942 resultados para racial categorisation
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Racism in Brazil has some specificities when compared to other countries, for, differently from, for instance, South Africa and the United States, Brazilian Constitutions, ever since the Independence (1822), have never distinguished the citizens according to race or color. Furthermore, since the mid-1900s, Afro-Brazilian cultural manifestations, such as, for example, samba and capoeira, started to be valued as a part of our “national identity”. These specificities make race relations in Brazilian society a much more complex issue. This paper is focused on selected parts of interviews that deal with the nature of racial discrimination in Brazil, extracted from interviews with leaders of the black movement produced within the scope of the project “The History of Black Movement in Brazil: organization of a collection of Oral History Interviews”, developed by CPDOC, Getulio Vargas Foundation (Rio de Janeiro). These “histories within history”, as told by our interviewees, may be transformed into images that will be able to condense a given reality, thus allowing us to evaluate the gains obtained by oral history methodology.
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O presente trabalho tem por finalidade examinar essa questão à luz das entrevistas com lideranças do movimento negro no Brasil realizadas no contexto do projeto “História do movimento negro no Brasil: constituição de acervo de entrevistas de história oral”, desenvolvido a partir de setembro de 2003 pelo Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC) da Fundação Getulio Vargas, com apoio do South-South Exchange Programme for Research on the History of Development (Sephis), sediado na Holanda, e do Programa de Apoio aos Núcleos de Excelência (Pronex) do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. O acervo constituído conta atualmente com 70 horas de entrevistas gravadas com 25 lideranças de diferentes estados do país, as quais serão objeto da análise. O objetivo é verificar, à luz das entrevistas gravadas até o momento, como se constituiu o que hoje se chama o “movimento negro contemporâneo”, quais foram suas estratégias e suas formas de atuação, na década de 1970 e no começo dos anos 80. Que influências e acontecimentos são considerados, hoje, decisivos pelas lideranças? Para isso, estaremos nos voltando principalmente para a análise das entrevistas daqueles(as) que tiveram atuação nesse período inicial – poderíamos dizer, daqueles(as) que “fundaram” propriamente o movimento negro contemporâneo. Como nossa pesquisa está em andamento, o resultado desta análise é preliminar, principalmente porque ainda não conseguimos ouvir todas as lideranças que atuavam na virada dos anos 70 e 80, no Brasil. Apesar dessas limitações, o escopo que serve de base para o presente texto é bastante representativo, pois inclui pessoas de diferentes regiões, como Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Maranhão e Sergipe, por exemplo.
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Essa pesquisa empírica e qualitativa buscou examinar os processos éticos do CONAR nos quais foram discutidos a prática de discriminação racial em anúncios publicitários. Objetivou-se compreender como o CONAR identificou a ocorrência disso. Para fundamentar suas decisões, esse órgão autorregulamentador prevê um sistema jurídico misto, ou seja, o julgamento da infração ética publicitária foi baseado no Código Brasileiro de Autorregulamentação Publicitária – CBARP, na Constituição Federal e nas demais leis nacionais. Assim trazemos uma breve pesquisa dos processos legislativos das normas federais que nortearam a discriminação racial nos meios de comunicação social: o art. 20 da Lei CAÓ (Lei n° 7.716/1989) e os arts. 44 e 45 do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Lei n° 12.288/2010). Posteriormente, selecionamos os casos julgados pelo CONAR que foram questionados sobre a prática de discriminação racial de 1980 a 2011, tendo sido selecionados 24 processos éticos. Desses casos identificamos as características dos anúncios considerados pelo CONAR, sob quais argumentos e em que circunstâncias o órgão autorregulamentador arquivou um procedimento ou imputou medidas de responsabilização. Por outro lado, a pesquisa observou casos que trataram a questão da obrigatoriedade de representatividade dos negros nos anúncios publicitários, conforme previsão do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial. Como perspectiva, utilizamos as categorias de Antônio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães e a teoria midiática de Muniz Sodré. Em 5 casos o CONAR verificou a discriminação racial e, em 19 o órgão arquivou por não visualizar essa infração ética. Dessas decisões houve 4 casos que tiveram recurso, mas somente em um ocorreu a mudança da decisão pelo CONAR: conversão da pena de sustação para o arquivamento. Já os 3 casos que tiveram recurso foram mantidas as decisões: 1 de arquivamento, 1 a pena de alteração e 1 a pena de sustação.
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A partir de um conjunto de dados obtidos em pesquisa, o texto deseja salientar uma face pouco examinada pelos estudiosos do espiritismo no Brasil: aquela dos grupos espíritas que cultuam extraterrestres. Examina a narrativa Rebelião de Lúcifer, escrita pelo médium potiguar Jan Val Ellam. Sustenta que esta atualiza noções importantes em relação a narrativas de salvação anteriores construídas pelo espiritismo. Destaca em especial o aprimoramento racial e moral através da reencarnação em distintos corpos humanos e em diferentes planetas. Examina-os a partir das noções de exílio planetário e de evolução racializada. Argumenta que Jan Val Ellam as atualiza através da categoria nativa Povo de Alt’Lam e através de bricolagem com outros campos semânticos, notadamente a ufologia e a fi cção científica
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Objectives: To evaluate the use of the center of the incisive papilla as a guide for the selection of the proper width of maxillary dentures in 4 racial groups. Method and Materials: One hundred sixty stone casts were obtained from impressions of the maxillary arch of white, black, mixed, and Asian subjects. The occlusal surfaces of the casts were photocopied and the images placed on a digitizer. The most anterior and posterior points of the papilla and cusp tips of the canines were digitized. Dentofacial Planner Plus software was used to calculate the distance from a line passing through the cusp tips of the canines to the center of the papilla, defined as the midpoint of the anterior and posterior points of the papilla. The selection error (in millimeters) due to the clinical application of the method of the incisive papilla was calculated and analyzed. Results: In all studied racial groups, there was no coincidence between the center of the incisive papilla and the canine line. The utilization of the center of the papilla would lead to the selection of wider artificial teeth. In 24.9% of the white, 19.3% of the mixed, 32.9% of the black, and 15.5% of the Asian populations, errors greater than 4 mm would be present with the utilization of the papilla. Conclusion: The method of the center of the incisive papilla is not accurate, but may aid in initial artificial teeth selection for the racial groups studied. (Quintessence Int 2008;39:841-845)
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Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between central incisor form and face form in 4 racial groups and to investigate if there was agreement among experts in categorizing the central incisor forms. Method and Materials: A total of 160 subjects (40 whites, 40 mulattos, 40 blacks, and 40 Asians) ranging from 18 to 33 years of age were selected. Digital photographic records were made, 1 full-face and 1 intraoral view of the maxillary right central incisor. The outline tracings of the tooth and face images were obtained using Adobe Photoshop 5.0 software. The outline tracings were printed in distinct transparencies, and 3 prosthodontists determined if there was correspondence between the tooth and the face forms by superimposition of the transparencies. If there was disagreement among the prosthodontists' evaluations, the prevalent decision was considered. The experts also classified the central incisor forms into square, ovoid, tapering, or combination at 2 different sessions. At the first session, no instructions were given. At the second session, the prosthodontists were instructed to follow Williams' method of classification. Results: A correspondence between tooth and face forms was found in 23.75% of all cases. Agreement on the tooth form classifications among the prosthodontists occurred in 30.62% of all cases at the first session and 24.37% at the second session. Conclusion: There is not a highly defined correlation between central incisor form and face form in any racial group studied. In addition, the experts were not in fair agreement in categorizing tooth forms.
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OBJECTIVES: This paper was meant to analyse distribution of HbS carriers in Brazil, comprising its regional prevalence and the relationship with racial settlement and age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 67,667 blood samples from 48 Brazilian towns were analysed from 1976 to 1988. Such samples were classified as Caucasoid and Negroid. The diagnosis was defined by means of qualitative electrophoresis in alkaline and acid pH, quantification of haemoglobin fractions, cytological studies and some cases were confirmed after examination of the parents. RESULTS: The study of those 67,667 samples allowed us to detect 1,492 HbS carriers (2.2%). That frequency is higher among Negroids (5.16%) than among Caucasoids (1.22%): Z = 22.1397 (Zcritical; 0.05 = 1.9600). Taking the HbS carrier distribution into consideration, we noticed that it is relatively homogeneous among Negroids and higher than 5% in 9 out of the 16 areas involved in the study. By classifying the age group of the areas in the general sample and by comparing the proportions, we found out that there are significant differences (chi 2 = 50.88; chi 2 critical; 0.05; 5 gl = 11.070). CONCLUSIONS: Sickle-cell anaemia diseases play an important role among the pathologies found in several countries, including Brazil. This paper shows that the carriers prevalence varies in the several areas under study and is higher among Negroids in almost all of them. The decreasing frequency occurring from North to South in the general samples and among Caucasoids may be assigned to the contribution of the Negroes in the interracial crossing, particularly in the Northeast.