286 resultados para Electrohydraulic manipulator
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The authors demonstrate that a widely proposed method of robot dynamic control can be inherently unstable, due to an algebraic feedback loop condition causing an ill-posed feedback system. By focussing on the concept of ill-posedness a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for instability in robot manipulator systems which incorporate online acceleration cross-coupling control. Also demonstrated is a quasilinear multivariable control framework useful for assessing the robustness of this type of control when the instability condition is not obeyed.
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Humans are able to stabilize their movements in environments with unstable dynamics by selectively modifying arm impedance independently of force and torque. We further investigated adaptation to unstable dynamics to determine whether the CNS maintains a constant overall level of stability as the instability of the environmental dynamics is varied. Subjects performed reaching movements in unstable force fields of varying strength, generated by a robotic manipulator. Although the force fields disrupted the initial movements, subjects were able to adapt to the novel dynamics and learned to produce straight trajectories. After adaptation, the endpoint stiffness of the arm was measured at the midpoint of the movement. The stiffness had been selectively modified in the direction of the instability. The stiffness in the stable direction was relatively unchanged from that measured during movements in a null force field prior to exposure to the unstable force field. This impedance modification was achieved without changes in force and torque. The overall stiffness of the arm and environment in the direction of instability was adapted to the force field strength such that it remained equivalent to that of the null force field. This suggests that the CNS attempts both to maintain a minimum level of stability and minimize energy expenditure.
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To reduce the surgical trauma to the patient, minimally invasive surgery is gaining considerable importance since the eighties. More recently, robot assisted minimally invasive surgery was introduced to enhance the surgeon's performance in these procedures. This resulted in an intensive research on the design, fabrication and control of surgical robots over the last decades. A new development in the field of surgical tool manipulators is presented in this article: a flexible manipulator with distributed degrees of freedom powered by microhydraulic actuators. The tool consists of successive flexible segments, each with two bending degrees of freedom. To actuate these compliant segments, dedicated fluidic actuators are incorporated, together with compact hydraulic valves which control the actuator motion. Especially the development of microvalves for this application was challenging, and are the main focus of this paper. The valves distribute the hydraulic power from one common high pressure supply to a series of artificial muscle actuators. Tests show that the angular stroke of the each segment of this medical instrument is 90°. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
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The capability of extending body structures is one of the most significant challenges in the robotics research and it has been partially explored in self-reconfigurable robotics. By using such a capability, a robot is able to adaptively change its structure from, for example, a wheel like body shape to a legged one to deal with complexity in the environment. Despite their expectations, the existing mechanisms for extending body structures are still highly complex and the flexibility in self-reconfiguration is still very limited. In order to account for the problems, this paper investigates a novel approach to robotic body extension by employing an unconventional material called Hot Melt Adhesives (HMAs). Because of its thermo-plastic and thermo-adhesive characteristics, this material can be used for additive fabrication based on a simple robotic manipulator while the established structures can be integrated into the robot's own body to accomplish a task which could not have been achieved otherwise. This paper first investigates the HMA material properties and its handling techniques, then evaluates performances of the proposed robotic body extension approach through a case study of a "water scooping" task. © 2012 IEEE.
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This article introduced an effective design method of robot called remote-brain, which is made the brain and body separated. It leaves the brain in the mother environment, by which we mean the environment in which the brain's software is developed, and talks with its body by wireless links. It also presents a real robot TUT06-B based on this method which has human-machine interaction, vision systems, manipulator etc. Then it discussed the path planning method for the robot based on ant colony algorithm in details, especially the Ant-cycle model. And it also analyzed the parameter of the algorithm which can affect the convergence. Finally, it gives the program flow chat of this algorithm.
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集束型制造设备已经成为半导体生产半导体行业中的主流制造设备。在集束型制造设备中,一台真空机械手负责在不同的制造工序即各制造腔体间搬运晶圆,作用不可或缺。目前真空机械手由200mm晶圆规格向300mm晶圆规格发展,国外进行技术封锁,我国真空机械手相关研究严重滞后。本文以科技部“超大规模集成电路制造装备重大专项”为依托进行了真空机械手控制方法的研究。 本文分析了真空机械手需要解决的关键问题,在研究各种先进控制方法的基础上,对于真空机械手建模、控制器结构、运动学控制方法、动力学控制方法和轨迹规划方法进行了系统研究,主要贡献有: 1).为实现机械手的实时控制,求解了真空机械手的运动学正反解,解决了反解中的多解取舍问题。采用拉格朗日方法建立了真空机械手并联手臂中串联支链的动力学方程。由于并联手臂中驱动和非驱动关节的混合使用,采用拉格朗日-达朗贝尔方法建立了并联真空机械手的动力学模型,为实现真空机械手的高精度快速控制作了充分的准备。 2).针对真空机械手控制器的特殊性,研究开放式控制器结构的设计方案。采用PMAC运动控制板构建真空机械手控制器,为开放式模块化真空机械手控制器的实现奠定了基础。针对真空机械手工作的特性,提出集束型设备中传输模组控制器结构,并按照其具体工作顺序,对真空机械手动作指令进行了设计。以上工作为控制算法的实现提供了良好的平台。 3).对于直接驱动的电机伺服控制问题,提出了IP位置控制来保证电机的良好伺服性能;针对PMSM的建模误差和非线性扰动以及负载扰动提出采用H∞负载扰动观测器对扰动及电机模型变化进行补偿;针对单个电机独立控制时无法对机械强耦合进行有效控制的问题,提出了基于并联方式的双电机3环(位置、速度和加速度) H∞同步控制方法,能够较好地解决机械手并联手臂在运行中发生扭转的问题。通过仿真实验验证了所提出的方法。 4).电机伺服控制中考虑了双电机的同步问题,但是手臂机械耦合的哥氏力及离心力等因素仅仅是作为电机轴上的扰动来处理。为了进一步提高控制精度和稳定性,提出了针对机械手动力学模型的控制方法。首先采用PD计算力矩控制;为了消除计算力矩控制无法解决的有扰动和模型不准确时的静差问题,提出了模糊补偿的计算力矩控制方法。但该方法仅仅是缓解了而不能完全解决这一问题,因此,在控制器内引入积分项以消除静差。同时,为了提高系统动态响应性能,使用模糊逻辑来调节控制器的各个参数。仿真实验表明了所提出方法的有效性。 5).在分析各种轨迹规划方法的基础上,结合真空机械手运行中的实际要求提出了真空机械手时间最优轨迹规划方法。使机械手末端能够运行于允许的最大加减速度,并且保证运动的平稳性。推导了动力学方程在笛卡尔空间的表示形式,建立起了关节电机力矩与末端运行的位置、速度和加速度的关系,分析了轨迹规划中加速度规划的变化对关节电机的影响,为选择电机和减小关节机械部件冲击提供了理论依据。给出了所提出规划方法的仿真实验结果,并与关节空间进行的梯形轨迹规划做了对比,证明了本文提出的方法能够有效缩短运行时间,以及满足末端加速度约束。最后,对于本文提出的轨迹规划方法在真空机械手样机上做了实验,并与笛卡尔空间的梯形规划方法的实验结果做了对比,证明所提出的方法能够满足真空机械手运行时兼顾效率与稳定性的要求。
Resumo:
空间机器人和大型柔性空间结构在航天器调姿、变轨、外部扰动的情况下将引起振动问题,其低频大幅值振动将持续很长时间,这将影响航天器系统的稳定性和控制精度。为了快速抑制低频大幅值振动及残余振动,提出采用复合可控反作用力幅值的喷气式驱动和压电陶瓷驱动方案进行振动控制。进行基于复合控制的柔性臂系统动力学建模并给出控制算法。设计并建立柔性机械臂试验平台,构建气动驱动控制回路及压电驱动控制回路。进行基于压电陶瓷驱动器、喷气式驱动器及复合喷气和压电驱动器的柔性臂大幅值低频模态振动控制的几种方法试验比较研究。试验结果表明,采用的控制方案和方法既可以快速地抑制柔性机械臂统的低频大幅值振动,又明显地同时抑制高频和低频小幅值残余振动。
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以一种3自由度并联驱动机器人为研究对象,研究这种机器人的变刚度特性。从操作臂的静力学出发,对并联柔索驱动机器人的刚度进行了分析得到刚度公式。从得到的公式可以看出,操作臂的刚度不仅与各分支的刚度有关,与操作臂位姿有关,还与张紧柔索的张紧力有关。在机器人各分支上串联刚度较低的弹簧后做刚度实验,试验结果验证了对刚度理论分析所得的结论。
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基于动量守恒关系,分析了空间机械臂抓取目标过程中的碰撞问题.针对单臂式系统提出了直臂抓取与广义直臂抓取构型,并将后者推广到双臂式空间机械臂系统.利用广义直臂抓取方法得到的空间机械臂构型,可有效减少碰撞作用对于空间机械臂系统角冲量、基座姿态的影响,保证了系统的稳定性,克服了控制算法中存在的构件转角和执行机构力矩限制问题.仿真证明了方法的有效性。
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介绍了一种利用人机合作技术在非结构环境引导机械手抓取静态目标的方法.分别介绍了将激光—CCD摄像机系统与操作者的经验相结合获得抓取目标位置的方法,及将虚拟现实技术与操作者的经验相结合获得抓取目标姿态的方法.继而利用基于模型的视觉引导技术,引导手臂完成抓取操作.
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针对机器人操作臂跟踪运动目标的问题,从仿生学的角度提出一种新的轨迹规划方法。将关节加速度的增量进行编码,同时将疼痛感作为优化指标,利用遗传算法在操作臂的关节空间进行轨迹优化,得到操作臂在跟踪运动目标过程中的具有较小疼痛感的轨迹。仿真试验结果表明,所提出的方法是可行的,可以规划出正确的跟踪轨迹,同时有效的减小了操作臂运动过程中的疼痛感。
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基于旋转体的摄像机定位是单目合作目标定位领域中的涉及较少并且较为困难的一个问题,传统的基于点基元、直线基元及曲线基元的定位方法在用于旋转体定位过程中都存在相应的问题.文中设计了一种由4个相切椭圆构成的几何模型,该模型环绕于圆柱体表面,利用二次曲线的投影仍然是二次曲线的特性和椭圆的相应性质能够得到唯一确定模型位置的3个坐标点,从而将旋转体定位问题转化为P3P问题.在对P3P的解模式区域进行分析后,推导了根据模型上可视曲线的弯曲情况来确定P3P问题解模式的判别方法,并给出证明过程.仿真实验表明了这种模型定位方法的有效性.最后利用这个模型引导机械手完成目标定位的实验.
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中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所自行研制的灵豹复合移动机器人,采用轮-腿-履带复合移动机构,构建了嵌入式控制系统,设计了模糊控制器控制机器人行走,实现了机械臂的自主联动控制。机器人运动控制更加简便,系统具备良好的适应性和运动稳定性。
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可重构模块星球机器人系统由母体和多个子机器人模块组成,单个模块可以独立运动和操作,多个模块可以重构组合成不同构形,模块采用非对称式轮手一体机构,具有姿态方位性和运动方向性,重构目的是组成在某种环境下更好地完成有向性运动的构形。基于此,提出矢量构形概念,将运动趋势方向和方位性融合到构形拓扑结构中。在模块矢量分析模型基础上,提出并构建状态构形矢量(State configuration vector,SCV)和状态构形矩阵(State configuration matrix,SCM),对非对称式单模块和整体构形的状态信息进行描述,同时支持预定义的数学变换操作,可以表达并触发模块的基础动作、构形重构。提出离散模块组合重构成目标构形的优化分析算法,通过实例仿真计算获得优化分析的选择结果。
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首先提出了一种新的基于卡尔曼滤波及牛顿预测的角加速度估计方法,在已知电机驱动系统位置信息的情况下,利用卡尔曼滤波实时估计系统的角加速度;同时采用牛顿预测方法解决估计算法的滞后问题,进一步提高了估计加速度的响应频带.以此为基础,本文进一步分析了利用估计加速度进行反馈控制以增强系统对外扰动的鲁棒性问题,提出了加速度反馈控制策略的设计准则并分析了稳定性.在一个直接驱动机器人关节上针对上述加速度估计及控制方法进行了实验研究:将估计加速度的实验结果与实测加速度(利用加速度计)的实验结果进行了比较分析,从而定量地揭示出估计加速度及其反馈控制在实际系统中的可行性及有效性.