To grow or not to grow: nutritional control of development during Caenorhabditis elegans L1 arrest.

It is widely appreciated that larvae of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans arrest development by forming dauer larvae in response to multiple unfavorable environmental conditions. C. elegans larvae can also reversibly arrest development earlier, during the first larval stage (L1), in response to starvation. "L1 arrest" (also known as "L1 diapause") occurs without morphological modification but is accompanied by increased stress resistance. Caloric restriction and periodic fasting can extend adult lifespan, and developmental models are critical to understanding how the animal is buffered from fluctuations in nutrient availability, impacting lifespan. L1 arrest provides an opportunity to study nutritional control of development. Given its relevance to aging, diabetes, obesity and cancer, interest in L1 arrest is increasing, and signaling pathways and gene regulatory mechanisms controlling arrest and recovery have been characterized. Insulin-like signaling is a critical regulator, and it is modified by and acts through microRNAs. DAF-18/PTEN, AMP-activated kinase and fatty acid biosynthesis are also involved. The nervous system, epidermis, and intestine contribute systemically to regulation of arrest, but cell-autonomous signaling likely contributes to regulation in the germline. A relatively small number of genes affecting starvation survival during L1 arrest are known, and many of them also affect adult lifespan, reflecting a common genetic basis ripe for exploration. mRNA expression is well characterized during arrest, recovery, and normal L1 development, providing a metazoan model for nutritional control of gene expression. In particular, post-recruitment regulation of RNA polymerase II is under nutritional control, potentially contributing to a rapid and coordinated response to feeding. The phenomenology of L1 arrest will be reviewed, as well as regulation of developmental arrest and starvation survival by various signaling pathways and gene regulatory mechanisms.

Stress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students

Aim. This article is a report of a study conducted to explore the relationship between sources of stress and psychological well-being and to consider how different sources of stress and coping resources might function as moderators and mediators on well-being.


Background. In most research exploring sources of stress and coping in nursing students, stress has been construed as psychological distress. Sources of stress likely to enhance well-being and, by implication, learning have not been considered.


Method. A questionnaire was administered to 171 final year nursing students in 2008. Questions were asked to measure sources of stress when rated as likely to contribute to distress (a hassle) and rated as likely to help one achieve (an uplift). Support, control, self-efficacy and coping style were also measured, along with their potential moderating and mediating effects on well-being, operationalized using the General Health Questionnaire and measures of course and career satisfaction.


Findings. Sources of stress likely to lead to distress were more often predictors of well-being than were sources of stress likely to lead to positive, eustress states, with the exception of clinical placement demands. Self-efficacy, dispositional control and support were important predictors, and avoidance coping was the strongest predictor of adverse well-being. Approach coping was not a predictor of well-being. The mere presence of support appeared beneficial as well as the utility of that support to help a student cope.


Conclusion. Initiatives to promote support and self-efficacy are likely to have immediate benefits for student well-being. In course reviews, nurse educators need to consider how students’ experiences might contribute not just to potential distress, but to eustress as well.

Stress, coping and burn-out in nursing students

Aim: To explore the relationship between sources of stress and psychological burn-out and to consider the moderating and mediating role played sources of stress and different coping resources on burn-out.

Background: Most research exploring sources of stress and coping in nursing students construes stress as psychological distress. Little research has considered those sources of stress likely to enhance well-being and, by implication, learning.

Method: A questionnaire was administered to 171 final year nursing students. Questions were asked which measured sources of stress when rated as likely to contribute to distress (a hassle) and rated as likely to help one achieve (an uplift). Support, control, self-efficacy and coping style were also measured, along with their potential moderating and mediating effect on burn-out.

Findings: The sources of stress likely to lead to distress were more often predictors of wellbeing than sources of stress likely to lead to positive, eustress states. However, placement experience was an important source of stress likely to lead to eustress. Self-efficacy, dispositional control and support were other important predictors. Avoidance coping was the strongest predictor of burn-out and, even if used only occasionally, it can have an adverse effect on burn-out. Initiatives to promote support and self-efficacy are likely to have the more immediate benefits in enhancing student well-being.

Conclusion: Nurse educators need to consider how course experiences contribute not just to potential distress but to eustress. How educators interact with their students and how they give feedback offers important opportunities to promote self-efficacy and provide valuable support. Peer support is a critical coping resource and can be bolstered through induction and through learning and teaching initiatives. 

Successful balance training is associated with improved multisensory function in fall-prone older adults

Balance maintenance relies on a complex interplay between many different sensory modalities. Although optimal multisensory processing is thought to decline with ageing, inefficient integration is particularly associated with falls in older adults. We investigated whether improved balance control, following a novel balance training intervention, was associated with more efficient multisensory integration in older adults, particularly those who have fallen in the past. Specifically, 76 healthy and fall-prone older adults were allocated to either a balance training programme conducted over 5 weeks or to a passive control condition. Balance training involved a VR display in which the on-screen position of a target object was controlled by shifts in postural balance on a Wii balance board. Susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion, before and after the intervention (or control condition), was used as a measure of multisensory function. Whilst balance and postural control improved for all participants assigned to the Intervention group, improved functional balance was correlated with more efficient multisensory processing in the fall-prone older adults only. Our findings add to growing evidence suggesting important links between balance control and multisensory interactions in the ageing brain and have implications for the development of interventions designed to reduce the risk of falls.

Will your article be found? Authors choose a confusing variety of words to describe dental survival analyses

OBJECTIVES: Identify the words and phrases that authors used to describe time-to-event outcomes of dental treatments in patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic handsearch of 50 dental journals with the highest Citation Index for 2008 identified articles reporting dental treatment with time-to-event statistics (included "case" articles, n = 95), without time-to-event statistics (active "control" articles, n = 91), and all other articles (passive "control" articles n = 6796). The included and active controls were read, identifying 43 English words across the title, aim and abstract, indicating that outcomes were studied over time. Once identified, these words were sought within the 6796 passive controls. Words were divided into six groups. Differences in use of words were analyzed with Pearson's chi-square across these six groups, and the three locations (title, aim, and abstract).

RESULTS: In the abstracts, included articles used group 1 (statistical technique) and group 2 (statistical terms) more frequently than the active and passive controls (group 1: 35%, 2%, 0.37%, P < 0.001 and group 2: 31%, 1%, 0.06%, P < 0.001). The included and active controls used group 3 (quasi-statistical) equally, but significantly more often than the passive controls (82%, 78%, 3.21%, P < 0.001). In the aims, use of target words was similar for included and active controls, but less frequent for groups 1-4 in the passive controls (P < 0.001). In the title, group 2 (statistical techniques) and groups 3-5 (outcomes) were similar for included and active controls, but groups 2 and 3 were less frequent in the passive controls (P < 0.001). Significantly more included articles used group 6 words (stating the study duration) (54%, 30%, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: All included articles used time-to-event analyses, but two-thirds did not include words to highlight this in the abstract. There is great variation in the words authors used to describe dental time-to-event outcomes. Electronic identification of such articles would be inconsistent, with low sensitivity and specificity. Authors should improve the reporting quality. Journals should allow sufficient space in abstracts to summarize research, and not impose unrealistic word limits. Readers should be mindful of these problems when searching for relevant articles. Additional research is required in this field.

Tecnologias de informação e comunicação e o cidadão sénior : estudo sobre o impacto em variáveis psicossociais e a conceptualização de serviços com e para o cidadão sénior

Perante uma sociedade em célere envelhecimento demográfico e permanente avanço tecnológico, justifica-se a aposta em estudos que potenciem a ação comunicativa e a diminuição do isolamento social decorrente das perdas biopsicossociais associadas à idade sénior. Esta tese possui quatro objetivos de estudo: i) pretende-se investigar qual é o impacto da utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no autoconceito (AC), no ânimo e na qualidade de vida (QV) de um grupo de seniores; ii) perceber se existe e qual a relação entre as variáveis independentes sexo, idade, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão, IPSS, regime de frequência, tempo na IPSS, orientação para frequentar a IPSS, visita de familiares e visita de amigos e as variáveis dependentes AC, ânimo, QV e respetivos fatores e domínios, nos momentos de pré e pós-teste; iii) perceber se a sua participação no processo de conceptualização de um serviço de comunicação assíncrona, email, influencia a sua usabilidade ao nível das componentes eficácia, eficiência e satisfação; iv) e sugerir a componente política da comunidade online sénior em desenvolvimento no âmbito do Projeto SEDUCE. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo estabeleceram-se parcerias com quatro Instituições Particulares de Segurança Social do concelho de Aveiro, integradas no âmbito do projeto SEDUCE. Os instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação do autoconceito, do ânimo e da qualidade de vida foram o Inventário Clínico de Auto-Conceito, a Escala de Ânimo do Centro Geriátrico de Philadelphia e a Escala de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde WHOQOL-Bref, respetivamente. No processo de conceptualização do serviço de email e da componente política da comunidade online utilizou-se a observação participativa e o contextual design. O estudo envolveu a participação de 42 seniores distribuídos por duas condições experimentais: 22 seniores do grupo experimental utilizaram as TIC duas vezes por semana (em sessões de 90 minutos cada, num total de 80 sessões) e 19 seniores do grupo de controlo passivo não experimentaram qualquer intervenção. Para a avaliação das variáveis psicossociais realizaram-se dois momentos de avaliação, antes e depois de 11 meses de intervenção, de Agosto de 2011 a Julho de 2012. Ao longo das sessões de envolvimento com as TIC observou-se que os seniores apresentam, continuamente, dificuldades em: manipular o rato e percecionar a sua ação no monitor; fazer a distinção entre teclas (enter, spacebar, delete, caps lock entre outras); em utilizar duplas teclas para colocar pontuação e acentuação; iniciar atividades no Microsoft Office Word; selecionar a informação disponibilizada em motores de pesquisa; perceber quais as zonas clicáveis; falta de confiança em efetivar ações; receio em iniciar nova atividades, pela falta de conhecimento e pelo medo de errar; memorizar endereços de email e passwords; e dar continuidade às tarefas. Na utilização do serviço de email consideram importante receber resposta quando enviam uma mensagem, assim como responder sempre aos remetentes; raramente colocam assunto nas mensagens; e expressam grande satisfação ao receber mensagens de familiares e/ou amigos. O processo de desenvolvimento de serviços com a participação ativa dos seniores revela-se exequível mas é necessário adaptar as práticas: os processos devem ser iterativos; evitar linguagem formal; clarificar o objetivo; deixar os seniores pensar em voz alta; dar-lhes tempo; mantê-los focados e não conduzi-los nas tarefas. Os resultados sugerem que houve aumento significativo do domínio físico da qualidade de vida do grupo experimental. Os participantes que exprimiram maiores níveis de satisfação ao utilizar as TIC apresentam uma perspetiva mais positiva sobre a maturidade psicológica e menos solidão e insatisfação. No grupo experimental e no grupo de controlo passivo verificam-se relações entre as variáveis independentes e as variáveis dependentes, quer no momento de pré-teste como de pós-teste. Conclui-se que a participação dos seniores no processo de conceptualização do serviço de email permitiu fomentar a componente eficácia da usabilidade mas não a satisfação ao utilizar o mesmo. Os resultados sobre a eficiência são inconclusivos. Sobre a componente política os seniores validam a existência de termos de utilização que orientem o comportamento de todos os utilizadores, assim como de uma política de privacidade. A área de registo proposta é adequada ao utilizador sénior.

Context-based wireless mesh networks

In the modern society, new devices, applications and technologies, with sophisticated capabilities, are converging in the same network infrastructure. Users are also increasingly demanding in personal preferences and expectations, desiring Internet connectivity anytime and everywhere. These aspects have triggered many research efforts, since the current Internet is reaching a breaking point trying to provide enough flexibility for users and profits for operators, while dealing with the complex requirements raised by the recent evolution. Fully aligned with the future Internet research, many solutions have been proposed to enhance the current Internet-based architectures and protocols, in order to become context-aware, that is, to be dynamically adapted to the change of the information characterizing any network entity. In this sense, the presented Thesis proposes a new architecture that allows to create several networks with different characteristics according to their context, on the top of a single Wireless Mesh Network (WMN), which infrastructure and protocols are very flexible and self-adaptable. More specifically, this Thesis models the context of users, which can span from their security, cost and mobility preferences, devices’ capabilities or services’ quality requirements, in order to turn a WMN into a set of logical networks. Each logical network is configured to meet a set of user context needs (for instance, support of high mobility and low security). To implement this user-centric architecture, this Thesis uses the network virtualization, which has often been advocated as a mean to deploy independent network architectures and services towards the future Internet, while allowing a dynamic resource management. This way, network virtualization can allow a flexible and programmable configuration of a WMN, in order to be shared by multiple logical networks (or virtual networks - VNs). Moreover, the high level of isolation introduced by network virtualization can be used to differentiate the protocols and mechanisms of each context-aware VN. This architecture raises several challenges to control and manage the VNs on-demand, in response to user and WMN dynamics. In this context, we target the mechanisms to: (i) discover and select the VN to assign to an user; (ii) create, adapt and remove the VN topologies and routes. We also explore how the rate of variation of the user context requirements can be considered to improve the performance and reduce the complexity of the VN control and management. Finally, due to the scalability limitations of centralized control solutions, we propose a mechanism to distribute the control functionalities along the architectural entities, which can cooperate to control and manage the VNs in a distributed way.

A relação trabalho-família : o desafio para ontem

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia dos Recursos Humanos, do Trabalho e das Organizações), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2016

Effects of Cerebral Blood Flow and PETCO2 on Cognitive Function During Passive Heat Stress

This thesis tested whether cognitive performance during passive heat stress may be affected by changes in cerebrovascular variables as opposed to strictly thermally-induced changes. A pharmacological reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) using indomethacin along with a hypocapnia-induced CBF reduction during passive heat stress (Tre ~1.5°C above baseline) were used to investigate any cerebrovascular-mediated changes in cognitive performance. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that One-Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) performance was not affected by a significant reduction in CBF during passive heat stress. More specifically, OTS accuracy measures did not change as a result of either a reduction in CBF or increasing passive heat stress. However, it was found that OTS response time indices improved with increasing passive heat stress independent of CBF changes. In conclusion, a significant reduction in CBF does not cause additional changes in performance of an executive functioning task during severe passive heat stress.

Les pratiques parentales maternelles et la symptomatologie des enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle d’âge préscolaire

Les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle (AS) peuvent présenter divers problèmes psychologiques (Beitchman, Zucker, Hood, DaCosta et al., 1991; Briere & Elliott, 1994). Ces difficultés peuvent d’ailleurs perdurer jusqu’à l’âge adulte (Putnam, 2003). Afin de favoriser le rétablissement de ces enfants et prévenir le cycle intergénérationnel de la maltraitance sexuelle, il est important de s’intéresser aux facteurs de protection pouvant diminuer leurs séquelles. Les pratiques parentales représentent un facteur clé dans le développement de l’enfant de façon générale (Campbell, 1995) et peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la capacité des victimes à s’adapter à l’AS qu’elles ont subie (Ullman, 2003; Yancey & Hansen, 2010). Des pratiques parentales moins étudiées dans ce domaine de recherche ont été examinées dans la présente étude, soit le contrôle psychologique (CP), le contrôle limitatif (CL) et le soutien de l’autonomie (SA). Par ailleurs, l’évaluation des variables pouvant être liées à la conduite parentale et des impacts de celle-ci sur le développement de l’enfant permettra de mieux comprendre les difficultés que peuvent présenter ces familles et d’intevenir adéquatement auprès de celles-ci. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient : 1) de valider une grille de codification des comportements parentaux auprès d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, 2) de documenter le lien entre le CP, le CL, un concept que nous avons proposé dans la présente étude, et le SA afin de clarifier des incohérences conceptuelles et des failles méthodologiques notées dans les études passées, 3) de comparer les pratiques parentales de mères d’enfants victimes d’AS avec celles de mères dont l’enfant n’a pas vécu d’AS, 4) d’examiner le lien entre les mauvais traitements et les événements traumatiques subis par les mères, leur détresse psychologique et leurs pratiques parentales et 5) d’évaluer la relation entre les pratiques parentales et l’adaptation psychologique des enfants de l’échantillon. Un échantillon formé de 22 enfants d’âge préscolaire victimes d’AS recrutés au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) et de 79 enfants n’ayant pas vécu un tel événement recrutés dans des Centres de la petite enfance (CPE) de milieux défavorisés de Montréal, de même que leurs mères, a participé à l’étude. La détresse psychologique des mères, les mauvais traitements subis dans leur l’enfance, les expériences traumatiques vécues avant et après 18 ans et les comportements inductifs et coercitifs ont été mesurés à l’aide de questionnaires auto-rapportés par la mère. Les mères et les éducateurs-trices de garderie ont aussi complété un questionnaire sur la symptomatologie de l’enfant. Finalement, une grille de codification des comportements parentaux a permis de mesurer les pratiques des mères et ce, lors d’une procédure d’observation. Les résultats démontrent que la grille élaborée présente des qualités psychométriques satisfaisantes. Par ailleurs, les corrélations entre les échelles principales de la grille de même que les résultats de l’analyse factorielle révèlent que le CP, le CL et le SA constituent des construits indépendants, tel que prévu. La comparaison des comportements maternels montre que les mères d’enfants victimes d’AS présentent des pratiques similaires à celles des mères dont l’enfant n’a pas subi d’AS. De plus, des liens ont été obtenus entre les expériences traumatiques et les mauvais traitements passés de la mère, sa détresse psychologique et les pratiques qu’elle adopte envers son enfant. Finalement, l’utilisation de stratégies inductives est associée marginalement à moins de troubles extériorisés chez l’enfant alors que l’utilisation de stratégies coercitives est reliée à plus de troubles intériorisés, selon l’éducateur-trice de l’enfant. Afin d’augmenter les possibilités que l’enfant se développe de façon optimale et de prévenir la transmission intergénérationnelle des mauvais traitements sexuels, il est important de comprendre le fonctionnement et les pratiques parentales des mères non-agresseurs. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux documenter la conduite des mères d’enfants victimes d’AS. Par ailleurs, des explications sont proposées concernant les facteurs distincts associés à l’utilisation d’une conduite centrée sur l’enfant (inductive) versus sur le parent (coercitive). L’identification de ceux-ci peut permettre une prévention et une intervention plus adéquate auprès de ces familles et est d’autant plus cruciale compte tenu de l’impact négatif de certaines pratiques sur l’adaptation de l’enfant, tel que démontré dans la présente recherche.

Stratégie organisationnelle à l'attention des gestionnaires visant la promotion de la santé des infirmières en contexte de décès périnatal

Travail dirigé présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences infirmières option expertise-conseil en soins infirmiers

An Analysis of Work Related Stress Factor in Selected Industries in Kerala ,India

Occupational stress is becoming a major issue in both corporate and social agenda .In industrialized countries, there have been quite dramatic changes in the conditions at work, during the last decade ,caused by economic, social and technical development. As a consequence, the people today at work are exposed to high quantitative and qualitative demands as well as hard competition caused by global economy. A recent report says that ailments due to work related stress is likely to cost India’s exchequer around 72000 crores between 2009 and 2015. Though India is a fast developing country, it is yet to create facilities to mitigate the adverse effects of work stress, more over only little efforts have been made to assess the work related stress.In the absence of well defined standards to assess the work related stress in India, an attempt is made in this direction to develop the factors for the evaluation of work stress. Accordingly, with the help of existing literature and in consultation with the safety experts, seven factors for the evaluation of work stress is developed. An instrument ( Questionnaire) was developed using these seven factors for the evaluation of work stress .The validity , and unidimensionality of the questionnaire was ensured by confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was ensured before administration. While analyzing the relation ship between the variables, it is noted that no relationship exists between them, and hence the above factors are treated as independent factors/ variables for the purpose of research .Initially five profit making manufacturing industries, under public sector in the state of Kerala, were selected for the study. The influence of factors responsible for work stress is analyzed in these industries. These industries were classified in to two types, namely chemical and heavy engineering ,based on the product manufactured and work environment and the analysis is further carried out for these two categories.The variation of work stress with different age , designation and experience of the employees are analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA. Further three different type of modelling of work stress, namely factor modelling, structural equation modelling and multinomial logistic regression modelling was done to analyze the association of factors responsible for work stress. All these models are found equally good in predicting the work stress.The present study indicates that work stress exists among the employees in public sector industries in Kerala. Employees belonging to age group 40-45yrs and experience groups 15-20yrs had relatively higher work demand ,low job control, and low support at work. Low job control was noted among lower designation levels, particularly at the worker level in these industries. Hence the instrument developed using the seven factors namely demand, control, manager support, peer support, relationship, role and change can be effectively used for the evaluation of work stress in industries.

The DIADEM Software Development Methodology extended to Multimedia Interfaces

DIADEM, created by THOMSON-CSF, is a methodology for specifying and developing user interfaces. It improves productivity of the interface development process as well as quality of the interface. The method provides support to user interface development in three aspects. (1) DIADEM defines roles of people involved and their tasks and organises the sequence of activities. (2) It provides graphical formalisms supporting information exchange between people. (3) It offers a basic set of rules for optimum human-machine interfaces. The use of DIADEM in three areas (process control, sales support, and multimedia presentation) was observed and evaluated by our laboratory in the European project DIAMANTA (ESPRIT P20507). The method provides an open procedure that leaves room for adaptation to a specific application and environment. This paper gives an overview of DIADEM and shows how to extend formalisms for developing multimedia interfaces.

Prevalencia de síndrome de burnout en personal de los servicios de urgencias en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de baja complejidad de Neiva, 2014: estudio de corte transversal

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en personal de los servicios de urgencias en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de baja complejidad de Neiva. Antecedentes: El Síndrome de Burnout es una respuesta inadecuada al estrés laboral crónico cuyas características principales son: altos niveles de agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal. La prevalencia a nivel mundial de este síndrome en personal de salud varía entre 2,2% y 69,2%. Método: estudio de corte transversal. A una muestra de 90 trabajadores (médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería) en una Empresa Social del Estado de baja complejidad de la ciudad de Neiva se le aplicó cuestionario auto administrado compuesto por dos instrumentos validados (Maslach Burnout Inventory y la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo). Resultados: La prevalencia de Síndrome de Burnout fue 3,3% (n=3) (niveles elevados en las tres características simultáneamente); 11,1% (n=10) de agotamiento emocional, 20% (n=18) despersonalización y 10% (n=9) baja realización personal. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las condiciones de empleo y trabajo con el Síndrome en mención. Conclusión: Laborar en servicios de urgencias confrontan al trabajador a exigencias para el cumplimiento de su tarea, así como también a relaciones sociales estresantes. Factores como el grado de autonomía y de control, el apoyo social en el trabajo, asociado a relaciones personales positivas y una alta funcionalidad familiar podrían mediar como protectores o moduladores del Síndrome de Burnout.

Effect of ENSO phase on large-scale snow water equivalent distribution in a GCM

Understanding links between the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and snow would be useful for seasonal forecasting, but also for understanding natural variability and interpreting climate change predictions. Here, a 545-year run of the general circulation model HadCM3, with prescribed external forcings and fixed greenhouse gas concentrations, is used to explore the impact of ENSO on snow water equivalent (SWE) anomalies. In North America, positive ENSO events reduce the mean SWE and skew the distribution towards lower values, and vice versa during negative ENSO events. This is associated with a dipole SWE anomaly structure, with anomalies of opposite sign centered in western Canada and the central United States. In Eurasia, warm episodes lead to a more positively skewed distribution and the mean SWE is raised. Again, the opposite effect is seen during cold episodes. In Eurasia the largest anomalies are concentrated in the Himalayas. These correlations with February SWE distribution are seen to exist from the previous June-July-August (JJA) ENSO index onwards, and are weakly detected in 50-year subsections of the control run, but only a shifted North American response can be detected in the anaylsis of 40 years of ERA40 reanalysis data. The ENSO signal in SWE from the long run could still contribute to regional predictions although it would be a weak indicator only