Estudos funcionais da rgs-CaM, uma calmodulina envolvida na supressão de silenciamento por RNA

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Employing perichromism for probing the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose films: an expedient, accurate method for the determination of the degree of substitution of the biopolymer derivative

The properties of films of carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC, of different degree of substitution, DS, have been examined by the use of perichromic indicators (probes). The film properties that have been determined are: empirical polarity, E-T(33); "acidity", alpha; "basicity", beta; and dipolarity/polarizability, pi*. This has been achieved by employing the following perichromic probes: 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, 4-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline, and 2,6-dichloro-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-pyridinium-1-yl)phenolate, WB. The correlations between both E-T(33)- or pi* and DS were found to be linear; that between beta and DS is a second order polynomial; no obvious correlation was found between alpha and DS. The polarities of CMC films are in the range of those of butyl alcohols. As models for CMC, we have employed cellulose plus CMC of high DS; oxidized cellulose with degree of oxidation = 0.5; sodium glucuronate. The former model behaved akin to CMC, but the plots of the perichromic properties versus DS showed different slopes/intercepts. FTIR data and molecular dynamics simulations on the solvation of WB have shown that this difference can be traced to more efficient hydrogen bonding between the film of the model and the probe. This affects the intra-molecular charge-transfer energy of the latter, leading to different responses to the variation of DS. Based on the excellent linear correlation between E-T(33) and DS, for CMC from different origins, we suggest that perichromism is a simple, accurate, and expedient alternative for the determination of DS of the biopolymer derivative.

Edible films from alginate-acerola puree reinforced with cellulose whiskers

Fruit purees, combined or not with polysaccharides, have been used in some studies to elaborate edible films. The present study was conducted to evaluate tensile properties and water vapor barrier of alginate-acerola puree films plasticized with corn syrup, and to study the influence of cellulose whiskers from different origins (cotton fiber or coconut husk fiber, the latter submitted to one- or multi-stage bleaching) on the film properties. The whiskers improved the overall tensile properties (except by elongation) and the water vapor barrier of the films. The films with coconut whiskers, even those submitted only to a one-stage bleaching, presented similar properties to those of films with cotton whiskers, despite the low compatibility between the matrix and the remaining lignin in coconut whiskers. This was probably ascribed to a counterbalancing effect of the higher aspect ratios of the coconut whiskers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Water masses and circulation in the surface layers of the Caribbean at 66ºW

[EN] A meridional hydrographic section was made in August–September 1997 at 66°W from the coast of Venezuela to Woods Hole aboard the R/V Knorr. In this report, we concentrate on near surface measurements in the Caribbean. The data show two distinct water masses with different origins. From approximately 14°N to Puerto Rico, Caribbean Surface Water and Subtropical Under Water with their source in the North Atlantic are found, as previously observed. From Venezuela to approximately 13°N, a less saline water mass with its source in the Tropics and South Atlantic is found. Within the southern portion of the section, two different velocity patterns are observed, namely, an eastward flow with a subsurface maximum near the coast of Venezuela, and a surface intensified westward jet with Velocities of 130 cm s−1 in midbasin.

Influence of climate changes on cross allergies: possible involvement of pollen transglutaminase

Allergies are a complex of symptoms derived from altered IgE-mediated reactions of the immune system towards substances known as allergens. Allergic sensibilization can be of food or respiratory origin and, in particular, apple and hazelnut allergens have been identified in pollens or fruits. Allergic cross-reactivity can occur in a patient reacting to similar allergens from different origins, justifying the research in both systems as in Europe a greater number of people suffers from apple fruit allergy, but little evidence exists about pollen. Apple fruit allergies are due to four different classes of allergens (Mal d 1, 2, 3, 4), whose allergenicity is related both to genotype and tissue specificity; therefore I have investigated their presence also in pollen at different time of germination to clarify the apple pollen allergenic potential. I have observed that the same four classes of allergens found in fruit are expressed at different levels also in pollen, and their presence might support that the apple pollen can be considered allergenic as the fruit, deducing that apple allergy could also be indirectly caused by sensitization to pollen. Climate changes resulting from increases in temperature and air pollution influence pollen allergenicity, responsible for the dramatic raise in respiratory allergies (hay fever, bronchial asthma, conjunctivitis). Although the link between climate change and pollen allergenicity is proven, the underlying mechanism is little understood. Transglutaminases (TGases), a class of enzymes able to post-translationally modify proteins, are activated under stress and involved in some inflammatory responses, enhancing the activity of pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2, suggesting a role in allergies. Recently, a calcium-dependent TGase activity has been identified in the pollen cell wall, raising the possibility that pollen TGase may have a role in the modification of pollen allergens reported above, thus stabilizing them against proteases. This enzyme can be involved also in the transamidation of proteins present in the human mucosa interacting with surface pollen or, finally, the enzyme itself can represent an allergen, as suggested by studies on celiac desease. I have hypothesized that this pollen enzyme can be affected by climate changes and be involved in exhacerbating allergy response. The data presented in this thesis represent a scientific basis for future development of studies devoted to verify the hypothesis set out here. First, I have demonstrated the presence of an extracellular TGase on the surface of the grain observed either at the apical or the proximal parts of the pollen-tube by laser confocal microscopy (Iorio et al., 2008), that plays an essential role in apple pollen-tube growth, as suggested by the arrest of tube elongation by TGase inhibitors, such as EGTA or R281. Its involvement in pollen tube growth is mainly confirmed by the data of activity and gene expression, because TGase showed a peak between 15 min and 30 min of germination, when this process is well established, and an optimal pH around 6.5, which is close to that recorded for the germination medium. Moreover, data show that pollen TGase can be a glycoprotein as the glycosylation profile is linked both with the activation of the enzyme and with its localization at the pollen cell wall during germination, because from the data presented seems that the active form of TGase involved in pollen tube growth and pollen-stylar interaction is more exposed and more weakly bound to the cell wall. Interestingly, TGase interacts with fibronectin (FN), a putative SAMs or psECM component, inducing possibly intracellular signal transduction during the interaction between pollen-stylar occuring in the germination process, since a protein immunorecognised by anti-FN antibody is also present in pollen, in particular at the level of pollen grain cell wall in a punctuate pattern, but also along the shank of the pollen tube wall, in a similar pattern that recalls the signal obtained with the antibody anti TGase. FN represents a good substrate for the enzyme activity, better than DMC usually used as standard substrate for animal TGase. Thus, this pollen enzyme, necessary for its germination, is exposed on the pollen surface and consequently can easily interact with mucosal proteins, as it has been found germinated pollen in studies conducted on human mucus (Forlani, personal communication). I have obtained data that TGase activity increases in a very remarkable way when pollen is exposed to stressful conditions, such as climate changes and environmental pollution. I have used two different species of pollen, an aero allergenic (hazelnut, Corylus avellana) pollen, whose allergenicity is well documented, and an enthomophylus (apple, Malus domestica) pollen, which is not yet well characterized, to compare data on their mechanism of action in response to stressors. The two pollens have been exposed to climate changes (different temperatures, relative humidity (rH), acid rain at pH 5.6 and copper pollution (3.10 µg/l)) and showed an increase in pollen surface TGase activity that is not accompanied to an induced expression of TGase immunoreactive protein with AtPNG1p. Probably, climate change induce an alteration or damage to pollen cell wall that carries the pollen grains to release their content in the medium including TGase enzyme, that can be free to carry out its function as confirmed by the immunolocalisation and by the in situ TGase activity assay data; morphological examination indicated pollen damage, viability significantly reduced and in acid rain conditions an early germination of apple pollen, thus possibly enhancing the TGase exposure on pollen surface. Several pollen proteins were post-translationally modified, as well as mammalian sPLA2 especially with Corylus pollen, which results in its activation, potentially altering pollen allergenicity and inflammation. Pollen TGase activity mimicked the behaviour of gpl TGase and AtPNG1p in the stimulation of sPLA2, even if the regulatory mechanism seems different to gpl TGase, because pollen TGase favours an intermolecular cross-linking between various molecules of sPLA2, giving rise to high-molecular protein networks normally more stable. In general, pollens exhibited a significant endogenous phospholipase activity and it has been observed differences according to the allergenic (Corylus) or not-well characterized allergenic (Malus) attitude of the pollen. However, even if with a different intensity level in activation, pollen enzyme share the ability to activate the sPLA2, thus suggesting an important regulatory role for the activation of a key enzyme of the inflammatory response, among which my interest was addressed to pollen allergy. In conclusion, from all the data presented, mainly presence of allergens, presence of an extracellular TGase, increasing in its activity following exposure to environmental pollution and PLA2 activation, I can conclude that also Malus pollen can behave as potentially allergenic. The mechanisms described here that could affect the allergenicity of pollen, maybe could be the same occurring in fruit, paving the way for future studies in the identification of hyper- and hypo- allergenic cultivars, in preventing environmental stressor effects and, possibly, in the production of transgenic plants.

Production of bioactive peptides through sequencial action of Yarrowia lipolytica proteases and chemical glycation

This PhD thesis is aimed at studying the suitability of proteases realised by Yarrowia lipolytica to hydrolyse proteins of different origins available as industrial food by-products. Several strains of Y. lipolytica have been screened for the production of extracellular proteases by zymography. On the basis of the results some strains released only a protease having a MW of 37 kDa, which corresponds to the already reported acidic protease, while other produced prevalently or only a protease with a MW higher than 200 kDa. The proteases have been screened for their "cold attitude" on gelatin, gluten and skim milk. This property can be relevant from a biotechnological point of view in order to save energy consumption during industrial processes. Most of the strains used were endowed with proteolytic activity at 6 °C on all the three proteins. The proteolytic breakdown profiles of the proteins, detected at 27 °C, were different related to the specific strains of Y. lipolytica. The time course of the hydrolysis, tested on gelatin, affected the final bioactivities of the peptide mixtures produced. In particular, an increase in both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was detected when the protease of the strain Y. lipolytica 1IIYL4A was used. The final part of this work was focused on the improvement of the peptides bioactivities through a novel process based on the production of glycopeptides. Firstly, the main reaction parameters were optimized in a model system, secondly a more complex system, based on gluten hydrolysates, was taken into consideration to produce glycopeptides. The presence of the sugar moiety reduced the hydrophobicity of the glycopeptides, thus affecting the final antimicrobial activity which was significantly improved. The use of this procedure could be highly effective to modify peptides and can be employed to create innovative functional peptides using a mild temperature process.

Räumliche und jahreszeitliche Verteilung von OH- und HO 2-Radikalen in der Troposphäre über Europa

Durch geologische Prozesse freigesetzte sowie biogen und anthropogen emittierte Gase werden hauptsächlich von der untersten Atmosphärenschicht, der Troposphäre, aufgenommen und abgebaut. Durch in die Troposphä¬re einfallende solare Strahlung wird ein Abbau des Großteils der emittierten Spurengase durch reaktive Radikale initiiert. Der wichtigste Vertreter dieser reaktiven Radikale in der Troposphäre ist das Hydroxylradikal (OH-Radikal), welches im schnellen Gleichgewicht mit Hydroperoxyradikalen (HO2-Radikal) vorliegt, sodass die Summe aus OH- und HO2-Radikalen oft als HOx zusammengefasst wird. HOx-Radikale bilden tagsüber den Hauptteil der Oxidationskapazität der Troposphäre und sind somit verantwortlich für den oxidativen Abbau vieler, auch chemisch und photolytisch stabiler, Spurengase. Daher wird die Oxidationskapazität als Selbstreinigungskraft der Troposphäre verstanden. rnIm Rahmen meiner Arbeit wurde die wissenschaftliche Fragestellung auf die Oxidationskapazität der Troposphäre über Europa fokussiert. Die Höhen- und Breitenverteilung der OH- und HO2-Mischungsverhältnisse und ihre jahreszeitliche Variation wurde während der flugzeuggestützten HOOVER-Kampagnen (HOOVER 1 & 2) charakterisiert, wobei ein Fokus auf der oberen Troposphäre lag. Es wird gezeigt, welchen Einfluss die einfallende Strahlung, die Variation von HOx-Vorläufersubstanzen (wie z. B. Ozon) und die Variation von Substanzen, die das HOx-Gleichgewicht beeinflussen (z. B. Stickstoffmonoxid), auf das HOx-Budget haben. rnEs wird beispielhaft für den Höhenbereich zwischen 8 und 9.5 km gezeigt, dass die Oxidationskapazität in der oberen Troposphäre des Sommers im Ver¬gleich zu der des Herbstes aufgrund von einer verstärkten HO2-Zyklierung im Mittel deutlich erhöht ist (500 %). rnDurch konvektiven Transport werden im Sommer im Gegensatz zum Herbst regelmäßig Luftmassen aus der planetaren Grenzschicht in die obere Troposphäre eingemischt. Daher wurden der konvektive Luftmassentransport und der Einfluss der eingemischten Spurengase auf die Oxidationskapazität der oberen Troposphäre anhand eines konvektiven Elements über Südostdeutschland untersucht. Wie in dieser Arbeit berichtet wird, wurden in den Luftmassen der Ausströmregion mit bis zu 3.5 pmol/mol (Maximum 10 s-Mittelwert) sehr hohe OH-Mischungsverhältnisse gefunden, die aus der HO2-Konversion mit NO gebildet wurden. Das modellierte HOx-Budget zeigt, dass die HOx-Chemie - unter den beobachteten Bedingungen in der Ausströmregion - durch HOx-Zyklierungsreaktionen beherrscht wird. rnDie gemessenen OH-Mischungsverhältnisse in der Ausströmregion liegen etwa um einen Faktor fünf höher, als die während dieses Fluges in der konvektiv unbeeinflussten oberen Troposphäre gemessenen OH-Mischungsverhältnisse. Am Beispiel der NO2- und CH4-Lebensdauer wird ein schnellerer Abbau von Spurengasen aufgrund der erhöhten Oxidationskapazität nachgewiesen. Aus der NO2-Lebensdauer wird abgeschätzt, wie lange die Oxidationskapazität aufgrund des konvektiven Transports von NOx in den Luftmassen des Ausströmgebietes erhöht ist.rnDie während den Kampagnen durchgeführten Messungen wurden genutzt, um Modellberechnungen des vertikalen HOx-Budgets (über Südschweden) und des meridionalen HOx-Budgets zwischen Nordeuropa und Korsika durchzuführen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass das Modell die OH- und HO2-Mischungsverhältnisse im Allgemeinen gut reproduziert (Modell/Messung: OH im Sommer 94 %, HO2 im Sommer 93 % im Herbst 95 %), wohingegen die vergleichsweise kleinen OH-Mischungsverhältnisse im Herbst aufgrund von einer überschätzten H2O2 abhängigen OH-Produktion stark überschätzt wurden (Modell/Messung: 147 %). rnZur Charakterisierung der Oxidationskapazität innerhalb der planetaren Grenzschicht wurden die DOMINO-Kampagnen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die Zusammensetzung unterschiedlicher Luftmassen untersucht, die aus verschiedenen Herkunftsorten zum Messort transportiert wurden und aufgrund ihres Ursprungs kaum prozessierte bis prozessierte anthropogen emittierte Spurengase enthielten. Zusätzlich enthielt ein Teil der Luftmassen biogen emittierte Spurengase. Komplementäre Messungen ermöglichen die Berechnung der totalen OH-Produktion und den Vergleich mit den bekannten OH-Quellen. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass offenbar wichtige OH-Produktionskanäle durch die gemessenen Spurengase oder die durchgeführten Berechnungen nicht abgebildet werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Stärke der unbekannten OH-Quellen, vor allem unter niedrigen NO-Bedingungen, groß ist und mit den Isopren-, RO2- und HO2-Mischungsverhältnissen korreliert.rn

Untersuchungen zum Engraftment primärer humaner akuter myeloischer Leukämieblasten in einem immundefizienten Mausmodel

Die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) stellt ein äußerst heterogenes hämatologisches Krankheitsbild dar, welches durch die unkontrollierte Proliferation unausdifferenzierter und gleichzeitig nicht-funktioneller hämatopoetischer Zellen gekennzeichnet ist. Sowohl die unterschiedliche Zellherkunft, als auch zytogenetische Aberrationen und molekulargenetische Mutationen sorgen für eine große Diversität der Erkrankung. In der Therapie kommen Chemotherapeutika zum Einsatz, welche die Leukämie in eine komplette Remission bringen sollen. Der einzige kurative Ansatz besteht aus der allogenen hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation. Abgesehen von den gewünschten kurativen Effekten, induzieren die im Transplantat befindlichen Spender-T-Lymphozyten ebenfalls die Transplantat-gegen-Wirt Erkrankung – eine Hauptursache von Mortalität und Morbidität nach erfolgter allogener hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation. Da bei vielen Patienten aufgrund ihres Alters und ihrer Begleiterkrankungen eine Transplantation nicht tolerieren und da viele akuten myeloischen Leukämien trotz Chemotherapie progredient sind, schlägt die Therapie fehl und es gibt keine Chance auf Heilung. rnZur Erforschung der pathologischen Prozesse der akuten myeloischen Leukämie sowie für die Entwicklung neuer Therapiekonzepte bedarf es stabiler Tiermodelle, die die maligne Erkrankung des Menschen darstellen können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung des Engraftments humaner primärer akuter myeloischer Leukämien in immuninkompetenten NSG-Mäusen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass lediglich 61,5% der getesteten Leukämien in den Versuchstieren nach der Xenotransplantation nachgewiesen werden konnten. Die Gründe hierfür sind noch nicht ausreichend geklärt, beinhalten jedoch vermutlich Elemente des Homings, des Überlebens der Zelle in der fremden murinen Knochenmarknische, der Abwesenheit spezifischer humaner Wachstumsfaktoren, sowie intrinsische Unterschiede unter den verschiedenen Leukämieproben. Leukämien, die mit einer schlechten Prognose beim Patienten verbunden sind, wachsen in den Tieren stärker an. In den Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Leukämien mit einer Längenmutation des FLT3-Rezeptors eher häufiger in den NSG-Mäusen anwachsen, als wenn diese Mutation fehlt. Die Analyse der erstellten Wachstumskinetiken zweier Leukämien ergab, dass die Höhe des Engraftments in den einzelnen Organen sowohl von der transplantierten Zellmenge, als auch von der Höhe der angesetzten Versuchszeit abhängt. Zudem wurde ein Wachstum humaner T-Lymphozyten in den xenotransplantierten Mäusen beobachtet, welches sowohl mit einem höheren Engraftment der Leukämie in der Maus verbunden war, als auch mit einer höheren Tiersterblichkeit vergesellschaftet war.rnZum Verhindern dieses Wachstums wurden zwei unterschiedliche Methoden angewendet und miteinander verglichen. Dabei erzielten sowohl die medikamentöse Behandlung der Tiere mit dem Calcineurininhibitor Cyclosporin A, als auch die CD3-Depletion der Leukämie vor der Transplantation ein T-Zell-freies Wachstum in den Mäusen, letzteres erwies sich jedoch als das schonendere Verfahren. In den T-Zell-freien Tieren konnte bei dem Großteil der Tiere kein Engraftment im Knochenmark festgestellt werden, was auf einen positiven Einfluss der humanen T-Lymphozyten beim Vorgang des Engraftments schließen lässt.rn

Membrane properties and synaptic integration of identified neuronal populations in the developing rodent neocortex

In my PhD work I concentrated on three elementary questions that are essential to understand the interactions between the different neuronal cell populations in the developing neocortex. The questions regarded the identity of Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells, the ubiquitous expression of glycine receptors in all major cell populations of the immature neocortex, and the role of taurine in the modulation of immature neocortical network activity.rnTo unravel whether CR cells of different ontogenetic origin have divergent functions I investigated the electrophysiological properties of YFP+ (derived from the septum and borders of the pallium) and YFP− CR cells (derived from other neocortical origins). This study demonstrated that the passive and active electrophysiological properties as well as features of GABAergic PSCs and glutamatergic currents are similar between both CR cell populations. These findings suggest that CR cells of different origins most probably support similar functions within the neuronal networks of the early postnatal cerebral cortex.rnTo elucidate whether glycine receptors are expressed in all major cell populations of the developing neocortex I analyzed the functional expression of glycine receptors on subplate (SP) cells. Activation of glycine receptors by glycine, -alanine and taurine elicited membrane responses that could be blocked by the selective glycinergic antagonist strychnine. Pharmacological experiments suggest that SP cells express functional heteromeric glycine receptors that do not contain 1 subunits. The activation of glycine receptors by glycine and taurine induced a membrane depolarization, which mediated excitatory effects. Considering the key role of SP cells in immature cortical networks and the development of thalamocortical connections, this glycinergic excitation may influence the properties of early cortical networks and the formation of cortical circuits.rnIn the third part of my project I demonstrated that tonic taurine application induced a massive increase in the frequency of PSCs. Based on their reversal potential and their pharmacological properties these taurine-induced PSCs are exclusively transmitted via GABAA receptors to the pyramidal neurons, while both GABAA and glycine receptors were implicated in the generation of the presynaptic activity. Accordingly, whole-cell and cell-attached recordings from genetically labeled interneurons revealed the expression of glycine and GABAA receptors, which mediated an excitatory action on these cells. These findings suggest that low taurine concentrations can tonically activate exclusively GABAergic networks. The activity level maintained by this GABAergic activity in the immature nervous system may contribute to network properties and can facilitate the activity dependent formation of adequate synaptic projections.rnIn summary, the results of my studies complemented the knowledge about neuronal interactions in the immature neocortex and improve our understanding of cellular processes that guide neuronal development and thus shape the brain.rn

Internal characteristics, chemical compounds and spectroscopy of sapphire as single crystals

In this study more than 450 natural sapphire samples (most of basaltic type) collected from 19 different areas were examined. They are from Dak Nong, Dak Lak, Quy Chau, two unknown sources from the north (Vietnam); Bo Ploi, Khao Ploi Waen (Thailand); Ban Huay Sai (Laos); Australia; Shandong (China); Andapa, Antsirabe, Nosibe (Madagascar); Ballapana (Sri Lanka); Brazil; Russia; Colombia; Tansania and Malawi. rnThe samples were studied on internal characteristics, chemical compositions, Raman-, luminescence-, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-, and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR)- spectroscopy. The internal features of these sapphire samples were observed and identified by gemological microscope, con focal micro Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The major and minor elements of the samples were determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and the trace elements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). rnThe structural spectra of sapphire were investigated by con focal Raman spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the vibration modes of OH-groups and also to determine hydrous mineral inclusions in sapphire. The UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the cause of sapphire color. rnNatural sapphires contain many types of mineral inclusions. Typically, they are iron-containing inclusions like goethite, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite or silicate minerals commonly feldspar, and often observed in sapphires from Asia countries, like Dak Nong, Dak Lak in the south of Vietnam, Ban Huay Sai (Laos), Khao Ploi Waen and Bo Ploi (Thailand) or Shandong (China). Meanwhile, CO2-diaspore inclusions are normally found in sapphires from Tansania, Colombia, or the north of Vietnam like Quy Chau. rnIron is the most dominant element in sapphire, up to 1.95 wt.% Fe2O3 measured by EPMA and it affects spectral characteristics of sapphire.rnThe Raman spectra of sapphire contain seven peaks (2A1g + 5Eg). Two peaks at about 418.3 cm-1 and 577.7 cm-1 are influenced by high iron content. These two peaks shift towards smaller wavenumbers corresponding to increasing iron content. This shift is showed by two equations y(418.3)=418.29-0.53x andy(577.7)=577.96-0.75x, in which y is peak position (cm-1) and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). By exploiting two these equations one can estimate the Fe2O3 contents of sapphire or corundum by identifying the respective Raman peak positions. Determining the Fe2O3 content in sapphire can help to distinguish sapphires from different origins, e.g. magmatic and metamorphic sapphire. rnThe luminescence of sapphire is characterized by two R-lines: R1 at about 694 nm and R2 at about 692 nm. This characteristic is also influenced by high iron content. The peak positions of two R-lines shift towards to smaller wavelengths corresponding to increasing of iron content. This correlation is showed by two equations y(R_2 )=692.86-0.049x and y(R_1 )=694.29-0.047x, in which y is peak position (nm) of respective R-lines and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). Two these equations can be applied to estimate the Fe2O3 content of sapphire and help to separate sapphires from different origins. The luminescence is also applied for determination of the remnant pressure or stress around inclusions in Cr3+-containing corundum by calibrating a 0-pressure position in experimental techniques.rnThe infrared spectra show the presence of vibrations originating from OH-groups and hydrous mineral inclusions in the range of 2500-4000 cm-1. Iron has also an effect upon the main and strongest peak at about 3310 cm-1. The 3310 cm-1 peak is shifted to higher wavenumber when iron content increases. This relationship is expressed by the equation y(3310)=0.92x+3309.17, in which y is peak position of the 3310 cm-1 and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). Similar to the obtained results in Raman and luminescence spectra, this expression can be used to estimate the Fe2O3 content and separate sapphires from different origins. rnThe UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra point out the strong and sharp peaks at about 377, 387, and 450 nm related to dispersed Fe3+, a broad band around 557 and 600 nm related to intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) Fe2+/Ti4+, and a broader band around 863 nm related to IVCT of Fe2+/Fe3+. rnGenerally, sapphires from different localities were completely investigated on internal features, chemical compounds, and solid spectral characteristics. The results in each part contribute for identifying the iron content and separate sapphires from different localities order origins. rn

Influence of micro-site conditions and environmental gradients on tree-ring based climate reconstructions

Tree-ring chronologies are a powerful natural archive to reconstruct summer temperature variations of the late Holocene with an annual resolution. To develop these long-term proxy records tree-ring series are commonly extended back in time by combining samples from living trees with relict dead material preserved onshore or in lakes. Former studies showed that low frequency variations in such reconstructions can be biased if the relict and recent material is from different origins. A detailed analysis of the influence of various ecological (micro-) habitats representing the recent part is required to estimate potential errors in temperature estimates. The application of collective detrending methods, that comprise absolute growth rates, can produce errors in climate reconstructions and results in an underestimation of past temperatures. The appearance of these kind of micro-site effects is a wide-spread phenomenon that takes place all over Fennoscandia. Future research in this key region for dendroclimatology should take this issue into account. Especially the higher climate response at the lakeshore site is interesting to achieve smaller uncertainties when a tree-ring series is transformed to temperature anomalies. For new composite chronologies the main aim should be to minimize potential biases and this includes also micro-site effects.

Function and regulation of the Pem homeobox gene in vivo

Pem, a member of the PEPP homeobox family, is expressed in somatic cells in male and female reproductive tissues. In the adult murine testis, Pem is specifically expressed in Sertoli cells, where it is restricted to stages IV–VIII of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. To identify Pem's function in Sertoli cells, transgenic mice were generated that express Pem in Sertoli cells during all stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle. This resulted in an increase in double-strand DNA breaks in preleptotene spermatocytes and single-strand DNA breaks in elongating spermatids. My results suggest that Pem regulates Sertoli-cell genes that encode secreted or cell-surface proteins that serve to control premeiotic DNA replication, DNA repair, and/or chromatin remodeling in the adjacent germ cells. Three additional transgenic mouse containing varying lengths of the Pem male-specific promoter (Pp) were generated to identify the sequences responsible for regulating Pem expression in the testis and epididymis. My analysis suggests that there are at least two regulatory regions in the Pem Pp. In the testis, region II directs androgen-dependent expression specifically in Sertoli cells whereas region I fine-tunes stage-specific expression by acting as a negative regulator. In the epididymis, region II confers androgen-dependent, developmentally-regulated expression in the caput whereas region I prevents inappropriate expression in the corpus. I also report the identification and characterization of two human PEPP family members related to Pem that I have named hPEPP1 and hPEPP2. The hPEPP1 and hPEPP2 homeodomains are more closely related to PEPP subfamily homeodomains than to any other homeodomain subfamily. Both genes are localized to the specific region of the human X chromosome that shares synteny with the region on the murine X chromosome containing three PEPP homeobox genes, Pem, Psx-1, and Psx-2. hPEPP1 and hPEPP2 mRNA expression is restricted to the testis but is aberrantly expressed in tumor cells of different origins, analogous to the expression pattern of Pem but not of Psx-1 or Psx-2. Unlike all known PEPP members, neither hPEPP1 nor hPEPP2 are expressed in placenta, which suggests that the regulation of the PEPP family has undergone significant alteration since the split between hominids and rodents. ^

Factores que afectan la emisión de escapo floral y producción de bulbillos aéreos en ajo (Allium sativum L.)

El ajo constituye el principal producto agrícola no transformado destinado a la exportación en Mendoza. En la Argentina, la ausencia de cultivares específicas de ajo y producción de semilla fiscalizada han sido unas de las principales debilidades del sistema exportador. Para que los materiales provenientes de los planes de mejoramiento y saneados lleguen rápidamente al productor es necesario acelerar la tasa de multiplicación de los mismos. Con esta finalidad, los bulbillos aéreos que se forman en el extremo del escapo de ajo tipo “colorado" (Grupo IV, Argentina) libre de virus, pueden ser utilizados como propágulos en la producción de ajo “semilla". El objetivo general del presente trabajo fue establecer la influencia del: genotipo, liberación de virus (OYDV y LYSV), tamaño de “diente" empleado como propágulo, fertilización nitrogenada y conservación de los escapos luego de la cosecha, en la producción de bulbillos aéreos. En Mendoza, Argentina, se evaluaron durante el ciclo 1994, 32 introducciones de ajo tipo “colorado" de distinto origen, por su hábito de floración y producción de bulbillos aéreos. Se llevaron a cabo durante los años 1995 y 1996 dos ciclos de ensayos, en los que se evaluó en una población clonal de ajo “colorado criollo" (AR-I-051) y una de ajo “ruso" (AR-I-033) el efecto del saneamiento viral sobre la floración y producción de bulbillos aéreos, trabajando con material crónicamente enfermo y libre de OYDV y LYSV. En AR-I-051 además se estudió el efecto del tamaño de “diente" (2; 3,5 y 5 g ó 1,2; 3,2 y 5,2 g) e influencia de la fertilización nitrogenada (0, 50 y 100 kg.ha-1 de N como SO4(NH4)2). Entre 1995 y 1998, se compararon diversas métodos de “curado" de los escapos luego de la cosecha de las plantas (en planta entera, cortados de distintas longitudes, mantenidos en seco o con inmersión de sus bases en agua o en solución nutritiva con o sin el regulador del crecimiento CCC). Se concluye que la producción de bulbillos aéreos depende del genotipo considerado. En ajo “colorado" se distinguen 5 grupos por su modalidad de floración y potencialidad de producción de bulbillos. La producción de bulbillos aéreos útiles (>2,4 mm de diámetro) depende del tiempo transcurrido entre floración y cosecha y no entre plantación y floración. Se puede predecir la cantidad de bulbillos aéreos útiles (Numa) sobre la base del diámetro de espata (espa) y la longitud de escapo (long) al momento de cosecha, según la ecuación: Numa = - 81,62 + 4,79 espa + 1,05 long (r2 = 0,88). v La capacidad de cada genotipo de emitir escapos, disminuye con la liberación de OYDV y LYSV, por lo que la producción por hectárea de bulbillos aéreos útiles es menor en el material saneado. El empleo de material saneado, “dientes" grandes, como la fertilización con N producen plantas de mayor tamaño y con mayor área foliar, lo que se traduce en un mayor rendimiento en la producción de bulbos. Sin embargo, la producción de bulbillos aéreos por hectárea disminuye, debido al menor porcentaje de plantas que emiten escapos y no a la disminución del número de bulbillos por planta. En cambio, todas aquellas condiciones que favorecen menor expresión vegetativa de las plantas aumentan la emisión de escapos. El “curado" de los escapos separados de la planta madre se puede llevar a cabo sin necesidad de realizar la inmersión de la base de los mismos en agua o en solución nutritiva con o sin CCC. La longitud a la cual se deben cortar los escapos, de manera de no afectar la producción de bulbillos, depende del grado de crecimiento de los bulbillos en el campo. La longitud de corte del escapo en ajo “criollo", con escaso crecimiento de los bulbillos aéreos en el campo, no debe ser inferior a 50 cm. En ajo “ruso", que presenta al momento de cosecha de las plantas un desarrollo avanzado de los bulbillos aéreos, los escapos pueden cortarse de menor longitud, sin afectar la producción de bulbillos aéreos. La longitud del escapo, en planta o separado de ella, afecta la producción de bulbillos aéreos en forma directamente proporcional.

Populus spp. : : supervivencia y crecimiento en clones implantados en Buenos Aires, Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la supervivencia, evolución de las alturas y áreas basales de rebrotes de clones de Populus spp. de diferentes procedencias implantados en Argiudoles típicos del borde Sur de la Pampa Ondulada, Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°55' S; 57°57' W; 15 m snm). Los clones evaluados fueron ‘Delta Gold’, ‘Stoneville 71’, ‘Catfish 2’, ‘Harvard’, ‘Onda’ e ‘I-74/51’. Se compararon, para el conjunto de clones, los comportamientos para el primero y segundo corte. Se realizó una evaluación de los resultados clonales al segundo turno de los valores dasométricos logrados. Los valores anuales en área basal individual media y las alturas totales medias observados desde el 2° al 8° año con los obtenidos al año 9, se correlacionaron año a año mediante un modelo lineal. Se observó una prevalencia de los clones de procedencia de los Estados Unidos. Las alturas logradas al primer turno fueron significativamente mayores que las del segundo turno, en tanto los valores en área basal resultaron mayores en la segunda cosecha que en la primera. Los coeficientes de correlación fueron significativos a partir del cuarto año; esta relación temprana permitiría la selección anticipada de los parámetros de crecimiento para el régimen de tallar.

Molecular and stable isotope composition of headspace and total hydrogencarbon gases of ODP Leg 104 sites

Molecular and isotope compositions of headspace and total (free + sorbed) hydrocarbon gases from drilled cores of the three ODP Leg 104 Sites 642, 643, and 644 of the Voring Plateau are used to characterize the origin and distribution of these gases in Holocene to Eocene sediments. Only minor amounts of methane were found in the headspace (0.1 to < 0.001 vol%). Although methane through propane are present in all of the total gas samples, different origins account for the concentration and composition variations found. Site 643 at the foot of the outer Voring Plateau represents a geological setting with poor hydrocarbon generating potential, (sediments with low TOC and maturity overlying oceanic basement). Correspondingly, the total gas concentrations are low, typical for background gases (yield C1 - 4 = 31 to 232 ppb, C1/C2+ = 0.6 to 4; delta13C(CH4) -22 per mil to -42 per mil) probably of a diagenetic origin. Holocene to Eocene sediments, which overlie volcanic units, were drilled on the outer Vdring Plateau, at Holes 642B and D. Similar to Site 643, these sediments possess a poor hydrocarbon generating potential. The total gas character (yield C1 - 4 = 20 to 410 ppb; C1/C2+ = 1.7 to 13.3; delta13C(CH4) ca. -23 per mil to -40 per mil) again indicates a diagenetic origin, perhaps with the addition of some biogenic gas. The higher geothermal gradient and the underlying volcanics do not appear to have any influence on the gas geochemistry. The free gas (Vacutainer TM) in the sediments at Site 644 are dominated by biogenic gas (C1/C2+ > 104; delta13C(CH4) -77 per mil). Indications, in the total gas, of hydrocarbons with a thermogenic signature (yield C1 - 4 = 121 to 769 ppb, C1/ C2+ = 3 to 8; delta13C(CH4) = -39 per mil to -71 per mil), could not be unequivocally confirmed as such. Alternatively, these gases may represent mixtures of diagenetic and biogenic gases.