Estilos de vida dos adolescentes e seus comportamentos desviantes e/ou delinquentes

A delinquência juvenil representa um problema social em crescimento e é influenciada por um conjunto de fatores de risco muitas vezes presentes no estilo de vida dos jovens. Desta forma, a pertinência deste estudo foca-se na compreensão dos estilos de vida dos jovens e os comportamentos desviantes ou delinquentes para melhor compreender e intervir no combate à delinquência. A amostra foi constituída por 80 participantes de ambos os sexos pertencentes à localidade de Ponte de Lima. Para tal recorreu-se à administração de um questionário, construído para o efeito, e o qual contempla itens para a caracterização sociodemográfica dos participantes, o seu funcionamento escolar/ocupacional e familiar, o estilo de vida e a ocupação de tempos livres e, por último, procura-se caracterizar a frequência da prática de certos comportamentos e desvios por parte dos adolescentes, nos últimos 12 meses. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que apesar da maior parte dos jovens se revelarem satisfeitos com o seu ambiente familiar, uma percentagem não negligenciável caraterizou esse ambiente como razoável, apelando à necessidade de haver mais tempo para a família e mais diálogo. Os relatos dos participantes apontam para a ausência de supervisão parental nas saídas à noite, falta de imposição de regras e tarefas diárias. A maior parte dos participantes classificou o ambiente escolar como razoável, admitindo a existência de alguns conflitos com colegas, professores e funcionários, falta de hábitos de estudo e atividades extracurriculares; a maior parte dos jovens admitiu realizar essencialmente atividades em grupos de pares, desde as saídas à noite como atividades de lazer; os comportamentos desviantes e delinquentes que mais se destacaram nos últimos 12 meses foram o envolvimento em agressões com colegas, professores e funcionários, o dano intencional de objetos de outra pessoa, e o download de filmes, músicas e documentos e o envolvimento em grupos de pares desviantes; os comportamentos delinquentes descritos foram a invasão em propriedades privadas, os furtos, e o tráfico de droga. O sexo masculino destacou-se na prática de crimes. Os dados deste estudo apontam, assim para a necessidade de se apostar mais na prevenção precoce de comportamentos de risco, de forma a diminuir comportamentos desviantes ou delinquentes futuros.

Tráfico de droga nos aeroportos

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Criminologia

Alternativas ao internamento juvenil através da colaboração de família madrinha

As intervenções alternativas são medidas que não devem ser rechaçadas por nenhum governante. O sistema de encarceramento penal existente no Brasil, assim como em muitas nações mundo afora, vem mostrando há décadas, ser um sistema falido, vez que é impossível (res)socializar alguém em cadeias que são verdadeiras masmorras. Não há condições de melhoramento, nem na esfera física ou psíquica deste sistema nefasto, que só funciona para pegar pobres, pretos, analfabetos e moradores das periferias. Dentro dos maiores problemas apontados por pesquisas atuais, a superlotação, a violência, o tráfico de drogas, o abuso sexual e a falta de uma ocupação que garanta a (res)socialização, forma verdadeiras faculdades do crime, onde o preso ou o adolescente chega como estagiário e sai como mestre na arte da criminalidade delinquente. Esta pesquisa em Criminologia e direito comparado, com foco no Brasil (Recife) e na Alemanha (Freiburg), faz uma contextualização histórica do tema, de forma geral e mais focada nos países comparados. Após esta contextualização, o trabalho retrata e analisa a situação dos jovens em conflito com a Lei, e explana as intervenções alternativas à internação, aconselhando a solução do acolhimento por famílias madrinhas.

EU-North Africa relations in cross-border law enforcement: new legal challenges for the EU in the post-Lisbon and post-Stockholm era

The Stockholm Programme, allied to the Lisbon Treaty, heralds a new era of development of the EU provisions on cross-border law enforcement. The focus is shifting from the ongoing internal EU developments to the external relations of the EU. Many North African countries have had long legal relationships with the EU through the Euro-Mediterranean Partnerships. A number of these partnership agreements make express references, at the political level, to the development of cross-border law enforcement provision, as is the case of Morocco and Algeria with regard to drug trafficking and manufacture, or the lengthy references by Egypt to many of the crimes of interest to the EU’s own law enforcement legal framework. Algeria is currently focusing on modernising their own police forces, with both Algeria and Tunisia, reforming their criminal judicial frameworks. Another key player, Libya, currently has no legal agreements with the EU, and at least until the recent conflict, maintained an observer status in the Euro-Mediterranean process. At a practitioner level, the European Police College (CEPOL) is currently involved in the Euromed Police II programme. Clearly momentum is developing, both within the EU and from a number of Euro-Med North African countries to develop closer law enforcement co-operation. This may well develop further with the recent changes in governments of a number of North African countries. The EU approach in the Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCCM) policy area is to develop a legal framework upon which EU cross-border law enforcement will be based. The current EU cross-border law enforcement framework is the product of many years of multi-level negotiations. Challenges will arise as new countries from different legal and policing traditions will attempt to engage with already highly detailed legal and practice frameworks. The shared European legal traditions will not necessarily be reflected in the North African countries. This chapter critically analyses, from an EU legal perspective the problems and issues that will be encountered as the EU’s North African partner countries attempt to articulate into the existing, and still developing EU cross-border law enforcement framework.

Colombia como referente en la lucha contra las drogas : perspectivas de la cooperación con África Occidental

Este estudio de caso se realiza con el objetivo de analizar cómo la cooperación entre Colombia y África occidental en la lucha contra el tráfico de drogas repercute en la imagen del Estado colombiano como referente en esfuerzos antinarcóticos desde la periferia. En consecuencia, se busca conocer la forma en la cual los acuerdos bilaterales interinstitucionales, la participación en foros y la creación de una agenda internacional de lucha contra las drogas para un escenario nacional transformado, configuran la imagen del Estado colombiano. Para tal objetivo, el trabajo se desarrollará a través de los conceptos de identidad de Alexander Wendt, periferia de Mohammed Ayoob y Cooperación Sur-Sur de la Organización de Naciones Unidas y la Agencia Presidencial de Cooperación Internacional de Colombia.

La inserción de Colombia en el Sistema Internacional condicionada por la evolución del narcotráfico. (1994-2002)

El problema del narcotráfico generó cambios estructurales en diversos ámbitos de la sociedad colombiana, alterando la escena política, las dinámicas económicas y marcando a la población del país por medio de sus actos terroristas. Además, esta problemática se convirtió en un tema principal en la agenda de la política exterior colombiana, exponiendo al país como una amenaza a la estabilidad regional. Por lo anterior, este trabajo tiene el objetivo de identificar, desde las teorías del Realismo Subalterno y la Interdependencia Compleja, cómo la evolución del narcotráfico modificó el proceso de inserción de Colombia en el sistema internacional durante los años 1994 -2002.

La transformación de la política antidrogas de Estados Unidos y su incidencia en la cooperación colombo-estadounidense en la lucha contra las drogas (2010-2014).

Con la llegada del demócrata Barack Obama a la presidencia de Estados Unidos, se inició un proceso de transformación de la política antidrogas estadounidense, lo cual, impactó en el ámbito doméstico y exterior, en ése último, especialmente en cuanto cooperación refiere. Considerando lo anterior, la investigación analiza cómo la transformación de la política antidrogas de Estados Unidos ha incidido en la cooperación colombo-estadounidense en materia de lucha contra las drogas. Para ello, se estudia la transformación del modelo estadounidense, se identifica la evolución de la cooperación contra el narcotráfico entre los dos Estados en el periodo 2009- 2014 y se examina la incidencia de la transformación de la política estadounidense antidrogas en la política antidrogas de Colombia.

El papel del tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras como amenaza a la seguridad en Guatemala entre 2000 y 2005

El propósito del trabajo es exponer de qué manera el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras constituye una amenaza a la seguridad en Guatemala durante el 2000 y 2005. La aproximación conceptual se centrará en las ideas de la Seguridad de Charles-Philippe David, puesto que servirá como herramienta para el análisis de la coyuntura guatemalteca. Así, se pretende dar cuenta del fortalecimiento de actores ilegales de crimen internacional organizado, narcotráfico, maras y pandillas, lo que da lugar al incremento de la violencia armada afectando diferentes esferas como la política, societal y económica.

Una arquitectura internacional difícil de imitar: el caso de Filipinas

ResumenLas guerras en el siglo XXI son la continuación de conflictos armados internos surgidos a mediados del siglo XX, y otras son el resultado de la segunda gran descolonización en algunos territoriosde Asia y África ocurridos por la misma época. En ambos casos se reflejan problemas estructurales de los estados, generalmente los llamados del tercer mundo. Después de la caída del muro de Berlín y la unificación alemana a finales de los 80, el inicio de la lucha contra el narcotráfico y la actual lucha contra el terror a finales de los 90 e inicios del 2000. Los países en situación de guerra interna reciben apoyo de actores de la comunidad internacional, comolos que les interesa negociar conflictos y como los que deben contribuir a la paz y la seguridad internacional. Filipinas, estado ubicado en el sudeste asiático, sostiene un conflicto armado interno de casi 60 años. Durante el 2010, ha sostenido un proceso de paz entre el gobierno nacional y la guerrillamusulmana MILF (Frente Moro de Liberación Nacional), en donde varios actores de la comunidad internacional como los Estados Unidos, los países vecinos y la Unión Europea han jugado un papel importante para el restablecimiento de la paz.Palabras clave: paz, conflictos armados internos, comunidad internacional, negociación, Filipinas. AbstractWars during the 21st century are extension of Internal Armed Conflicts which began in the middle of the 20th century. Others conflicts are the result of the second de-colonization of some Asian and African territories. In both cases, they reflect the state’s structural problems; commonly known as the “third world.” After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the German unification in the late 1980s, the beginning of war against drug trafficking and the war against terrorism in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the countries in a Internal Armed Conflict situation have received International Aid from states that are interested in resolution of wars and their own interest in global peace and security.The Philippines is a country in southeastern Asia. It has been involved in an Internal Armed Conflict for more than 50 years. In 2010, the National Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Fronthave developed a round tables/ peace panels, where some international community actors such as the United States, neighboring countries, and European Union, have played a very important role for establishment of peace.Keywords: peace, internal armed conflicts, international community, negotiation, Filipines.

Drug delivery, entry and intracellular trafficking of polymeric nanoparticles

Polymere Nanopartikel sind kleine Teilchen, die vielseitige Einsatzmöglichkeiten für den Transport von Wirkstoffen bieten. Da Nanomaterialien in diesen biomedizinischen Anwendungen oft mit biologischen Systemen in Berührung kommen, erfordert das eine genaue Untersuchung ihrer gegenseitigen Wechselwirkungen. In diesem speziellen Forschungsgebiet, welches sich auf die Interaktionen von Nanomaterialien mit biologischen Komponenten konzentriert, wurde bereits eine Vielzahl verschiedener Nanopartikel-Zell-Interaktionen (z. B. Nanotoxizität, Wirkstofftransport-mechanismen) analysiert. Bezüglich der Untersuchungen zu nanopartikulären Wirkstofftransport-mechanismen ist es im Allgemeinen akzeptiert, dass ein erfolgreicher zellulärer Transport hauptsächlich von der Aufnahme des Nanotransporters abhängt. Deshalb analysieren wir in dieser Arbeit (1) den Wirkstofftransportmechanismus für biologisch-abbaubare eisenhaltige Poly-L-Milchsäure Nanopartikel (PLLA-Fe-PMI) sowie (2) die Aufnahmemechanismen und die intrazellulären Transportwege von nicht-abbaubaren superparamagnetischen Polystyrolnanopartikeln (SPIOPSN). rnIn dieser Arbeit identifizieren wir einen bisher unbekannten und nicht-invasiven Wirkstoff-transportmechanismus. Dabei zeigt diese Studie, dass der subzelluläre Transport der nanopartikulärer Fracht nicht unbedingt von einer Aufnahme der Nanotransporter abhängt. Der identifizierte Arzneimitteltransportmechanismus basiert auf einem einfachen physikochemischen Kontakt des hydrophoben Poly-L-Milchsäure-Nanopartikels mit einer hydrophoben Oberfläche, wodurch die Freisetzung der nanopartikulären Fracht ausgelöst wird. In Zellexperimenten führt die membranvermittelte Freisetzung der nanopartikulären Fracht zu ihrem sofortigen Transport in TIP47+- und ADRP+- Lipidtröpfchen. Der Freisetzungsmechanismus („kiss-and-run") kann durch die kovalente Einbindung des Frachtmoleküls in das Polymer des Nanopartikels blockiert werden.rnWeiterhin wird in Langzeitversuchen gezeigt, dass die Aufnahme der untersuchten polymeren Nanopartikel von einem Makropinozytose-ähnlichen Mechanismus gesteuert wird. Im Laufe dieser Arbeit werden mehrere Faktoren identifiziert, die in diesem Aufnahmemechanismus eine Rolle spielen. Darunter fallen unter anderem die kleinen GTPasen Rac1 und ARF1, die die Aufnahme von SPIOPSN beeinflussen. Darauffolgend werden die intrazellulären Transportwege der Nanopartikel untersucht. Mit Hilfe eines neuartigen Massenspektrometrieansatzes wird der intrazelluläre Transport von nanopartikelhaltigen endozytotischen Vesikeln rekonstruiert. Intensive Untersuchungen identifizieren Marker von frühen Endosomen, späten Endosomen/ multivesikulären Körpern, Rab11+- Endosomen, Flotillin-Vesikeln, Lysosomen und COP-Vesikeln. Schließlich wird der Einfluss des lysosomalen Milieus auf die Proteinhülle der Nanopartikel untersucht. Hier wird gezeigt, dass die adsorbierte Proteinhülle auf den Nanopartikeln in die Zelle transportiert wird und anschließend im Lysosom abgebaut wird. rnInsgesamt verdeutlicht diese Arbeit, dass die klassische Strategie des nanopartikulären und invasiven Wirkstofftransportmechanismuses überdacht werden muss. Weiterhin lässt sich aus den Daten schlussfolgern, dass polymere Nanopartikel einem atypischen Makropinozytose-ähnlichen Aufnahmemechanismus unterliegen. Dies resultiert in einem intrazellulären Transport der Nanopartikel von Makropinosomen über multivesikuläre Körperchen zu Lysosomen.rn

A fission yeast homolog of Int-6, the mammalian oncoprotein and eIF3 subunit, induces drug resistance when overexpressed

Through a screen to identify genes that induce multi-drug resistance when overexpressed, we have identified a fission yeast homolog of Int-6, a component of the human translation initiation factor eIF3. Disruption of the murine Int-6 gene by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been implicated previously in tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism is not yet understood. Fission yeast Int6 was shown to interact with other presumptive components of eIF3 in vivo, and was present in size fractions consistent with its incorporation into a 43S translation preinitiation complex. Drug resistance induced by Int6 overexpression was dependent on the AP-1 transcription factor Pap1, and was associated with increased abundance of Pap1-responsive mRNAs, but not with Pap1 relocalization. Fission yeast cells lacking the int6 gene grew slowly. This growth retardation could be corrected by the expression of full length Int6 of fission yeast or human origin, or by a C-terminal fragment of the fission yeast protein that also conferred drug resistance, but not by truncated human Int-6 proteins corresponding to the predicted products of MMTV-disrupted murine alleles. Studies in fission yeast may therefore help to explain the ways in which Int-6 function can be perturbed during MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis.

Trafficking and ethanol-induced inhibition of AMPA receptors

AMPA receptors are an important class of ionotropic glutamate receptors which participate in fast excitatory synaptic transmission in most brain areas. They have a pivotal role in adjustment of cell membrane excitability as their cell membrane expression levels is altered in brain physiology such as in learning and memory formation. AMPA receptor function and trafficking is regulated by several proteins, such as transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs). NMDA-type glutamate receptors are important target molecules of ethanol. The role of AMPA receptors in the actions of ethanol has not been clarified as thoroughly. Furthermore, the regulation of AMPA receptor synthesis and their possible adaptation in neurons with altered inhibitory mechanisms are poorly understood. In this thesis work AMPA receptor pharmacology, trafficking and synaptic localization was studied using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Both native and recombinant AMPA receptors were studied. Hippocampal slices from transgenic Thy1alfa6 mice with altered inhibition were used to study adaptation of AMPA receptors. Ethanol was found to inhibit AMPA receptor function by increasing desensitization of the receptor, as the steady-state current was inhibited more than the peak current. Ethanol inhibition was reduced when cyclothiazide was used to block desensitization and when non-desensitizing mutant receptors were studied. Ethanol also increased the rate of desensitization, which was increased further by the coexpression of TARP-proteins. We found that the agonist binding capability is important for trafficking AMPA receptors from endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane. TARP rescues the surface expression of non-binding AMPA receptor mutants in HEK293 cells, but not in native neurons. Studies with Thy1alfa6 mice revealed that decreased inhibition decrease AMPA receptor mediated excitation keeping the neurotransmission in balance. Thy1alfa6 mice also had lower sensitivity to electroshock convulsions, presumably due to the decreased AMPA receptor function. The results suggest that during alcohol intoxication ethanol may inhibit AMPA receptors by increasing the rate and the extent of desensitization. TARPs appear to enhance ethanol inhibition. TARPs also participate in trafficking of AMPA receptors upon their synthesis in the cell. AMPA receptors mediate also long-term adaptation to altered neuronal excitability, which adds to their well-known role in synaptic plasticity.

ROLE OF ICAM-1-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS IN ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CARRIER-ASSISTED DRUG DELIVERY

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Its expression is upregulated at inflammatory sites, allowing for targeted delivery of therapeutics using ICAM-1-binding drug carriers. Engagement of multiple copies of ICAM-1 by these drug carriers induces cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-mediated endocytosis, which results in trafficking of carriers to lysosomes and across ECs. Knowledge about the regulation behind CAM-mediated endocytosis can help improve drug delivery, but questions remain about these regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, little is known about the natural function of this endocytic pathway. To address these gaps in knowledge, we focused on two natural binding partners of ICAM-1 that potentially elicit CAM-mediated endocytosis: leukocytes (which bind ICAM-1 via β₂ integrins) and fibrin polymers (a main component of blood clots which binds ICAM-1 via the γ3 sequence). First, inspired by properties of these natural binding partners, we varied the size and targeting moiety of model drug carriers to determine how these parameters affect CAM-mediated endocytosis. Increasing ICAM-1-targeted carrier size slowed carrier uptake kinetics, reduced carrier trafficking to lysosomes, and increased carrier transport across ECs. Changing targeting moieties from antibodies to peptides decreased particle binding and uptake, lowered trafficking to lysosomes, and increased transport across ECs. Second, using cell culture models of leukocyte/EC interactions, inhibiting regulatory elements of the CAM-mediated pathway disrupted leukocyte sampling, a process crucial to leukocyte crossing of endothelial layers (transmigration). This inhibition also decreased leukocyte transmigration across ECs, specifically through the transcellular route, which occurs through a single EC without disassembly of cell-cell junctions. Third, fibrin meshes, which mimic blood clot fragments/remnants, bound to ECs at ICAM-1-enriched sites and were internalized by the endothelium. Inhibiting the CAM-mediated pathway disrupted this uptake. Following endocytosis, fibrin meshes trafficked to lysosomes where they were degraded. In mouse models, CAM-mediated endocytosis of fibrin meshes appeared to remove fibrin remnants at the endothelial surface, preventing re-initiation of the coagulation cascade. Overall, these results support a link between CAM-mediated endocytosis and leukocyte transmigration as well as uptake of fibrin materials by ECs. Furthermore, these results will guide the future design of ICAM-1-targeted carrier-assisted therapies.