Eficiencia de los sistema de salud en los países de América Latina y del Caribe desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer para los años 1990 y 2012 frente al gasto total en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto para el año 1995 y 2012 “una oportunidad de brenchmarking para el sistema de protección social colombiano”

Para los países emergentes en América Latina y El Caribe se hace necesario determinar la eficiencia de su sistema de salud para generar beneficios a su población desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y los recursos que se hacen uso desde Colombia en comparación con sus homólogos. Se evidencia que a pesar de Colombia poseer una economía fuerte durante el análisis de los dos momentos se mantiene en la tendencia general de los demás países y con los mismos resultados del indicador. A su vez se concluye que el momento en que se tomaron las decisiones de cambio del sistema de salud es un factor diferenciador en los resultados obtenidos como fue el caso de Costa Rica identificado con el de mejor desempeño en la relación Indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y Porcentaje de gasto en salud como parte del Producto interno bruto.

Uso estratégico de la deuda: un estudio a nivel de empresa para colombia 1995-2003

El presente trabajo intenta estimar si las empresas emplean estratégicamente la deuda para limitar la entrada de potenciales rivales. Mediante la metodología de Método Generalizado de Momentos (GMM) se evalúa el efecto que tienen los activos específicos, la cuota de mercado y el tamaño, como proxies de las rentas del mercado, y las barreras de entrada sobre los niveles de endeudamiento, a nivel de empresa para Colombia, durante 1995-2003. Se encuentra que las empresas utilizan los activos específicos para limitar la entrada al mercado y que el endeudamiento decrece a medida que las empresas aumentan su cuota en el mercado

Alcances de la legislación colombiana frente a las dinámicas políticas y culturales de reconocimiento de las comunidades musulmanas en Bogotá (1991-2013)

El principal objetivo de esta monografía es determinar cómo la legislación ha incidido en la ampliación de los escenarios de participación en las dinámicas políticas y culturales de las comunidades musulmanas en Bogotá, derivadas de la interacción entre las comunidades minoritarias –para este caso, la comunidad musulmana en Bogotá- y la cultura dominante. Desde la Constitución de 1991, se sentaron las bases para la protección de las minorías religiosas y culturales, es por ello, que se aborda desde la perspectiva de los líderes religiosos los problemas referentes a la integración y el reconocimiento de la comunidad, y los desafíos que representa la normatividad. Para el desarrollo de este propósito, se utilizara la teoría de la esfera pública de Iris Marion Young, y la de identidad de Charles Taylor.

Estudio sobre la evolución de la escolaridad en Salvatierra de los Barros : Badajoz 1976-1991.

La publicación recoge resumen en Inglés

El sistema educativo español 1995.

El informe sobre el sistema educativo español es el tercero que el Centro de Investigación y Documentación Educativa (CIDE) ofrece a todas las personas interesadas por la actuación, tras los aparecidos en 1988 y 1991. El informe se ha organizado en tres partes. En la primera, se aborda la estructura general del sistema educativo, el marco legislativo, la participación, la organización de las administraciones educativas y la de los centros docentes, la investigación, la innovación, la inspección y la evaluación, la acción educativa en el exterior y la cooperación internacional. En la segunda se describen las diversas etapas, enseñanzas y niveles del sistema educativo. Y en la tercera trata datos de carácter cuantitativo.

Liberalización y crisis financiera en México: 1994-1995

La presente investigación aborda el proceso de Liberalización Financiera y Crisis Financiera acaecida en México en 1994 – 1995. El Primer capítulo sitúa los antecedentes históricos de la economía mexicana desde la segunda posguerra, indicándonos la estructura económica y sus desenvolvimientos durante las décadas del 50 hasta el 70; sus diferentes programas económicos como reformas que se pretendieron implementar, y los logros alcanzados. El segundo capítulo aborda la transición económica a finales de la década del 70 que conllevaron a los planteamientos de una Reforma Financiera, su implementación y consecuentemente las propuestas, la emergencia económica de la década del 80 y la inevitable implementación de un programa de Liberalización Financiera hasta 1991. El tercer capítulo explica los efectos del programa de Liberalización Financiera sobre el sistema financiero mexicano como sobre toda la economía a partir del NAFTA; la implementación de instrumentos financieros para la captación de dinero, y las formas que los denominados capitales de corto plazo se introdujeron rápidamente en la economía bajo las diferentes formas de instrumentos financieros. El cuarto capitulo presenta el proceso del desencadenamiento de la crisis en la economía mexicana, la insolvencia técnica de los miembros gubernamentales para comprender lo que sucedía, cómo se había generado la crisis y qué soluciones se debían implementar. Además como los organismos internacionales reaccionaron frente a la crisis manifiesta y los procedimientos para el rescate internacional y las condiciones políticas y económicas del mismo. Finalmente, presentamos las conclusiones y una panorámica de la crisis 10 años después y ciertas tendencias macroeconómicas de la economía mexicana dependiente.

Determinação da taxa de custo de capital para avaliação de empresas estatais privatizadas entre 1991 a 1992, com o uso de dados do mercado de ações

trata da determinação das taxas de desconto ajustadas ao risco para avaliação, pelo método do fluxo de caixa descontado, do valor econômico de estatais brasileiras privatizadas no período 1991-1992. Utiliza conceitos financeiros como valor presente líquido, eficiência de mercado, capital asset pricing model e risco sistemático, que são aplicados a dados do mercado de capitais e demonstrativos financeiros das empresas. Com as metodologias de regressão linear simples múltipla, desenvolve uma equação que relaciona índices fundamentais com os coeficientes de risco sistemático (betas) das empresas de uma amostra, que por sua vez serve para estimar os coeficientes de risco das estatais.

Política cambial com dívida indexada em moeda estrangeira no Brasil, 1995-2004

Esta tese discute a dívida cambial doméstica do setor público brasileiro entre 1995 e 2004. Argumenta-se que a origem dessa dívida não está relacionada à busca de uma composição ótima da dívida pública, mas sim a objetivos de política cambial. O caso dos tesobonos mexicanos é analisado como precedente para o caso brasileiro, ressaltando-se três peculiaridades: o prazo médio dos títulos cambiais; a concentração da dívida pública mexicana no mercado internacional; e a importância dos não-residentes entre os detentores. O caso brasileiro foi apresentado a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, desde a introdução das ORTN com cláusula de correção cambial, no fim dos anos sessenta. Foi realizada uma tentativa de reconstrução da trajetória da dívida mobiliária cambial até o período recente. Levando-se em consideração que os objetivos desse instrumento estão concentrados na política cambial, foi feita uma breve resenha da literatura sobre os determinantes da taxa de câmbio, começando por Meese e Rogoff (1983), que introduziram a idéia de que um passeio aleatório é melhor previsor do câmbio que os modelos baseados em fundamentos macroeconômicos. É feita também uma breve revisão da literatura sobre intervenção no câmbio, que é farta em trabalhos para países desenvolvidos e escassa no que se refere aos países emergentes. A colocação de títulos indexados ao câmbio é tratada como intervenção, avaliando-se seus efeitos sobre a taxa de câmbio e sua volatilidade. No exercício econométrico, foi construída uma base de dados diários de endividamento cambial doméstico, através da agregação dos leilões primários de títulos e de swaps emitidos entre 1991 e 2004. O impacto da dívida cambial sobre o câmbio foi estimado, para os períodos de câmbio administrado (1995-1999) e de câmbio flutuante (1999-2004), através de um Modelo Vetorial de Correção de Erro (VECM). As elasticidades estimadas apresentaram uma possível ocorrência de simultaneidade, que foi detectada através de um teste de causalidade de Granger. Esse teste revelou uma causação bi-direcional de tipo feedback. As estimações estão sujeitas a heterocedasticidade, que foi corrigida através da estimação de um GARCH. Este revelou que a elasticidade do câmbio em relação à intervenção com dívida cambial é de -0,17 no câmbio administrado e de -2,15 no câmbio flutuante.

Socio-Epidemiological Aspects of Suicide in Sarajevo from 1992-1995

The project investigated the phenomenon of suicide in war-encircled Sarajevo, where the population was uninterruptedly exposed for four years to direct danger of life from constant shelling and sniper fire, as well as from the lack of essential food items, energy sources and water. It showed that in the pre-war peacetime year of 1991 the suicide rate was 8.36, which was almost 100% less than that in the first post-war peacetime year of 1996, when 16.13 suicides were recorded per 100,000 citizens. The first wartime year, 1992, was characterised by a fall in the number of suicides by almost 40% of the 1991 figure. It is indicative that not a single suicide was registered during the six months from May to October of that first wartime year. In 1993 there was 96.29% increase on 1992, with a total of 53 suicides, showing that the initial shock of danger to one's life from others had passed and that statistics on suicide had returned to "normal". In the following year, 1994, 47 suicides were recorded, and in 1995 the figure was 49. Data from the first post-war peacetime year clearly shows that the human tragedy of taking one's own life has continued, with the number of suicides increasing steadily, especially among demobilised soldiers ranging in age from 30 to 40. Most of them ended their lives by activating a bomb or other explosive device, choosing the place carefully so as to avoid any possible risk to other lives during the act of taking their own.

Process and outcome evaluation of the hepatitis B perinatal vaccination program in Houston, Texas, 1991--1993

A retrospective cohort study was designed to evaluate the compliance of vaccination dose schedules and vaccination effectiveness at 12 months of age among a total of 226 high-risk infants born to HBsAg-positive pregnant women who participated in the HBV Perinatal Vaccination Program in Houston, Texas, 1991-1993.^ The seroprevalence of HBsAg-positivity was 0.5% among pregnant women who attended prenatal clinics in Houston, Texas, 1991-1993. The Asian women had the highest seroprevalence rate (5.9%), followed by black (1.9%), white (0.7%), and Hispanic women (0.3%). The seroprevalence of HBsAg increased with age (p =.02); the highest seroprevalence rate found among the $>$40 group (5.4%), followed by the 20-40 age group, and the $<$20 age. A steady increase was observed in the number of infants, from 45 in 1991, to 103 in 1993. The majority of these infants were black (58.0%), followed by Hispanic (28.8%), Asian (8.4%), and white infants (4.0%). Significant increases were observed from 1991 to 1993 in the number of infants who initiated vaccination (86.7% to 98.1%, p =.02) and in those infants who were post-tested at 12 months of age (24.4% to 44.7%, p =.04). During the same period an increase was also observed in the number of infants who completed the vaccination dose schedules (62.2% to 72.8%, p =.37). The compliance rates were not statistically significant regarding gender, race or ethnicity, health service area, medical referral source, and residential geographic areas. About 56.0% of the reasons cited for non-compliance among the 144 infants who neither completed the vaccination dose schedules nor received the 12-month post-test were "moved," and "no response/not at home." A total of 82 infants completed the vaccination dose schedules and were post-tested at 12 months of age for anti-HBs-positivity, and 96.3% of these infants seroconverted. A race-specific statistically significant seroconversion difference was found among infants who received all vaccination doses and were post-tested at 12 months of age (100% for the black and the white, 96.3% for the Hispanic, and 80.0% for the Asians infants, p =.05).^ From a public health perspective, the HBV Perinatal Vaccination Program improved during its first three years (1991-1993). It was effective in preventing perinatal HBV infection in almost 97.0% of infants who were vaccinated and post-tested. To increase the efficiency and efficacy of the program, the following recommendations are proposed: (1) Increase the vaccination compliance rate by educating and improving the tracking, communication and coordination channels with those individuals involved in the process and by increasing staff resources. (2) Reduce the post-test vaccination non-compliance by post-testing infants simultaneously with third vaccination dose at 6 months of age, and only post-test those infants who are anti-HBs-negative at 9-12 months of age. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

The use of invasive myocardial revascularization procedures following myocardial infarction and the effectiveness of these procedures in the biethnic community of Nueces County, Texas, 1988--1991

High levels of poverty and unemployment, and low levels of health insurance coverage may pose barriers to obtaining cardiac care by Mexican Americans. We undertook this study to investigate differences in the use of invasive myocardial revascularization procedures received within the 4-month period following hospitalization for a myocardial infarction (MI) between Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the Corpus Christi Heart Project (CCHP). The CCHP is a population-based surveillance program for hospitalized MI, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and aortocoronary bypass surgery (ACBS). Medical record data were available for 1706 patients identified over a three-year period. Mexican Americans had significantly lower rates of receiving a PTCA following MI than non-Hispanic Whites (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.44-0.70). No meaningful ethnic difference was seen in the rates of ACBS use. History of PTCA use appeared to interact with ethnicity. Among patients without a history of PTCA use, Mexican Americans were less likely to receive a PTCA than non-Hispanic whites (RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.46-0.76). Among patients with a history of PTCA use, however, Mexican Americans were more likely to receive a PTCA than non-Hispanic whites (RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.75-2.87).^ Differences in the effectiveness of a first-time PTCA and first-time ACBS between Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the CCHP were also investigated. Mexican Americans were more likely to receive a 2nd PTCA (RR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-2.17) and suffer a subsequent MI (RR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.03-1.96) following a first-time PTCA than non-Hispanic whites. No meaningful ethnic differences were found in the rates of death and rates of ACBS following a first-time PTCA. Also, no significant ethnic differences were found in the rates of any of the events following a first-time ACBS. After adjusting for potential demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and angiographic confounders using Cox regression analysis, Mexican Americans were still more likely to receive a 2nd PTCA (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.99-1.93) following a first-time PTCA than non-Hispanic whites. A significant difference in the rates of a subsequent MI following a first-time PTCA persisted (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01-1.93). (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

El Congreso Nacional en la política exterior argentina : 1991-93

Fil: Noto, Gerardo Orlando.

Deep drilling of glaciers: Russian projects in the Arctic (1975-1995)

The data collection "Deep Drilling of Glaciers: Soviet-Russian projects in Arctic, 1975-1995" was collected by the following basic considerations: - compilation of deep (>100 m) drilling projects on Arctic glaciers, using data of (a) publications; (b) archives of IGRAN; (c) personal communication of project participants; - documentation of parameters, references. Accuracy of data and techniques applied to determine different parameters are not evaluated. The accuracy of some geochemical parameters (up to 1984 and heavy metalls) is uncertain. Most reconstructions of ice core age and of annual layer thickness are discussed; - digitizing of published diagrams (in case, when original numerical data were lost) and subsequent data conversion to equal range series and adjustment to the common units. Therefore, the equal-range series were calculated from original data or converted from digitized chart values as indicated in the metadata. For the methodological purpose, the equal-range series obtained from original and reconstructed data were compared repeatedly; the systematic difference was less then 5-7%. Special attention should be given to the fact, that the data for individual ice core parameters varies, because some parameters were originally measured or registered. Parameters were converted in equal-range series using 2 m steps; - two or more parameter values were determined, then the mean-weighted (i.e. accounting the sample length) value is assigned to the entire interval; - one parameter value was determined, measured or registered independently from the parameter values in depth intervals which over- and underlie it, then the value is assigned to the entire interval; - one parameter value was determined, measured or registered for two adjoining depth intervals, then the specific value is assigned to the depth interval, which represents >75% of sample length ; if each of adjoining depth intervals represents <75% of sample length, then the correspondent parameter value is assigned to both intervals of depth. This collection of ice core data (version 2000) was made available through the EU funded QUEEN project by S.M. Arkhipov, Moscow.