Seawater carbonate chemistry, clearance rates, respiration rates, condition index and cellular turnover (RNA: DNA) of Juvenile King Scallop, Pecten maximus in a laboratory experiment

The decline in ocean water pH and changes in carbonate saturation states through anthropogenically mediated increases in atmospheric CO2 levels may pose a hazard to marine organisms. This may be particularly acute for those species reliant on calcareous structures like shells and exoskeletons. This is of particular concern in the case of valuable commercially exploited species such as the king scallop, Pecten maximus. In this study we investigated the effects on oxygen consumption, clearance rates and cellular turnover in juvenile P. maximus following 3 months laboratory exposure to four pCO2 treatments (290, 380, 750 and 1140 µatm). None of the exposure levels were found to have significant effect on the clearance rates, respiration rates, condition index or cellular turnover (RNA: DNA) of individuals. While it is clear that some life stages of marine bivalves appear susceptible to future levels of ocean acidification, particularly under food limiting conditions, the results from this study suggest that where food is in abundance, bivalves like juvenile P. maximus may display a tolerance to limited changes in seawater chemistry.

Auicenna praesens maximus codex est totius scientiae medicinae principis Aboali Abinsene cum expositionibus omnium principalium & illustrium interpretum eius ... Eiusdem codicis diuisio commodissime facta est in quinque volumina ...

Pie de imp. tomado del colofón

Nicolai Vigelii ... Commentariorum iuris ciuilis annus tertius : De rerum dominio. De rei vendicatione [et] publiciana in rem actione. De possessione [et] De vsucapionibus. Eiusdem Disputationes IX, ex quibus maximus horum commentariorum vsus perspicitur.

Mode of access: Internet.

Valerius Maximus de dictis factisque memorabilibus et Jul. Obsequens de prodigiis cum supplementis Conradi Lycosthenis et selectis eruditorum notis quos recensuit novisque accessionibus locupletavit /

Contiene : Vol. 1 - Vol. 2,1 - Vol. 2,2.

Sacrosancti et oecumenici Concilii Tridentini Paulo III. Julio III. & Pio IV. Pontificibus Maximus celebrati canones et decreta.

Mode of access: Internet.

Providentia : providit ille maximus Mundi Parens, cum tam rapaces cerneret fati minas, ut damna semper sobole repararet nova. Sen. Hipp. /

Inscripción en parte inferior: "E Tabula Romae in Capitolio asservata"

Ioannis Caramuel Trismegistus theologicus Latine ter-maximus : cuius tomi sunt tres : in quibus tres virtuales et morales maximae, quae subcollant restrictionum doctrinam radicitus edisseruntur ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Innocentius III pontifex maximus seu Commentarius perpetuus in singulas decretales huiusce pontificis quae per libros V decretalium sparsae sunt /

Mode of access: Internet.

Valerius Maximus De dictis factisque memorabilibus ; et Jul. Obsequens De Prodigiis /

Mode of access: Internet.

Les vies des hommes illustres grecs et romains: Pericles et Fabuis Maximus.

Mode of access: Internet.

Marci Maximi Episcopi Caesaraugustani, ... Continuatio chronici omnimodae Historiae ab anno Christi 430 (ubi Flav. L. Dexter desiit) usque ad 612 quo maximus pervenit : una cum additionibus S. Braulionis, Helecanis, Taionis, & Valderedi Caesaraugustanorum itidem Episcoporum /

Incluye: S. Braulionis et Hellecanis ... Additiones ad Chronica Fl. L. Dextri, & M. Maximi, cum notis Francisci Bivarii.

Die Entwickelung des Herzens, des Blutes und der grossen Gefässe bei Megalobatrachus maximus Schlegel /

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Zürich, 1907.

Fragm. lat. IV 30 - Kommentar zu einer didaktischen Schrift, mit Exempeln aus Valerius Maximus, Ambrosius, den Gesta Romanorum

Trägerband: Inc. qu. 1272; Vorbesitzer: Dominikanerkloster Frankfurt am Main

Investigation of escape response of Norwegian Pecten maximus

The ongoing process of ocean acidification already affects marine life and, according to the concept of oxygen- and capacity limitation of thermal tolerance (OCLTT), these effects may be exacerbated at the boarders of the thermal tolerance window. We studied the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on clapping performance and energy metabolism of the commercially important scallop Pecten maximus. Individuals were exposed for at least 30 days to 4°C (winter) or to 10°C (spring/summer) at either ambient (0.04 kPa, normocapnia) or predicted future PCO2 levels (0.11 kPa, hypercapnia). Cold (4°C) exposed groups revealed thermal stress exacerbated by PCO2 indicated by a high mortality overall and its increase from 55% under normocapnia to 90% under hypercapnia. We therefore excluded the 4°C groups from further experimentation. Scallops at 10°C showed impaired clapping performance following hypercapnic exposure. Force production was significantly reduced although the number of claps was unchanged between normo- and hypercapnia exposed scallops. The difference between maximal and resting metabolic rate (aerobic scope) of the hypercapnic scallops was significantly reduced compared to normocapnic animals, indicating a reduction in net aerobic scope. Our data confirm that ocean acidification narrows the thermal tolerance range of scallops resulting in elevated vulnerability to temperature extremes and impairs the animal's performance capacity with potentially detrimental consequences for its fitness and survival in the ocean of tomorrow.