecida. Com as pesquisas lideradas por Vygotsky, Luria, Ferreiro e os estudos sobre letramento, foi possível recuperar a gênese da alfabetização e considerar suas implicações para o ensino. Assim, importa perguntar: Como compreender as primeiras escritas? Como o reconhecimento delas pode afetar as concepções sobre a língua escrita? Que condições favorecem a construção da escrita? Que implicações as aprendizagens pré-escolares trazem para as práticas pedagógicas e para as políticas de alfabetização? Com o objetivo de aprofundar o entendimento destas questões, o artigo vale - se de um estudo de caso sobre a produção textual de um menino de quatro anos, configurando-se como mais um a iniciativa para subsidiar os debates sobre a articulação entre ensino e aprendizagem.

Construção de escalas de silhuetas brasileiras para crianças entre quatro e seis anos de idade

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver duas escalas de silhuetas para crianças de ambos os sexos entre quatro e seis anos de idade, para avaliação da percepção e insatisfação com o tamanho corporal. O estudo foi composto por duas etapas. A primeira etapa envolveu a construção de uma escala de silhuetas bidimensional e uma escala de silhuetas tridimensional, a partir das fotos de 18 crianças voluntárias, divididas em nove crianças de cada sexo, sendo uma representante para cada intervalo de IMC estabelecido para a construção das escalas. Para garantir as qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos, estabeleceram-se os valores médios de IMC correspondentes para cada figura com incremento constante de 1,9 Kg/m². Foram fotografadas crianças com Índice de Massa Corporal correspondente às médias dos intervalos estabelecidos para as figuras da sequência das escalas. Estas fotos foram transformadas por um designer gráfico em um arquivo para impressão 3D e um arquivo 2D frontal de silhuetas infantis. A segunda etapa contemplou a análise das qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos. A coleta de dados ocorreu em quatro escolas particulares em diferentes cidades. Participaram do estudo 193 crianças de quatro a seis anos de idade, sendo 102 do sexo feminino e 91 do sexo masculino. As escalas foram apresentadas para cada criança em ordem ascendente ou aleatória, perguntando-se Qual figura representa seu corpo atual? e Qual figura representa o corpo que você gostaria de ter?, sendo a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Atual e a que representa o IMC Desejado, caracterizada como Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal, e a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Real e a que representa o IMC Atual caracterizada como Inacurácia da percepção do tamanho corporal. A escala bidimensional é apresentada na forma de nove cartões plastificados para cada gênero, com 12,5cm de altura por 6,5cm de largura, com a figura centralizada. A escala tridimensional é composta de nove bonecos para cada gênero impressos através da tecnologia de impressão 3D, com 12cm de altura. A Escala de Silhuetas Bidimensional mostrou valores de fidedignidade satisfatórios para Acurácia e Satisfação para crianças de seis anos, podendo ser um indicativo da influência do ambiente e do desenvolvimento em crianças menores. A Escala de Silhuetas Tridimensional apresentou-se mais adequada para a avaliação da Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal em relação a Bidimensional, mostrando que detalhes mais reais permitem um melhor julgamento por parte das crianças, seja do corpo como um todo, seja de partes dele. Este estudo sugere que as escalas de silhuetas podem ser usadas em crianças, e que pré-escolares já conseguem cumprir a tarefa de selecionar a figura que representa seu corpo nesta faixa etária. A construção e desenvolvimento das escalas mostraram-se ser válidas e permitem a investigação mais acurada de fatores relacionados as dimensões perceptivas da imagem corporal em pré-escolares, porém, parecem refletir também outras fontes de variância e influência que precisam ser investigadas.

Perfil desenvolvimental das funções executivas em crianças de 05 a 08 anos da cidade de Natal - RN

This study aimed to establish the developmental profile of executives components in typical child development. This is a correlational cross-sectional study of predominantly quantitative. The instruments for data collection are the subtests included in the NEPSY-II Attention and Executive Functioning domain. Eighty children between 5 and 8 years of age, of both genders, students from public and private schools in the city of Natal were evaluated. The sample was divided into six-month intervals for subsequent analysis of strategies and types of errors. Analysis of variance (univariate and multivariate) and Tukey and Games-Howell post hoc tests were conducted to verify the effect of age on test performance. Subsequent correlations indicate the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. Were identified two peaks of development in the six-month interval adopted for the skills of selective attention and inhibitory control. The results indicate that there’s no significant influence of sex and type of school on the performance of the sample. The performance of preschool children (5 and 6 years) was lower than the other subgroups in most tests. Highlights the role of autoregulation discourse among preschool children during activities of greater executive demand and the abstraction resource as a resolution strategy between the older. Were identified similar development trajectories among selective attention abilities and inhibitory control. In general, there is a decrease in the number of mistakes and increase of success with the age progression. Future longitudinal research can extend the age range encompassed in this study, investigating the developmental course of executive abilities.

Intervenção mediacional na aprendizagem do braille: um estudo com crianças deficientes visuais

This study aimed to construct and evaluate a proposed mediational intervention with preschool children through reading workshops and writing in Braille system. The proposal is based on the concepts of Vygotsky on defectology and approach to the Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) developed by Feuerstein. For the research were drawn up ten Mediational workshops, in which they developed a work by reading a children's story and from her reading activities and writing in Braille system. The workshops took place within in kindergarten room of the institution. Study participants were four blind children, six and seven years in an institution that assists visually impaired people in the city of Uberaba / MG, and their mothers and the teacher responsible for the room in which they study. During the workshops, the children showed interest in participating in the activities of reading and writing in Braille. We believe that the data built during the research are not sufficient to establish a generalization, due to the small number of participants. However, at the end of the workshops and the assessment of participants' responses can infer the relevance of the proposal, because in addition to the interest shown and the request of the children there were more activities like that, it was noticed greater fluency in reading and greater ease in writing.

Prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares entre escolares em Londrina - PR: diferenças entre classes econômicas

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a prevalência de fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes escolares de diferentes classes econômicas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 1.021 adolescentes. Os indivíduos foram pesados e tiveram sua altura e circunferência abdominal medidos, além da sua pressão arterial aferida. A prática de atividade física e condição socioeconômica foram relatadas. Os resultados foram avaliados pela utilização da frequência das variáveis e pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Observou-se menor prevalência de sedentarismo (p < 0,001) e maiores prevalências de obesidade abdominal (p = 0,038) e de sobrepeso (p = 0,010) entre adolescentes da classe econômica alta. Não houve diferença de prevalência de pressão arterial elevada entre adolescentes da classe econômica baixa e alta. Quando os fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram agregados, a prevalência também foi maior na classe econômica alta para um ou dois fatores de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Com exceção do sedentarismo e da pressão arterial elevada, a prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares foi maior na classe econômica alta.