Re-testing the link between youth receptivity to tobacco promotion and their susceptibility to smoke

The Index of Receptivity to Tobacco Industry Promotion (IRTIP) is a model that is used by hundreds of articles. The causal claim based on findings from this model is even more pervasive, and has resulted in much of the modern post 1998 tobacco legislation that is still enforced. This thesis tested the link between adolescent receptivity to tobacco industry promotion and susceptibility to smoking. Pierce et al. (1998) reported that they had found a positive and causal association between receptivity and susceptibility by using IRTIP. They claimed that receptivity to tobacco industry promotion was the only significant causal factor affecting adolescent susceptibility to smoking. Exposure to peer and parental smoking was not found to be a significant effect. A review of the literature found that many sections of IRTIP differ from accepted marketing theory on how cigarette advertising and promotions affect adolescent adoption of cigarette smoking. The proxy measures used in IRTIP were shown to diverge from those previously used for measuring the constructs of Attention, Intention, Desire and Action (AIDA) in marketing communications. IRTIP also differs from previous theory by including measures that attempt to quantify the effect of tobacco premiums into a model that was designed to measure the effects of advertising.

Highly efficient serial episode discovery in streams and complex sequences

This research proposed a series of methodologies and algorithms for highly efficient serial episode discovery in streams and complex sequences, and applied the developed techniques to quantitative analysis of the effects of price promotions. This research has outputted nine ERA ranking AlB papers published in international journals and conferences.

Baby boomers' reasons for choosing specific food shops

Purpose – Baby boomers (people born between 1946 and 1964) are approaching retirement and there is concern about their preparation for their future health and wellbeing. Food shopping is likely to play a major role in their future lives. The purpose of this paper is to examine their reasons for choosing to buy food from particular shops and whether demographic characteristics and health status were associated with them.

Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was conducted among a random sample of 1,037 people aged between 40 and 71 years in Victoria, Australia. Respondents were asked to indicate, from a list, their reasons for choosing to shop at particular food outlets. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between respondents' demographics and health status and their reasons for shopping at the food stores.

Findings – Multivariate analysis showed that the reasons the respondents reported in choosing shops fell into four groups: saving, convenience, quality and healthy foods, and user-friendly environment. Saving was negatively related to income, age, level of education and also linked with country of birth, religious affiliation, and marital status. Convenience was negatively associated with age and also related to health status and religious affiliation. Quality/healthy food products were positively related to age but negatively associated with body mass index, and also linked to country of birth. User-friendly environment was negatively associated with income and education and related to gender and religious affiliation.

Originality/value – The paper's results show that stores could provide more information, perhaps as signage, to their recycling and health information facilities, particularly in low socio-economic status areas. Furthermore, the social status and religious associations confirm the view that shopping reflects broad societal affiliations among baby boomers. Shopping centres can be used to provide support for health and environmental sustainability promotions.

Dealing with alcohol-related harm and the night-time economy

Alcohol-related problems are a major cause of social disorder and illness in Australia. In particular, problems associated with the night-time economies of urban and regional centres cause substantial community concern and are a considerable drain on police, community and health resources. The estimated cost of alcohol to the community is $15.3 billion, including costs associated with crime, violence, patient treatment, loss of productivity and premature deaths in 2004–05 (Collins 2008). Alcohol has also been identified as a factor in around three quarters of assaults and incidents of offensive behaviour on the street (Buss 1995). Previous research has identified several issues that contribute to the levels of short-term harm associated with risky drinking. These include: excessive consumption at licensed premises, consumption in public areas and lack of transport and security in entertainment precincts (Homel et al. 1992; Graham & Homel 2008).

Drinking in licensed venues is another predictor of harm and public disorder. More than half of offences occurring on the street have been associated with licensed premises in Australia (Buss 1995). A complex range of factors increase risky drinking and associated harms on licensed premises including: aspects of patron mix; levels of comfort, boredom, and intoxication; promotions that cause mass intoxication; and the behaviour of security/bouncers (Homel et al. 1992). Violence has also been shown to be perpetuated by poor venue management, lax police surveillance, lack of transport options for patrons, and inappropriate bureaucratic controls and legislation (Homel et al. 1992). This project aims to provide evidence-based knowledge regarding the implementation and impact of innovative local initiatives directed at alcohol-related harms.

A proposed approach to monitor private-sector policies and practices related to food environments, obesity and non-communicable disease prevention

Private-sector organizations play a critical role in shaping the food environments of individuals and populations. However, there is currently very limited independent monitoring of private-sector actions related to food environments. This paper reviews previous efforts to monitor the private sector in this area, and outlines a proposed approach to monitor private-sector policies and practices related to food environments, and their influence on obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention. A step-wise approach to data collection is recommended, in which the first (‘minimal’) step is the collation of publicly available food and nutrition-related policies of selected private-sector organizations. The second (‘expanded’) step assesses the nutritional composition of each organization's products, their promotions to children, their labelling practices, and the accessibility, availability and affordability of their products. The third (‘optimal’) step includes data on other commercial activities that may influence food environments, such as political lobbying and corporate philanthropy. The proposed approach will be further developed and piloted in countries of varying size and income levels. There is potential for this approach to enable national and international benchmarking of private-sector policies and practices, and to inform efforts to hold the private sector to account for their role in obesity and NCD prevention.

Alcohol consumption and sport: a cross-sectional study of alcohol management practices associated with at-risk alcohol consumption at community football clubs

Background
Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for considerable harm from chronic disease and injury. Within most developed countries, members of sporting clubs participate in at-risk alcohol consumption at levels above that of communities generally. There has been limited research investigating the predictors of at-risk alcohol consumption in sporting settings, particularly at the non-elite level. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the alcohol management practices and characteristics of community football clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.

Methods
A cross sectional survey of community football club management representatives and members was conducted. Logistic regression analysis (adjusting for clustering by club) was used to determine the association between the alcohol management practices (including alcohol management policy, alcohol-related sponsorship, availability of low- and non-alcoholic drinks, and alcohol-related promotions, awards and prizes) and characteristics (football code, size and location) of sporting clubs and at-risk alcohol consumption by club members.

Results
Members of clubs that served alcohol to intoxicated people [OR: 2.23 (95% CI: 1.26-3.93)], conducted ‘happy hour’ promotions [OR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.84-4.38)] or provided alcohol-only awards and prizes [OR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.16-2.80)] were at significantly greater odds of consuming alcohol at risky levels than members of clubs that did not have such alcohol management practices. At-risk alcohol consumption was also more likely among members of clubs with less than 150 players compared with larger clubs [OR:1.45 (95% CI: 1.02-2.05)] and amongst members of particular football codes.

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest a need and opportunity for the implementation of alcohol harm reduction strategies targeting specific alcohol management practices at community football clubs.

Sales Promotion Decision Making: Concepts, Principles, and Practice

Up to 74% of marketing budgets can be spent on sales promotions, with manufacturers, suppliers and retailers employing a wide range of incentives from price discounts to complex Omni-channel consumer competitions and contests. Sales promotions are a vital strategic and tactical tool within the marketing value chain and those responsible for campaign planning must negotiate objectives, options and outcomes to ensure their initiatives deliver real results in competitive trading environments. Managers with limited understanding of the principles and practices of sales promotions often rely on past experience or preferences to guide their decision-making. Not surprisingly, without guiding principles, many sales promotions fail to achieve their full potential. This book is a resource for sales promotion professionals looking to improve the effectiveness of their sales promotions. The book is based on an extensive review of over 400 articles and cases. It presents the findings of global research which explores the very DNA of sales promotions, including their role, rationale, nature and function, key decision-making processes and campaign evaluation. Illustrations of sales promotion decision-making in practice based on research conducted in the retail supply chain is also incorporated. This book offers a comprehensive and critical appreciation of the core concepts that underpin sales promotion thinking. The goal is to empower decision-makers, consultants and stakeholders to make confident, informed and effective campaign decisions in the complex field of sales promotions.

Is alcohol and community sport a good mix? Alcohol management, consumption and social capital in community sports clubs

Objective: Community sports clubs provide an important contribution to the health and wellbeing of individuals and the community; however, they have also been associated with risky alcohol consumption. This study assessed whether a club's alcohol management strategies were related to risky alcohol consumption by members and levels of social capital, as measured in terms of participation in and perceived safety of the club. Method: A total of 723 sports club members from 33 community football clubs in New South Wales, Australia, completed a computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) and a management representative from each club also completed a CATI. The club representative reported on the club's implementation of 11 alcohol management practices, while club members reported their alcohol consumption and perceived levels of safety at the club and participation in the club. Results: A structural equation model identified having the bar open for more than four hours; having alcohol promotions; and serving intoxicated patrons were associated with increased risky alcohol consumption while at the club; which in turn was associated with lower levels of perceived club safety and member participation. Conclusion and implications: The positive contribution of community sports clubs to the community may be diminished by specific inadequate alcohol management practices. Changing alcohol management practices can reduce alcohol consumption, and possibly increase perceived aspects of social capital, such as safety and participation.

Consumer perceptions of bundles and time-limited promotion deals: Do contracts matter?

Marketers use various types of deals to positively influence consumers' product evaluations. Across two experiments, we manipulated print advertisements to examine whether the commonly used deal content of both bundling and time-limited promotions affect consumers' perceived confusion, risk and value. In study 1, the influence of this content was tested in the context of a 2-year telecommunications (telco) contract. Here, consumers associated a three-item bundle with greater perceived value than a single item, but perceived value was reduced and risk heightened when it was only available for a limited time. We speculate that this is because of the long-term nature of the contract. Study 2 removed the contract restriction, examining the bundling of a video game console and game(s), again with a time-limited promotion. However, in this context, we failed to locate any interaction effects. It appears that consumers further appraise the drawbacks of a long-term telco contract when accompanied by a time-limited promotion and may perceive the switching costs for study 1 three-item telco bundle to be particularly risky. Our studies represent the first empirical investigation of the effect on consumers' perceptions of offering a bundle in conjunction with a time-limited promotion. Testing these effects in contract and no contract conditions adds to the contribution of our studies by delineating a boundary condition. From a managerial perspective, our findings are thought-provoking in respect to information integration, or how consumers process different deal content together.

Discrimination, Peformance and Career Progression in Australian Public Sector Labor Markets

While promotion is an important mechanism for allocating labor within organizations, relatively little is known about the determinants of promotion in the highly diverse and traditionally heavily regulated Australian labor markets. This study uses unique data from the Victorian Public Sector Census 2004 to identify the extent and nature of bias in the promotion process. Specifically, we use the promotion histories of 16,675 public sector employees to investigate the existence of discrimination in promotion on the basis of gender, disability and cultural diversity. We find that some differences exist in the rate of promotion on the basis of gender, and to a lesser extent, of birthplace, but, importantly, most of these are due to differences in endowments. There are effectively no differences in promotion on the basis of disability. We find that the main driver of promotion in Victorian public sector labor markets is worker effort and performance. Compared to labor markets elsewhere, the Australian public sector is relatively free of discrimination in promotions.

Age at migration, language proficiency, and socioeconomic outcomes: evidence from Australia

This study estimates the causal effects of language proficiency on the economic and social integration of Australian immigrants. Identifying the effects of languages on socioeconomic outcomes is inherently difficult owing to the endogeneity of language skills. Using the phenomenon that younger children learn languages more easily than older children, we construct an instrumental variable for language proficiency. To achieve this, we consider the age at arrival of immigrants who came as children from Anglophone and non-Anglophone countries. We find a significant positive effect of English proficiency on wages and promotions among adults who immigrated to Australia as children. Higher levels of English proficiency are associated with increased risk-taking, more smoking, and more exercise for men, but have considerable health benefits for women. English language proficiency has a significant influence on partner choice and a number of social outcomes, as well as on children's outcomes, including their levels of academic achievement. The results are robust to alternative specifications, including accounting for between-sibling differences and alternative measures of English skills.

1987 Yearbook

TOC: Clubs & Organizations…18 / Current Events & Music…30 / Faculty & Staff…33 / Activities & Events… / Honors & Graduation…65 / Graduates…75 / Yearbook Credits…111 / A Thank You…112 YEARBOOK COMMITTEE: Project Director, Vincent Banrey; Asst. Project Director, Catherine Whan; Editors (1986): Maricruz Saunders; (1987): Juan Jimenez, GloryAnn Torres; LAYOUT DESIGNERS: Vincent Banrey, Stephanie Bowen, Yvonne Brown, Jacqui Fernandez, Milton Ferreira, Omar Harris, Cornelius Huskins, Juan Jimenez, Wayne Keane, Richard Massie, Victoria Pamias, Richard Provost, Maricruz Saunders, GloryAnn Torres, Pedro Torres, Joan Walker, Catherine Whan. PHOTOGRAPHERS: John Carrero, Young Baek Choi, Randy Fader-Smith, Milton Ferreira, Roger Ince, Juan Jimenez, Umoja Kwanguvu, Seymour Lerman, Clinton Linton, Richard Provost, Jaidee amsinghani, Maricruz Saunders, Frank Tocco, GloryAnn Torres, Catherine Whan, Alan Young. ARTISTS: Cover Design: Madeline Vega; Endsheets: Oscar "DJ Ozzie" Ramirez; Division Pages: Jose Marti; International LaGuardia: Jacqui Fernandez; Illustrations: Richard Massie, Jacqui Fernandez, Madeline Vega. WRITERS: Yasmin Ahmed, Vincent Banrey, Warren Gardner, Juan Jimenez, Umoja Kwanguvu, Luis Merchant, Victoria Pamias, Richard Provost, Christiana Somerville, GloryAnn Torres, Joan Walker, Catherine Whan. SIGNIFICANT OTHERS: Word Processing: Blanca Arbito, Edward Hollins, Catherine Whan. Vincent Banrey Spread: developed by Blanca Arbito, Edward Hollins and GloryAnn Torres, Jacqui Fernandez, Catherine Whan. Creative Consultant: Edward Hollins. Promotions: George Condors. SPECIAL THANKS TO: Frank and Seymour of Classic Studios; Chuck Lindsey, Photo Workshop Instructor; Ted Schiffman of Taylor Publishing Co.; Dan Horn and Thurston Reyes of LaGuardia Theatre; and the Recreation staff. ALAN BERMAN IN MEMORIAM: Sketch, Tom Fink; Alan Speaking, Brian Gallagher; Remembering Dr. Alan Berman, Tuzyline Allan.

O ECR na relação fornecedor x atacadista

Este relatório intitulado “Pesquisa sobre o ECR na Relação Fornecedor X Atacadista no Brasil”, foi desenvolvido pelo Professor Manoel de Andrade e Silva Reis, para o Núcleo de Pesquisas e Projetos (NPP) da Fundação Getúlio Vargas de São Paulo. Inicialmente apresenta alguns conceitos importantes para o entendimento do texto e faz considerações gerais sobre o ECR no Brasil e seu histórico. A principal parte do trabalho é a pesquisa realizada com 10 FORNECEDORES e 20 ATACADISTAS, sendo que 60% dos FORNECEDORES e 40% dos ATACADISTAS responderam aos questionários. As principais conclusões da pesquisa são: 1) Existem sérios obstáculos a transpor para a implantação abrangente do ECR na relação FORNECEDOR X ATACADISTA no Brasil, como: a) O setor ATACADISTA tem um forte preconceito com relação ao ECR, pelo receio de perda de mercado com a implantação de uma nova forma de fazer negócio. Isso evita que seus membros aprofundem o conhecimento das suas estratégias e ferramentas; b) Empresas ATACADISTAS tendem a ser muito fechadas, dificilmente abrindo suas informações para fornecedores, um dos requisitos básicos para a implantação bem sucedida do ECR. Têm também grande rivalidade com seus pares ATACADISTAS. c) O setor ATACADISTA desconfia das verdadeiras intenções dos FORNECEDORES. Há ATACADISTAS que chegaram a implantar uma ferramenta do ECR para teste e desistiram, por sentirem que os FORNECEDORES fogem aos acordos estabelecidos, visando, em especial, preencher as cotas de venda. 2) Na opinião das empresas ATACADISTAS, a sobrevivência setor depende de fatores como: a) Necessidade de uma radical mudança cultural das empresas, de forma a adotar os conceitos de compra e venda necessários no ECR; b) Necessidade de especialização em canais escolhidos e nos produtos característicos dos mesmos, visando tornar-se especialista na sua comercialização; c) Gestão mais adequada dos níveis de estoque; d) Maior agilidade no acesso ao pequeno varejo. 3) Fatores que podem aumentar a atratividade do setor ATACADISTA para os FORNECEDORES: a) Redução do número de transações; b) Redução dos custos pelos elevados volumes; c) Prestação de serviços ao pequeno varejo (devoluções, trocas, promoções, treinamento e incentivos); d) Pulverização das vendas.

A influência do calendário promocional nos resultados do varejo do shopping Vitória-ES

o motivo central deste estudo é investigar e checar até que ponto o calendário promocional planejado, influencia o desempenho de vendas do varejo de confecções nas lojas do Shopping Vitória. Buscamos verificar se a ausência desta ferramenta mercadológica, ou a sua utilização parcial, afeta diretamente os resultados de atração de clientes potenciais, de concretização de vendas, da retenção e fidelização de clientes, do posicionamento da marca e da loja e sua imagem no mercado. Com a crescente competição global, o mercado brasileiro está atraindo grandes cadeias varejistas internacionais, o que também implica na modernização do mercado e na busca de evolução profissional pelos administradores. F oram levantados e comparados dados secundários de empresas que utilizam o calendário promocional de modo mais profissional e de outras que apenas seguem as promoções tradicionais do Shopping Vitória, para verificar os resultados de vendas (venda média per capita) e da sazonalidade das vendas.

A internet como ferramenta para venda de veículos: o caso Vitória Webcar

A possibilidade de interagir em tempo real com o consumidor, ao contrário dos monólogos que normalmente caracterizam os tradicionais meios de marketing, alterou drasticamente o jeito como o Customer Service pode ser oferecido, pois permite pesquisas e compras de produtos e serviços on-line, o que representa um maior conforto para o homem contemporâneo, cujo tempo é bem escasso. O mercado representa um papel central na economia de qualquer nação, facilitando a troca de informações, bens, serviços e pagamentos, além de criar valores econômicos para compradores, vendedores, intermediários e para a sociedade de modo geral. Os mercados provêem a infra-estrutura física que permite que as transações entre os compradores e os vendedores ocorram. Dessa forma, entende-se que Mercado e Negociação eletrônica são especializações dos conceitos gerais de Mercado e Negociação. O uso de meios eletrônicos e, mais especificamente, o uso da Internet como recurso para promover o comércio, tem revolucionado todas as formas de comercialização existentes, promovendo o surgimento de novos tipos de mercados eletrônicos, os mercados baseados em Internet. Com tais vantagens, os mercados eletrônicos geram novas oportunidades de negócios, proporcionam novas estratégias para se atingir o consumidor, o fornecedor e os intermediários que estejam dispostos a somar valores na integração cliente/fornecedor. Mercados eletrônicos melhoram as informações compartilhadas entre compradores e fornecedores e ajudam a reduzir o custo de logística permitindo promoções rápidas, entregas imediatas e inventários reduzidos. É a infra-estrutura da informação substituindo sistemas de distribuição física. Foi, portanto, sobre esta temática que buscou-se desenvolver todo o trabalho de pesquisa, enfocando-se um caso real: Vitória Web Car, por ser uma organização que direcionou o seu foco para a qualidade dos serviços, como base para o seu crescimento e diferenciação no mercado do varejo virtual brasileiro.