Ecologia comportamental de Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) na Amazônia Oriental sob alteração antrópica de hábitat

Dois grupos de guaribas-de-mãos-ruivas (Alouatta belzebul) foram monitorados na Ilha de Germoplasma (Tucuruí, Pará), entre abril e setembro de 2004, enfatizando a ecologia comportamental destes. Os dois grupos de estudo apresentavam tamanho e composição social semelhantes, mas habitavam diferentes tipos de floresta: floresta nativa (grupo P) e plantação de espécies arbóreas nativas (grupo Q). Dados comportamentais quantitativos foram obtidos através da amostragem de varredura instantânea com duração de três minutos e intervalos de dez minutos. O método "todas as ocorrências" foi empregado para registro de atividades raras, como interações sociais e interespecíficas. O repouso foi a atividade predominante em ambos os grupos (P: 67,3%, e Q: 61,9%), seguido de alimentação (P: 15,7%, e Q: 21,4%) e deslocamento (P: 15,8%, e Q: 15,5%). A diferença entre os grupos foi significativa apenas para repouso e alimentação. A dieta foi folívora-frugívora, complementada basicamente por flores. Não foi observado uma variação sazonal na composição da dieta de ambos os grupos de estudo. O grupo da mata nativa (P) ocupou uma área de vida de 5,25 ha, e o grupo da plantação (Q), 5,50 ha. Entretanto, o percurso diário médio percorrido pelo grupo P foi maior (612 m, contra 541 m pelo grupo Q). Ambos os grupos utilizaram preferencialmente seus habitats originais, e preferiram o estrato superior da floresta. As interações interespecificas foram pacíficas, e as interações sociais foram pouco observadas. Os resultados do presente estudo apresentam maiores similaridades com os estudos de A. belzebul realizados em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do que aqueles realizados na Amazônia (floresta contínua). Isto pode sugerir que a fragmentação de habitat pode ser mais determinante no padrão de atividades dos animais do que as características do bioma. De uma maneira geral, os resultados aqui obtidos concordam com o padrão típico de Alouatta, descrito na literatura.

Revisão taxonômica do grupo limata de Crematogaster Lund, 1831 (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Crematogastrini)

O gênero Crematogaster é um grupo diverso, com características peculiares e taxonomia complexa. Cerca de 780 espécies e subespécies foram descritas para este gênero, e constantes mudanças são feitas ao longo do tempo devido a sua ampla distribuição geográfica e variedade morfológica. Poucas revisões foram feitas para este gênero, sendo, as existentes, feitas com fauna regional. Neste trabalho, foi feita a revisão taxonômica do grupo de espécies Crematogaster limata, onde foram redescritas sete espécies: Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr, 1878, C. carinata Mayr, 1862, C. levior Longino, 2003, C. limata Smith, 1858, C. longispina Emery, 1890, C. tenuicula Forel, 1904 e quatro novas espécies foram descritas: Cremastogaster sp. nov. 1, Cremastogaster sp. nov. 2, Crematogaster sp. nov. 3, Crematogaster sp. nov. 4. A variedade Crematogaster longispina var. boliviana foi elevada à categoria de espécie e redescrita. Mapas de distribuição geográfica para todas as espécies e uma chave de identificação específica baseada em operárias são apresentados.

Molecular characterization of fire ants, Solenopsis spp., from Brazil based on analysis of mtDNA gene cytochrome oxidase I

Species from the Solenopsis saevissima (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species group are native to South America and have a cosmopolitan distribution because they have been accidentally introduced in many countries around the world. In Brazil, they have a wide distribution, including urban areas. The present study was conducted to investigate the characterization of Solenopsis genus populations associated with urban/human interference sites in Brazil by analyzing the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I and estimating the degree of relatedness of these populations to make inferences about their phylogeny and also observe the patterns of mitochondrial haplotype (mitotype) distribution across their range. The results revealed complete geographical coherence and polyphyly for the Solenopsis invicta Buren and Solenopsis saevissima species groups, which confirms the diversity of the genera. It also suggests the possibility that reproductively-isolated populations occur, resulting in the evolutionary process of speciation. No predominant haplotype was found in the populations analyzed, but some were more prevalent.

High Levels of Diversity Uncovered in a Widespread Nominal Taxon: Continental Phylogeography of the Neotropical Tree Frog Dendropsophus minutus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Revisão taxonômica do gênero Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (Anura; Hemiphractidae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Morphological variation, advertisement call, and tadpoles of Bokermannohyla nanuzae (Bokermann, 1973), and taxonomic status of B-feioi (Napoli &Caramaschi, 2004) (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Development of a comprehensive method for analyzing clerodane-type diterpenes and phenolic compounds from Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae) based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with chemometric tools

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Advertisement call and morphological variation of the poorly known and endemic Bokermannohyla juiju Faivovich, Lugli, Lourenco and Haddad, 2009 (Anura: Hylidae) from Central Bahia, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cetaceans of Southeast Alaska: Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence

Aim To assess the distribution, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends of cetaceans. Location The study area included all major inland waters of Southeast Alaska. Methods Between 1991 and 2007, cetacean surveys were conducted by observers who kept a constant watch when the vessel was underway and recorded all cetaceans encountered. For each species, we examined distributional patterns, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends. Analysis of variance (anova F) was used to test for differences in group sizes between multiple means, and Student’s t-test was used to detect differences between pairwise means. Cetacean seasonal occurrence and annual trends were investigated using a generalized linear model framework. Results Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were seen throughout the region, with numbers lowest in spring and highest in the fall. Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) distributions were more restricted than that reported for humpback whales, and the low number of sightings precluded evaluating seasonal trends. Three killer whale (Orcinus orca) eco-types were documented with distributions occurring throughout inland waters. Seasonal patterns were not detected or could not be evaluated for resident and offshore killer whales, respectively; however, the transient eco-type was more abundant in the summer. Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) were distributed throughout the region, with more sightings in spring and summer than in fall. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) distribution was clumped, with concentrations occurring in the Icy Strait/Glacier Bay and Wrangell areas and with no evidence of seasonality. Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) were observed only occasionally, with more sightings in the spring. For most species, group size varied on both an annual and seasonal basis. Main conclusions Seven cetacean species occupy the inland waters of Southeast Alaska, with distribution, group size, seasonal occurrence and annual trends varying by species. Future studies that compare spatial and temporal patterns with other features (e.g. oceanography, prey resources) may help in identifying the key factors that support the high density and biodiversity of cetaceans found in this region. An increased understanding of the region’s marine ecology is an essential step towards ensuring the long-term conservation of cetaceans in Southeast Alaska.

Catalogue of the type material of Neriidae (Diptera, Schizophora) in the collection of the Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, Germany

The Diptera collection of the Natural History Museum Berlin holds one of the most important collections of Neriidae. In this paper, the type specimens (holotypes, lectotypes, paratypes, paralectotypes, syntypes) of this historical collection are listed. 28 species-group taxa are dealt with. A lectotype designation is made for the species Brachantichir purpusianus Enderlein, 1922 in order to fix the identity of the name. Holotypes are recognized by monotypy of the species Chaetomeristes bullatus Enderlein, 1922; Chaetomeristes peruanus Enderlein, 1922; Derocephalus angusticollis Enderlein, 1922; Glyphidops limbatus Enderlein, 1922; Longina abdominalis Wiedemann, 1830; Loxozus clavicornis Enderlein, 1922; Oncopsia mexicana Enderlein, 1922; Paranerius fibulatus Enderlein, 1922; Telostylinus dahli Enderlein, 1922; Telostylus latibrachium Enderlein, 1922; and Telostylinus luridus Enderlein, 1922. Syntypes are labelled and listed for Brachantichir robusta Enderlein, 1922; Nerius terebratus Enderlein, 1922; Odontoloxozus punctulatus Enderlein, 1922; Telostylinus apicalis Enderlein, 1922; Telostylinus obscuratus Enderlein, 1922; and Telostylinus ornatipennis Enderlein, 1922. The account concludes with geographic and taxonomic summaries; an appendix listing the abbreviations, localities, and collectors cited in the text; and a bibliography. ((c) 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Revision of Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 (Arachnida: Opiliones)

The relationship and phylogeny of the western Palearctic harvestmen family Trogulidae is investigated. The traditional system of seven genera and approximately 40 species appeared to be artificially composed but a phylogenetic approach and a comprehensive revision has long been sought after. Species are poorly characterised due to their uniform morphology and species evaluation is furthermore complicated by the variability of the few characters used for species delineation. To meet these demands a molecular genetic analysis is accomplished using the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. This analysis incorporates most genera and species of Trogulidae as well as a comprehensive set of Nemastomatidae and Dicranolasmatidae as outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic results of Bayesian analysis, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor Joining are compared with distributional data, morphological characters and results of canonical discriminant analysis of morphometric characters and general congruence of these data sets is shown. To demonstrate the applicability of this method the revision of two species-groups within Trogulus is set out in detail. The Trogulus hirtus species-group and the Trogulus coriziformis species-group are revised. The former is in the central and north-western Balkan Peninsula. T. tricarinatus ssp. hirtus is raised to species level and four new species are described (T. karamanorum [man.n.], T. melitensis [man.n.], T. pharensis [man.n]; T. thaleri [man.n.]). The Trogulus coriziformis species-group is confined to the western Mediterranean area. T. coriziformis, T. aquaticus are re-described, T. cristatus and T. lusitanicus are re-established and four species are described as new (T. balearicus, T. huberi, T. prietoi, T. pyrenaicus). In both species-groups two further cryptic species probably exist but were not described. The species groups are shown to represent different phylogenetic levels and this information is used for the revisional work on the genus Trogulus as well as for the generic system of Trogulidae. Family status of Dicranolasmatidae is rejected and Dicranolasma is shown to be best incorporated within Trogulidae. Calathocratus, Platybessobius and Trogulocratus appear to be polyphyletic and are best to be united within Calathocratus, the oldest name of this set. The cryptic diversity within Trogulidae, especially in Trogulus and the composed genus Calathocratus rates to 150-235% and is thereby remarkably high for a group of the generally well researched European fauna. Genetic features of the group such as heteroplasmy, the possibility of major gene rearrangements and usability of the cytochrome b gene for phylogenetic studies in Opiliones are outlined.

Pleistocene and late Miocene Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of ODP Hole 150-905A

Continental rise Site 905 yielded upper Miocene and Pliocene uniform hemipelagic mud (a contourite) from approximately 215 to 540 meters below seafloor. The nannofossil biostratigraphy of this interval was reexamined using closely spaced samples from core interiors. Additionally, total nannofossil abundances and dominant species and species group abundances were determined to evaluate the potential of this section for extracting sequence stratigraphic information. The data indicate that the putative hiatuses at the end of the late Pliocene (Zones NN17 and NN18) and in the early Pliocene (Zones NN13 and NN14) probably are condensed intervals, but the base of the late Miocene is almost certainly marked by an unconformity. Judging from carbonate content and sedimentation rate both, nannofossil abundance may be governed by carbonate dissolution or by siliciclastic dilution. Consequently, condensed sections cannot be identified by the abundance of pelagic component in the sediment alone, as is possible in equivalent age Gulf of Mexico sediments. Where nannofossil preservation is adequate in consecutive samples, as in the early Pliocene and latest late Miocene, total nannofossil abundance fluctuates regularly and with a periodicity of less than 105 yr, which suggests that dilution of the pelagic component occurred with a frequency probably related to astronomical forcing.

Age model for the time between 3.45 and 2.45 Ma of ODP Site 189-1172

Calcareous nannoplankton assemblages and benthic d18O isotopes of Pliocene deep-sea sediments of ODP site 1172 (East of Tasmania) have been studied to improve our knowledge of the Southern Ocean paleoceanography. Our study site is located just north of the Subtropical Front (STF), an ideal setting to monitor migrations of the STF during our study period, between 3.45 and 2.45 Ma. The assemblage identified at ODP site 1172 has been interpreted as characteristic for the transitional zone water mass, located south of the STF, based on: (i) the low abundances (< 1%) of subtropical taxa, (ii) relatively high percentages of Coccolithus pelagicus, a subpolar type species, (iii) abundances from 2-10% of Calcidiscus leptoporus, a species that frequently inhabits the zone south of the STF and (iv) the high abundances of small Noelaerhabdaceae which at present dominates the zone south of the STF. Across our interval the calcareous nannoplankton manifests glacial-interglacial variability. We have identified cold events, characterized by high abundances of C. pelagicus which coincide with glacial periods, except during G7. After 3.1 Ma cold events are more frequent, in concordance with global cooling trends. Around 2.75 Ma, the interglacial stage G7 is characterized by anomalous low temperatures which most likely are linked to definite closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS), an event that is believed to have had global consequences. A gradual increase of very small Reticulofenestra across our section marks a significant trend in the small Noelaerhabdaceae species group and has been linked to a general enhanced mixing of the water column in agreement with previous studies. It is suggested that a rapid decline of small Gephyrocapsa after isotopic stage G7 might be related to the cooling observed in our study site after the closure of the CAS.

Speciation through homoploid hybridization between allotetraploids in peonies (Paeonia)

Phylogenies of Adh1 and Adh2 genes suggest that a widespread Mediterranean peony, Paeonia officinalis, is a homoploid hybrid species between two allotetraploid species, Paeonia peregrina and a member of the Paeonia arietina species group. Three phylogenetically distinct types of Adh sequences have been identified from both accessions of P. officinalis, of which two types are most closely related to the two homoeologous Adh loci of the P. arietina group and the remaining type came from one of the two Adh homoeologs of P. peregrina. The other Adh homoeolog of P. peregrina was apparently lost from the hybrid genome, possibly through backcrossing with the P. arietina group. This is a documentation of homoploid hybrid speciation between allotetraploid species in nature. This study suggests that hybrid speciation between allotetraploids can occur without an intermediate stage of genome diploidization or a further doubling of genome size.

Integração morfológica e modularidade em crânios das espécies do grupo Rhinella granulosa

Os conceitos e métodos provindos das teorias de integração morfológica e de genética quantitativa formam o arcabouço teórico para o estudo da evolução de estruturas complexas, compostas de múltiplos caracteres que interagem entre si. Nesse trabalho, utilizamos o crânio como modelo de estrutura complexa e estudamos sua diversificação nas espécies de sapo do grupo Rhinella granulosa. As perguntas do trabalho foram: (1) A organização da (co)variação é similar entre as espécies?; (2) A organização da (co)variação é modular nas espécies, conforme expectativas baseadas em desenvolvimento ou função?; (3) Fatores externos, como filogenia e clima, estruturam a similaridade no padrão de covariação entre as espécies?; (4) A diversificação da morfologia média do crânio se deu por deriva ou seleção natural?; (5) A divergência na morfologia média do crânio está associada à variação climática entre as espécies?; e finalmente (6) Restrições evolutivas atuaram na divergência entre as espécies? Os espécimes foram escaneados e validamos o uso de imagens 3D para a mensuração de 21 distâncias lineares. Os crânios das espécies foram representados como matrizes fenotípicas (P) de covariância e de correlação entre as distâncias. A similaridade entre as P das espécies é alta. As P de todas as espécies se conformam a um padrão modular compatível com interações funcionais entre ossos. As diferenças entre as P concentram-se no rostro e são associadas a diferenças no clima entre as espécies. Detectamos sinal de seleção natural nos nós mais basais da filogenia e variação local no crânio está associada à variação na sazonalidade da chuva entre as espécies. Restrições evolutivas atuaram na diversificação do crânio das espécies, defletindo as respostas evolutivas para tamanho. Concluímos que tanto seleção estabilizadora e direcional, conectadas à variação climática, quanto restrições evolutivas atuaram na diversificação do crânio das espécies