Las paremias en el discurso de Machado de Assis

Nuestra tesis doctoral Las paremias en el discurso de Machado de Assis se centra en el campo paremiológico y el corpus elegido para el desarrollo de nuestro estudio son los siete libros de cuentos del escritor brasileño Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, nacido en 1839, en Rio de Janeiro. Los motivos que nos llevaron a esta elección, se justifican por la escasez de trabajos científicos sobre las obras del autor, dirigidos hacia nuestra área de interés, es decir, la paremiología. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación consiste en determinar las tipologías de las paremias utilizadas y las temáticas evocadas en estas paremias por Machado en sus cuentos. Para conseguirlo, pretendemos: - comprobar el tipo de paremia predominante en su obra, tanto en la totalidad de los libros como en cada una de las etapas literarias de las que el autor participó, es decir, del Romanticismo y del Realismo; - comprobar cómo se insertan las paremias en el texto; - constatar los temas presentes en sus cuentos; - averiguar si el autor se ciñe a un tema en concreto o si el margen de posibilidades es más amplio; - mostrar si hubo o no cambio temático en las dos fases literarias del autor. Una vez establecidos los objetivos, dividimos nuestro trabajo en tres partes. La primera de ellas proporciona una visión general de la época en que vivió Machado de Assis, en el Brasil del siglo XIX, repleto de revueltas que partieron de distintos escalones sociales; de cambios políticos, como la Independencia de Brasil, el fin del régimen monárquico y la ascensión de la República; de la extinción de la esclavitud y la apertura a la inmigración, entre otros acontecimientos importantes. También, en este capítulo, realizamos un pequeño esbozo de la vida de Machado y su bibliografía; señalamos algunas implicaciones de sus obras, la situación del público lector y la precariedad de medios económicos y educativos del que disponían. En la segunda parte, abordamos los fundamentos teóricos relacionados con la fraseología y la paremiología, en los cuales nos hemos basado para la elección de un término referencial para designar a los componentes de la fraseología. También presentamos las distintas categorías paremiológicas que son objeto de nuestro estudio. Hacemos el estado de la cuestión, ampliamos los datos sobre la metodología aplicada, con los comentarios pertinentes. Por último, presentamos el corpus, exponiendo los criterios utilizados para su selección y añadimos un modelo de las fichas paremiológicas elaboradas, que serán entregadas en un CD, y hemos comentado las diferentes fuentes de las que nos hemos valido para las comprobaciones de las paremias...

Clássicos do terror como proposta de letramento literário: Machado e Stevenson em sala de aula

Acompanha: Da crueldade à duplicidade da alma humana: sequência expandida a partir de clássicos do terror

A (in)elegibilidade feminina na Academia Brasileira de Letras: Carolina Michaëlis e Amélia Beviláqua

A Academia Brasileira de Letras erigiu-se como um ambiente refratário à presença feminina. Embora mantida fora de cogitação durante seus primeiros oitenta anos de existência, a questão da "elegibilidade feminina" não deixou de integrar a pauta de algumas das sessões acadêmicas. Destarte, o presente artigo objetiva iluminar este tema, tendo em vista os bastidores de dois importantes episódios ocorridos, respectivamente, em 1911 e 1930, quais sejam: a cogitação do nome da filóloga Carolina Michaëlis para integrar o quadro de sócios correspondentes da "Casa de Machado de Assis" e a proposta oficial de candidatura encaminhada por Amélia Beviláqua, primeira mulher a tentar concorrer a uma vaga entre os membros efetivos da agremiação.

Desta para a melhor: a presença das viúvas machadianas no jornal das famílias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

In-house ELISA method to analyze anti-Trypanosoma cruzi IgG reactivity for differential diagnosis and evaluation of Chagas disease morbidity

INTRODUCTION: The goal was to develop an in-house serological method with high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis and monitoring of Chagas disease morbidity. METHODS: With this purpose, the reactivities of anti-T. cruzi IgG and subclasses were tested in successive serum dilutions of patients from Berilo municipality, Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The performance of the in-house ELISA was also evaluated in samples from other relevant infectious diseases, including HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), syphilis (SYP), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and noninfected controls (NI). Further analysis was performed to evaluate the applicability of this in-house methodology for monitoring Chagas disease morbidity into three groups of patients: indeterminate (IND), cardiac (CARD), and digestive/mixed (DIG/Mix), based on their clinical status. RESULTS: The analysis of total IgG reactivity at serum dilution 1:40 was an excellent approach to Chagas disease diagnosis (100% sensitivity and specificity). The analysis of IgG subclasses showed cross-reactivity, mainly with NI, VL, and ATL, at all selected serum dilutions. Based on the data analysis, the IND group displayed higher IgG3 levels and the DIG/Mix group presented higher levels of total IgG as compared with the IND and CARD groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that methodology presents promising applicability in the analysis of anti-T. cruzi IgG reactivity for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of Chagas disease morbidity.

Evaluation of the Chagas Disease Control Program in Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil temporarily (2001-2005) interrupted epidemiological surveillance for Chagas disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Açucena and to offer suggestions for improving local epidemiological surveillance. Methods This study was conducted in three phases: I) a serological investigation of schoolchildren aged 5 to 15 years using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test performed on blood collected on filter paper followed by ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and indirect hemaglutination (IHA) on venous blood for borderline cases and those in the gray zone of reactivity; II) vector evaluation using the data obtained by local health agents during 2006-2010; and III) examination by ELISA, IIF and IHA of serum samples from the inhabitants of houses where infected Triatoma vitticeps was found and evaluation of their knowledge about Chagas disease. Results Five individuals had inconclusive results in the ELISA screening but were seronegative for Chagas disease. The triatomine evaluation revealed the presence of three species: Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus and Panstrongylus diasi. Triatoma vitticeps was the most prevalent and widespread, with a higher (67%) index of Trypanosoma cruzi flagellates and evidence of colonization. Most of the inhabitants of the infested houses recognized triatomines and had basic knowledge about Chagas disease. Conclusions Although T. vitticeps is not clearly associated with Chagas disease transmission, these results highlight the importance of maintaining CDCP in endemic areas and the need for greater emphasis on epidemiological surveillance, especially in areas with important vectorial changes or that have been modified by human intervention.

Clinical and laboratory status of patients with chronic Chagas disease living in a vector-controlled area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, before and nine years after aetiological treatment

Twenty-eight Chagas disease patients (CD), 22 with the indeterminate clinical form (IND) and six with the cardiac or digestive form (CARD/DIG), were treated with benznidazole and underwent clinical and laboratorial analysis before (IND and CARD/DIG) and nine years after [patients after treatment (CDt), patients with the indeterminate clinical form at treatment onset (INDt) and with the cardiac or digestive form at treatment onset (CARD/DIGt)] treatment. The data demonstrate that 82.1% of CDt patients (23/28) remained clinically stable and 95.4% of the INDt (21/22) and 33.3% of the CARD/DIGt (2/6) patients showed unaltered physical and laboratorial examinations. The clinical evolution rate was 2%/year and was especially low in INDt patients (0.5%/year) relative to CARD/DIGt patients (7.4%/year). Positive haemoculture in treated patients was observed in 7.1% of the cases. None of the INDt (0/21) and 33.3% of the CARD/DIGt (2/6) patients displayed positive cultures. The PCR presented a positive rate significantly higher (85.2%, 23/27) than haemoculture and two samples from the same patient revealed the same result 57.7% of the patients. Conventional serology-ELISA on 16 paired samples remained positive in all individuals. Semi-quantitative ELISA highlighted significant decreases in reactivity, particularly in INDt relative to IND. Non-conventional serology-FC-ALTA-IgG, after treatment, showed positive results in all sera and 22 paired samples examined at seven and nine years after treatment, demonstrated significantly lower reactivity, particularly in INDt patients. This study was retrospective in nature, had a low number of samples and lacked an intrinsic control group, but the data corroborate other results found in the literature. The data also demonstrate that, even though a cure has not been detected in the none-treated patients, the benefits for clinical evolution were selectively observed in the group of INDt patients and did not occur for CARD/DIGt patients.

Use of the Kala-Azar Detect® and IT-LEISH® rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

The performances of two rapid tests and a standard serological test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were compared using sera from 193 patients with VL and 85 controls. The Kala-Azar Detect®, IT-LEISH® and IFI-LH® assays showed sensitivities of 88.1%, 93.3% and 88.6%, respectively, and specificities of 90.6%, 96.5% and 80%, respectively. The sensitivity values were similar for both rapid tests, but the specificity and positive predictive values of IT-LEISH® were higher than the corresponding values for IFI-LH®. Both rapid tests showed satisfactory performances and can be used in primary health care settings; however, IT-LEISH® permits the use of whole blood, making this assay more suitable for bedside diagnosis.

A serological, parasitological and clinical evaluation of untreated Chagas disease patients and those treated with benznidazole before and thirteen years after intervention

The etiological treatment of Chagas disease is recommended for all patients with acute or recent chronic infection, but controversies remain regarding the benefit of chemotherapy and interpretations of the parasitological cure after etiological treatment. This study compares the laboratory and clinical evaluations of Chagas disease patients who were diagnosed 13 years earlier. Fifty-eight Chagas disease patients (29 treated with benznidazole and 29 untreated) were matched at the time of treatment based on several variables. Conventional serology revealed the absence of seroconversion in all patients. However, lower serological titres were verified in the treated group, primarily among patients who had the indeterminate form of the disease. Haemoculture performed 13 years after the intervention was positive for 6.9% and 27.6% of the treated and untreated patients, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction tests were positive for 44.8% and 13.8% of the treated and untreated patients, respectively. Patients who presented with the indeterminate form of the disease at the beginning of the study exhibited less clinical progression (17.4%) compared with the untreated group (56.5%). Therefore, this global analysis revealed that etiological treatment with benznidazole may benefit patients with respect to the clinical progression of Chagas disease and the prognosis, particularly when administered to patients with the indeterminate form of the disease.

Experimental benznidazole treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi II strains isolated from children of the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi strains from distinct geographic areas show differences in drug resistance and association between parasites genetic and treatment response has been observed. Considering that benznidazole (BZ) can reduce the parasite burden and tissues damage, even in not cured animals and individuals, the goal is to assess the drug response to BZ of T. cruzi II strains isolated from children of the Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, before treatment. Mice infected and treated with BZ in both phases of infection were compared with the untreated and evaluated by fresh blood examination, haemoculture, polymerase chain reaction, conventional (ELISA) and non-conventional (FC-ALTA) serologies. In mice treated in the acute phase, a significant decrease in parasitaemia was observed for all strains. Positive parasitological and/or serological tests in animals treated during the acute and chronic (95.1-100%) phases showed that most of the strains were BZ resistant. However, beneficial effect was demonstrated because significant reduction (p < 0.05%) and/or suppression of parasitaemia was observed in mice infected with all strains (acute phase), associated to reduction/elimination of inflammation and fibrosis for two/eight strains. BZ offered some benefit, even in not cured animals, what suggest that BZ use may be recommended at least for recent chronic infection of the studied region.

Filosofia schopenhaueriana e literatura machadiana: em torno do conto "Noite de almirante"

Trata-se neste artigo de mostrar como se dá a recepção de alguns elementos da filosofia schopenhaueriana, como a oposição entre intelecto e vontade, na literatura de Machado de Assis. Com efeito, examinado o conto "Noite de almirante", pode-se dizer que a personagem Genoveva faz as vezes da vontade, ao passo que Deolindo é guiado pelo intelecto.

Conjuros contra la locura: el alienista y el infarto del alma

La construcción del espacio en El alienista (1882) y El infarto del alma (1994) sugiere una fluidez transversal a los contrastes evidentes entre ambos libros. El cuento largo de Machado de Assis –irónico, desde su modernidad, respecto a las promesas de la Ilustración– y el testimonio/fotoensayo de Diamela Eltit y Paz Errázuriz – fragmentario e inquisidor de las homogeneizaciones reconfortantes de su fin de siglo–, narran la locura a través de una inmersión en espacios dúctiles. Tanto el orden colonial que pretende clasificarla como las exclusiones de una modernidad que convive con patrones unívocos de lo bello o deseable, adscriben un espacio a la locura. Sin embargo, surgen intersticios –desde lo arquitectónico y más allá de ello– que trastocan la noción de esta. El lector se inserta en un flujo de movimientos/interpretaciones y es incitado a participar de una actitud lúdica capaz de conjurar la locura. Las piezas de juego son innumerables –pasillos, nombres, viajes, sueños, ventanas, héroes, rincones– pero los resultados no se pueden clasificar como los objetos de estudio de la ciencia ilustrada. Tampoco medir como lo hacen las fórmulas de prestigio contemporáneas. Sólo está la libertad de jugar.

Dom Casmurro em tradução : uma abordagem comparativista

O presente trabalho se constitui de uma análise avaliativa comparada de duas traduções italianas do romance Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, na busca da equivalência tradutória de aspectos estilísticos, pragmáticos e sociolingüísticos presentes na obra, tendo como base os postulados mais recentes da Teoria e Crítica da Tradução, objetivando averiguar a sua consistência e aplicabilidade na prática. Pelo estudo realizado foi possível comprovar a necessidade de um trabalho interdisciplinar para o processo tradutório e também a viabilidade de uma abordagem literária fiel, embora ao mesmo tempo criativa, capaz de preservar os aspectos mais relevantes do estilo machadiano, demonstrando-se também a importância da visibilidade do tradutor, juntamente com a complexidade do processo que requer dele um amplo e diversificado conhecimento de aspectos literários e socioculturais nas línguas e nas culturas em jogo.

Um narrador incerto : Dom Casmurro : entre o estranho e o familiar

Este trabalho consiste na leitura do romance Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis articulado ao texto freudiano “O Estranho”. O que o orienta e inspira é a consideração de que tanto Freud quanto Machado trazem à cena traços, posições, campos de referências que têm efeito na subjetividade até nossos dias. No ensaio “O estranho”, Freud põe em questão a reflexão sobre a obra de arte abandonando o olhar que elege o belo e o grandioso para se debruçar sobre o que é inquietante, fonte de angústia e mal-estar. O autor evidencia, no trabalho a partir dos processos inconscientes, que o aparentemente mais distante, estrangeiro a nós mesmos, produtor do efeito de estranho (unheimlich), tem relação com o que nos é mais familiar (heimlich). Dom Casmurro, um dos romances mais importantes e polêmicos de nossa língua, é fundado em um inquietante mal-estar. Nele a voz do narrador é incerta, dividida, não distanciada. Escolhemos trabalhar com alguns pontos que nos parecem dar conta dessas fraturas, momentos de estranhamento e de subversão: a duplicação da casa (o eu e o desconhecimento); os olhos de ressaca (virada do lugar de sujeito a objeto); Escobar reeditado em Ezequiel (o especular no ciúme, a impossível paternidade). Neste percurso Machado de Assis nos leva a questões fundamentais com respeito às relações do sujeito ao desejo, em especial via a obliqüidade do olhar.