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A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as an eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log K-oc values are 1.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively.

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We propose a silicon ring-based optical modulation method to perform chirp-free optical modulations. In this scheme, we locate the light to be modulated at the resonance of the ring and tune the coupling coefficient between the ring and the straight waveguide by using a push-pull coupling structure. The chirp-free phase modulation can be achieved by varying the coupling coefficient in a large range, which can modify the coupling condition of the ring such that the input light experiences an abrupt phase shift of pi at the output. If the coupling coefficient is adjusted in a small range such that the coupling condition of the ring is kept unchanged, only the intensity of the light will be modulated. This leads to chirp-free intensity modulation. Our simulations performed at 10 Gbits/s confirm the feasibility of the proposal. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

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The above work was supported by the national Basic Research Program of China (2006cb604904, 2006cb604908), the hi-tech R & D program of China (2006aa03z0408, 2006aa03z0404), the scientific research Fund of Central South University of Forstry and Technology.

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随着国家发展对能源的迫切需求,石油作为我国能源的主要构成之一,其开采和冶炼也在不断地增加。然而由于某些相关管理环节的不完善引发的污染事故日趋增多,其中原油的土壤污染问题尤为严重。为研究原油在土壤中的入渗过程,通过室内土柱模拟实验,测定了原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率与时间的关系以及被原油污染的土壤中残留物的含量。结果表明:对于同一质地土壤,随着容重的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均降低;容重相同而质地不同的土壤,随着粉粒含量的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离、湿润推进速率和残留物的含量均表现为降低趋势;原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可以用对数函数拟合,湿润推进速率与时间的关系可以用幂函数拟合,均达到显著水平。研究原油在土壤中的入渗对于了解原油在土壤中的迁移有着重要的意义。

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在黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)分布区北端的南仁(99o04’E, 28o34’N), 野外工作分别于2001年4月10日 - 6月30 日(代表冬末和春季),9月14日 - 12月20日(夏秋季)进行。我们分别用粪便取样法、录像带记录和直接观察法收集了猴群生境的垂直利用、过夜处选择和社会组织数据。此外,我们于1998年8月20日到12月31日在中科院昆明动物研究所老所利用全发生取样法(All-Occurence sampling)收集了一个单雄多雌单元(One-male, multi-female unit: OMU)的性行为数据。另外,我们利用昆明动物所1994 - 2003年和昆明动物园1991 - 2003年笼养黑白仰鼻猴群的出生记录来说明出生季节和出生间隔。 黑白仰鼻猴群全年在3500 - 4300 m的林带上活动,集中利用的海拔带为3900 - 4200 m,这可能与猴群的主食(松萝)主要分布于高海拔有关。冬季, 山沟中的粪便密度高于山脊,这可能是猴群在沟中过夜的缘故。猴群喜欢在树高(27.5 ± 3.2 m)较高、胸径(57.9 ± 16.9 cm)和树冠(6.3 ± 1.4 m)大的针叶树(云冷杉)上过夜。猴群冬季喜欢在阳坡中部的针叶树上过夜,这样既安全又可以接受适量的阳光照射。这是猴群在选择最安全和最暖和过夜处的一种折衷策略。 1994年猴群OMUs大小为7.8 ± 1.7(n = 17),成年性比(M/F)是1.0: 3.8。2001年OMUs大小为10.1 ± 3.7 (n = 15),成年性比是1.0: 4.9。1994-2001年,OMUs中每个成年雌性每年的平均增长率是0.04。这种OMU-band两层社会组织与Kirkpatrick(1996)的报道一致。 雌性以匍匐地面或栖木上,同时面部和视线左右摆动,或者坐着上下移动头部的动作邀配;雄性则以伴有特别的叫声、露齿动颌表情邀配。在有射精记录的观察日中,平均每5.2次爬跨有1次射精,而单次爬跨就射精的仅占4.4%。雌性邀配了18次射精爬跨的大多数(72%),但163次非射精爬跨中她们邀配的仅为45%。雄性在射精交配中叫声多于非射精交配。该种交配模式与其它疣猴亚科动物相似,而性内交配竞争可能与这种模式的进化有关。 笼养黑白仰鼻猴群的出生日期为12 - 6月份,出生高峰期为3 - 5月份。猴群的平均出生日期为4月18日(标准差为43天),中位出生日期为4月10日。猴群的出生间隔平均为624 ± 150天(n = 15,范围:332 - 787天)。幼猴可活到1岁后的出生间隔(706 ± 71, n = 12, 498 - 787天)显著长于1岁内死亡或流产后的出生间隔(428 ± 87, n = 5, 332 - 568天)。婴猴性比(M/F)显著偏离1: 1。

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于2010-11-23批量导入

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生态旅游区规划与管理是生态旅游研究的焦点之一,应用景观生态学理论与方法对生态旅游区这一特定区域类型进行规划与管理研究,探索生态旅游开发的新思路,在理论与实践上都具有重要意义。本文阐述了景观生态规划与管理的理论基础,提出生态旅游区规划的景观生态学方法和生态旅游区管理的景观生态学思路,并以森林公园、自然保护区等典型生态旅游区为例进行实证研究。主要研究内容如下:1、构建了包括基本原理、基础理论、目标、特点、原则、技术方法和流程等方面内容在内的景观生态规划理论框架,进而提出了生态旅游区规划的景观生态学方法,并对方法中景观生态学特色比较明显的方面进行重点研究,主要有:借助3S手段进行旅游资源调查评价,景观空间格局现状分析,景点之间吸引力等廊道特征分析,基于生态旅游景观适宜性分析的功能 分区,规划方案的景观指数评价等。同时,论文结合景观生态管理的观点,提出生态旅游区管理的景观生态学思路。2、系统进行乌苏里江国家森林公园总体规划的案例研究,论文在介绍公园的区域概况基础上,通过计算生态旅游资源的特征分值判断其质量等级;利用FRAGSTATS软件计算出的指数分析其景观格局现状。为解决规划的关键问题,论文一方面结合区域特征计算公园的生态旅游景观适宜度,经分类统计,最适宜开展生态旅游的面积为1814.76hm~2 (7.9%)、中等适宜的面积为623.44 hm~2 (2.7%)、一般适宜的面积为12209 hm~2 (53.05%),以此为基础,把公园划分为森林生态旅游、生产经营、管理生活等三大功能区,确定不同地段能够提供的旅游功能,另一方面分析游客旅游需求,供需结合完成项目系统及其相应支持系统的规划。案例最后,计算发现规划前后斑块数从413减少到401,香农均匀度指数从0.755提高到0.787,优势度指数从25.547减少至24.500,另外景观破碎化程度有所降低,反映廊道特征的r指数、a指数和主要景点之间的景观引力值都有所增加,这些变化表明规划改善了景观空间格局,有利于规划目标的实现。3、用景观生态学的观点探讨碧塔海自然保护区的生态旅游管理,论文对保护区的基本情况与生态旅游开发情况作了简要介绍分析,据此确定了管理的目标和依据,进一步从组织机构、资源与游客三个层面提出了管理的具体措施和建议。

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Evolution of localized damage zone is a key to catastrophic rupture in heterogeneous materials. In the present article, the evolutions of strain fields of rock specimens are investigated experimentally. The observed evolution of fluctuations and autocorrelations of strain fields under uniaxial compression demonstrates that the localization of deformation always appears ahead of catastrophic rupture. In particular, the localization evolves pronouncedly with increasing deformation in the rock experiments. By means of the definition of the zone with high strain rate and likely damage localization, it is found that the size of the localized zone decreases from the sample size at peak load to an eventual value. Actually, the deformation field beyond peak load is bound to suffer bifurcation, namely an elastic unloading part and a continuing but localized damage part will co-exist in series in a specimen. To describe this continuous bifurcation and localization process observed in experiments, a model on continuum mechanics is developed. The model can explain why the decreasing width of localized zone can lead stable deformation to unstable, but it still has not provided the complete equations governing the evolution of the localized zone.

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