脂肪族聚醚/聚酯-聚氨基酸嵌段聚合物的合成与表征

在最近的二三十年间，人们发现生物降解高分子在医药领域有很高的应用价值。如脂肪族聚酯，例如PGA（聚乙交酯），PLA（聚丙交脂），是一类重要的生物降解材料。由于它们的低免疫性和高的生物相容性，这一类材料被广泛应用于医药领域。众所周知，PEG（聚乙二醇）具有显著的生物相关性及优异的理化性质，包括：亲水性，溶于水及多种有机溶剂，无毒，不产生抗体及免疫性反应。这使得PEG被广泛应用于医药领域。同时它还被应用于与聚酯生成两亲性嵌段聚合物以改进聚酯的性能，生成具有一些新的特性的聚合物。在以上这些生物降解材料的应用过程中，人们发现需要在聚合物中引入功能基团以满足挂载药物，生物活性物质或在基因转移方面的应用。众所周知一些天然氨基酸具有活性基团，例如谷氨酸和天冬氨酸具有梭基，赖氨酸具有氨基，能够满足这类需求。于是我们就尝试着将聚氨基酸引入聚酯中，形成共聚物。同时共聚物中聚氨基酸段的存在改变了共聚物的降解性，使得它们能够被酶所降解。本文合成了端基为氨基的聚乙二醇单甲醚-聚丙交酯两嵌段聚合物（MPEG-PLA）以及将之应用于α-氨基酸-N-羧酸配（NCA）的开环聚合合成了聚乙二醇单甲醚一聚丙交酯-聚γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸三嵌段聚合物（MPEG-PLA-PBLG）。由于生物医用高分子材料用途的特殊性，需要聚合物中残留的催化剂易于除去或要求催化剂是无毒的。有机氨钙催化剂由于中心原子是人体中含量最多的金属元素一钙，因此非常适合于这一领域。本文运用氨钙催化剂合成了端基为氨基的聚。一己内酯并用为大分子引发剂，引发γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸NCA，合成了聚ε-己内酯-聚γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸两嵌段聚合物（PCL-PBLG）。三嵌段聚合物（MPEG-PLA-PBLG）以及两嵌段聚合物（PCL-PBIG）由泊NMR，IR，GPC，DSC进行了表征，证明了它们是所要制得的目标化合物。

可生物降解聚合物药物载体及其制备技术

药物释放体系因其具有提高药物的疗效，降低药物的毒副作用，减少药物的服用次数，拓宽给药途径等特点，而成为近几年来人们研究的热点。生物可降解高分子，由于它们在体内可以降解，降解产物可以被机体吸收或代谢，不存在积累在体内的危险，因此成为药物释放体系的载体的首选材料。特别是脂肪族聚酷类高分子，在与聚乙二醇形成嵌段共聚物后，不仅具有生物可降解性，而月＿大大地改善了材料与人体的生物相容性，作为药物载体材料时，延长了药物在体内的循环时间，降低了免疫响应性，引起了人们的极大兴趣。因此本论文主要是以MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物为药物的载体材料，详细研究了高分子量的MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物对紫杉醇的包裹，研究了MPEG-PLA和PLGA聚合物合金对胰岛素固体粉末的包裹，以及低分子量的MPEG-PLA的紫杉醇前药的合成、表征和由它制备而成的胶束的一些性质，取得了一些有意义的结果：1、采用改进的O／W乳液法，用高分子量的MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚物实现了对紫杉醇的纳米化包裹，并证实了聚合物的分子量对所制备的纳米微球的粒径的影响：分子量越大，粒径越大。同时发现了微球粒径越小，药物的包裹量越低。2、用扫描电镜（SEM）、光电子能谱（XPS）、差热分析（DSC）对纳米微球进行了分析和测定，结果表明，微球的尺寸在30Om-800nm范围，紫杉醇在纳米微球的表面几乎不存在，而是以无定形的状态分布在纳米微球中。3、对纳米微球中紫杉醇体外释放行为进行了侧定。它们显现出了明显的双相行为，即在初期释放速度很快，随后的释放速度变慢。同时，研究了MPEG-PLA的分子量对释放行为的影响：聚合物分子量越大，紫杉醇释放的速度就越慢。4、用固体粉末法和双乳液法对胰岛素进行了包裹，其中固体粉末法采用的是PLGA和MPEG-PLA两聚合物的混合溶液对纳米胰岛素颗粒进行了包裹，包裹率分析表明：固体粉末法对药物的包裹率高于双乳液法。所得的微球都是很好的球形，其尺寸在1-3um左右，它的剖面是核壳结构，胰岛素以晶粒的形式被包裹在微球中间。5、对固体粉末法和双乳液法制备的微球的体外释放行为进行了对比，发现由两种聚合物合金制备的微球的暴释现象得到了缓解，同时发现两种聚合物的配比不一样，其暴释缓解的程度不一样。6、以辛酸亚锡为催化剂成功地合成了低分子量的MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物。二经基乙酸配与过量的叔丁醇在DMAP存在下反应，成功制得了二轻基乙酸单叔丁酷。MPEG-PLA的端经基与二经基乙酸单叔丁酷在DCC参与下脱水酷化再将叔丁基去保护，便得到端梭基的MPEG-PLA。7、端基为梭基的MPEG-PLA与紫杉醇的2’-羟基或7-轻基进行了酷化反应，制备出MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药。8、制备了四种低分子量的MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药，用1H NMR和GPC进行了表征分析。紫杉醇前药中紫杉醇的含量最高可达到20％，依赖于MPEG-PLA中PLA段的长度。9、用荧光探针法考察了MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物和MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药的胶束化行为，发现前药总比相对应的两嵌段聚合物有更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）。用透射电镜观察了胶束的形貌和尺寸大小，以及接药前后胶束尺寸的变化。发现都是很好的球状胶束，MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物和MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药胶束的平均粒径分别为25±3nm和33士Znm，说明聚合物在接药后，随着疏水部分分子量的增加，所形成的胶束粒径也增大。

带侧羧基的脂肪族生物降解聚合物

生物降解脂肪族聚酷如聚乙交醋（PGA）、聚丙交醋（PLA）、聚。一己内酷（PCL）以及它们的共聚物由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性而在外科手术缝合线、组织工程、药物控制释放、骨固定等领域得到很多应用。但是，它们自身缺乏功能基团，亲水性差，因而在应用上受到很大限制。因此，含有功能侧基生物降解聚合物的制备在过去十年中受到大家极大的关注。功能基团的引入对于调节聚合物的性能如：亲水性、生物降解性和药物的渗透性等非常重要。需要特别指出的是，功能基团的引入为把药物和其它生物活性物质与聚合物结合进而扩大聚合物的应用范围提供了机会。本文合成了几个功能化单体并且通过共聚的方法制备了几种新型的两亲性功能化聚合物。这些改性后的聚合物可以通过化学键接上药物或者其它生物活性物质，有望作为靶向控释药物载体和智能化的组织工程支架材料。具体的研究结果如下：1．以2，2-二羟甲基丙酸节酷为功能单体，通过两步法成功合成了一系列新的带功能基团的聚酷酞胺，并通过1H NMR和FTIR对聚合物的化学结构进行了表征，DSC结果表明所合成的聚酯酰胺的Tm和Tg分别在150℃和0℃左右；2．合成了功能化的环状单体（35）-3-［（苄氧羰基）乙基」吗啉-2，5-二酮（BEMD），并以PEG作为引发剂，Sn（Oct）2作为催化剂，通过L一LA和BEMD的开环共聚合得到共聚物PLGBG-PEG-PLGBG；随后用10％铭碳催化氢化得到带有侧梭基的两亲性嵌段共聚物PLGG-PEG-PLGG和其它两亲性嵌段共聚物一样，PLGG-PEG-PLGG在水溶液中能够自组装成胶束，用花作为荧光探针，通过荧光光谱法研究了其形成胶束的过程并测定了它们的临界胶束浓度，发现在总的分子量大致相当的情况下，PLGG-PEG4600-PLGG比PLGG-PEG2000-PLGG有较高的临界胶束浓度；场发射电子显微镜表征结果显示胶束具有均一的球形特征，动态光散射结果表明该胶束具有较窄的单峰粒径分布；蛋白酶K溶液中的降解研究表明带有侧梭基的PLGG-PEG-PLGG比PLA具有更快的降解速率；人胚关节软骨细胞培养结果表明所合成的聚合物PLGG-PEG-PLGG显示出较好的细胞相容性。3．在缩合剂DCC和催化剂DMAP存在下，带有侧梭基的两亲性嵌段共聚物PLGOPEG-PLGG和紫杉醇发生缩合反应得到两亲性嵌段共聚物一紫杉醇键合药P（LGG-paclitaxel）-PEG-P（LGG-paclitaxel）。它具有两亲性嵌段共聚物的性质，能够自组装成胶束，场发射电子显微镜表征结果表明胶束具有均一的球形特征，动态光散射结果表明该胶束具有较窄的粒径分布，平均粒径为119.4nm。该胶束的药物释放具有pH敏感性，酸性环境中比生理环境中（pH＝7.4）具有较快的释放速率。P（LGG-Paclitaxel）-PEG-P（LGG-paclitaxel）胶束的壳层由良好亲水性的PEG组成，避免了胶束纳米粒子在血液循环中被人体网状内皮系统吞噬，保证有充足的时间通过EPR效应在肿瘤部位聚集，进而通过细胞内吞进入细胞并在细胞内的酸性环境中释放药物，进一步的研究工作有待深入进行。4．合成了功能化的环状碳酸酷单体MBC，以MPEG作为引发剂，ZnEt2作为催化剂，LLA和MBC发生开环共聚合，以较高的转化率，得到高分子量共聚物MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MBC）。13C NMR表明LLA和确c发生了无规共聚合；DSC征结果表明MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MBC）为无定型态聚合物，Tg在20-50℃之间，随着MBc含量的增加而降低；MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MBC）脱保护后得到带侧梭基的MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MCC），它的Tg明显提高，可能是聚合物侧梭基之间强的氢键作用力以及梭基对水解反应的催化作用造成的；脱保护前后的共聚物在蛋白酶K溶液中的降解研究表明，MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MCC）的降解速率大于MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MBC）的降解速率；人胚关节软骨细胞培养结果表明，所合成的MPEG-b-P（LA-co-MCC）是一种具有良好生物相容性的新型生物降解材料。5．利用本实验室开发的一种新型有机氨锯引发剂Sr-PO在温和的条件下通过顺序加料聚合的方法合成了新的嵌段共聚物PCL-b-PMBC。WAXD结果表明 PCL-b-PMBc中PCL的衍射峰均可观察到，只是衍射峰的强度随着PMBC含量的增加而减弱。DSC结果表明PCL-b-PMBC中PCL的Tm在57到52℃之间，并且随着PMBC含量的增加而降低。PCL-b-PMBC的玻璃化转变在-41.6 到-23.3℃之间，随着PMBC含量的增加而增加，这表明PMBC和PCL之间 有着强的相互作用，尽管两段不是完全相容的。PCL-b-PMBC的侧节醋在10％把碳催化下氢化还原为带侧梭基的PCL-b-PMCC后，衍射峰和结晶焙大大降低，说明侧梭基的存在使得分子链间有着强的氢键相互作用而不利于结晶。由以上分析可知，PCL-b-PMCC侧梭基的存在将会使共聚物的降解速度大大提高，而且因为功能梭基的存在可以使共聚物通过化学键连接上药物、短肤、寡糖或者其它生物活性物质，从而扩大该聚合物在生物医学领域的应用范围。

流媒体分发与传输关键技术研究

随着Internet技术的飞速发展，流媒体分发技术取得了长足的进步，同时，日益增加的用户、视频数据和流媒体交互式需求，也给大规模流媒体分发服务带来了新的挑战。另外一方面，随着宽带无线接入技术发展的日新月异，如何有效利用多种接入方式为用户提供更高质量的流媒体服务是当前通信技术领域迫切需要解决的问题。本文对基于应用层支持交互式的P2P流媒体分发技术及基于传输层支持Multihoming的SCTP流媒体传输技术进行了相关研究，主要贡献和创新点如下： 第一、提出了一种支持随机访问的协作式P2P流媒体分发方案。该方案采用平衡二叉树将媒体对象进行分布式分段预取缓存，用于媒体流快速定位，利用缓存重叠机制构建非结构化网络，用于节点间常规媒体流分发。分别设计了媒体预取算法及邻居节点搜索算法，给出了节点失效恢复策略及支持随机访问的协作过程。仿真试验结果表明，在随机访问及网络波动过程中，该方案能够提供高平滑质量的P2P媒体流服务。 第二、提出了一种基于数据驱动及分布式存储的P2P VoD解决方案。该方案融合了平衡多叉树与基于数据驱动的随机图网络两种拓扑。利用gossip算法构建和维护随机图网络中的邻居节点关系，采用数据驱动机制进行邻居节点间媒体流的分发，进一步降低了源服务器的负载。设计了一种基于平衡多叉树的分布式预取缓存算法，提高了随机访问的搜索效率。仿真试验结果和分析表明，两种网络拓扑的协作机制有效地解决了P2P VoD中视频传输及交互式操作问题。 第三、设计和实现了一种基于Trace驱动及SCTP的MPEG-4视频传输评估平台Evalvid-SCTP。Evalvid-SCTP提供了在仿真环境下SCTP流媒体实时传输及视频质量评估的解决方案。在Multihoming环境下，Evalvid-SCTP可以有效地分析SCTP在不同网络条件和负载下的流媒体传输行为特征和传输质量。 第四、提出了SCTP流媒体单路径传输最佳协议参数配置策略及多路径并行传输策略。评估了在单路径传输机制下快速重传策略、超时重传策略、路径故障检测门限值设置，三者配合时在多种网络条件下的流媒体传输性能，并综合以上各种发现提出了在不同的路径条件下应该采取的重传路径选择策略以及路径故障检测门限值设置方案。评估了在多路径并行传输下融合SCTP部分可靠特性的流媒体传输性能，提出了针对流媒体传输，多路径并行传输应采取的策略。

Biodegradable Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Based on Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan

We synthesized methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer by ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxy anhydride of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (NCA) using amino-terminated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) as macroinitiator. Polyelectrolyte complexation between mPEGGA as neutral-block-polyanion and chitosan (CS) as polycation has been scrutinized in aqueous solution as well as in the solid state.

A Biodegradable Diblcok Copolymer Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lactide-co-2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate): Docetaxel and RGD Conjugation

A diblcok copolymer monomethoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lactide-co-2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate) (MPEG-b-P(LA-co-MCC)) was obtained by copolymerization of L-lactide (LA) and 2-methyl-2-benzoxycarbonyl-propylene carbonate (MBC) and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation. The pendant carboxyl groups of the copolymer MPEG-b-P(LA-co-MCC) were conjugated with antitumor drug docetaxel and tripeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), respectively.

The Study of Electroactive Block Copolymer Containing Aniline Pentamer Isolated from Different Solvents

For the films and powder of polymers containing conductive oligomer are usually obtained from solution, the choice of better solvents for the regular arrangement of oligomers is very important for the higher conductivity. Because of the poor solubility of the oligomers, it is difficult to study the arrangement directly in most common solvents, so, we synthesized a triblock copolymer, mPEG2k-aniline pentamer-mPEG2k, as the model to investigate the arrangement-solvent relationship. For the poor solubility of the AP block in common solvents, the copolymer self-assembled into spheric micelles in toluene and into lamellar crystals in water and THF. The crystallinity (X-c) and crystallization temperature (T-c) values of mPEG blocks in powders prepared from different solvents differed obviously, which may be the effect of different self-assembled structures. From the two-phase model of one-dimensional electron density correlation function of SAXS, the long period of copolymer prepared from THF was presumably equal to the long period of pure mPEG plus the chain length of AP, which demonstrates that the AP blocks arrange regularly in the noncrystalline regions.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CROSSLINKING POLYETHYLENIMINE AS SMART GENE CARRIER AND EFFECTS OF PEGYLATION DEGREE

A smart biodegradable cationic polymer (CBA-PEI) based on the disulfide bond-containing cross-linker cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA) and low molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (1800-Da, PEI1800) was successfully synthesized by Michael addition reaction in our recent study. Furthermore, a series of copolymers (CBA-PEI-PEG) with different PEGylation degree were obtained by the mPEG-SPA (5000-Da) reacting with CBA-PEI at various weight ratios directly. The molecular structures of the resulting polymers CBA-PEI and CBA-PEI-PEG were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-NMR) and capillary viscosity measurements, all of which had successfully verified formation of the copolymers. The polymer/DNA complexes based on CBA-PEI and CBA-PEI-PEG were measured by dynamic light scattering and gel retardation assay. The results showed that the particle size and zeta potential of complexes were reduced with increasing amount of PEG grafting, even no particle formation. The particle size of CBA-PEI/DNA complexes was in range of 103.1 to 129.1 nm, and the zeta potential was in range of 14.2 to 24.3 mV above the 2:1 weight ratio. In the same measure condition, the particle size of CBA-PEI-PEG complexes was reduced to a range of 32.2 to 55 nm, and the zeta potential was in range of 9.3 to 13.8 mV at the 2:1 weight ratio.

Physical diffusion and electron-transfer dynamics of electroactive solutes in polymer electrolytes .2. Effect of the ionic size of supporting electrolytes

The diffusion coefficients(D-app) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(k(s)) for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using steady-state voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters obeys the Arrhenius equation. The effect of the ionic size of six supporting electrolytes on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of ferrocene was discussed.

Physical diffusion and electron-transfer dynamics of electroactive solutes in polymer electrolytes .1. Effect of the nature of electroactive solutes

The diffusion coefficients(D-app) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(k(s)) for ferrocene and its seven derivatives in MPEG/LiClO4 electrolyte were determined by using steady-state voltammetry. The two parameters increase with increasing temperature, indicating Arrhenius behavior. The effects of the nature of electroactive solute molecules on D-app, k(s), and the half-wave potentials(E-1/2) are discussed.

Organ Recital Mainzer Dom.

Concert performance in 2012 Internationaler Orgelsommer 4 August 2012. Showcase of British music from 19th and 20th centuries. Weitz Fanfare and Gothic March; Handel Organ Concerto Op 4 No 5; W.T.Best Sonata in G; Francis Jackson Toccata, Chorale and Fugue; Hollins A Song of Sunshine; Healey Willan Introduction Passacaglia and Fugue

That Whole Business about the Cross

digital audio recording

A Christian Reading of History

This recording is part of the Marsh Chapel Audio Collection.

Systematic Verification of Safety Properties of Arbitrary Network Protocol Compositions Using CHAIN

Formal correctness of complex multi-party network protocols can be difficult to verify. While models of specific fixed compositions of agents can be checked against design constraints, protocols which lend themselves to arbitrarily many compositions of agents-such as the chaining of proxies or the peering of routers-are more difficult to verify because they represent potentially infinite state spaces and may exhibit emergent behaviors which may not materialize under particular fixed compositions. We address this challenge by developing an algebraic approach that enables us to reduce arbitrary compositions of network agents into a behaviorally-equivalent (with respect to some correctness property) compact, canonical representation, which is amenable to mechanical verification. Our approach consists of an algebra and a set of property-preserving rewrite rules for the Canonical Homomorphic Abstraction of Infinite Network protocol compositions (CHAIN). Using CHAIN, an expression over our algebra (i.e., a set of configurations of network protocol agents) can be reduced to another behaviorally-equivalent expression (i.e., a smaller set of configurations). Repeated applications of such rewrite rules produces a canonical expression which can be checked mechanically. We demonstrate our approach by characterizing deadlock-prone configurations of HTTP agents, as well as establishing useful properties of an overlay protocol for scheduling MPEG frames, and of a protocol for Web intra-cache consistency.

Stereocomplexed poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles with dual-emissive boron dyes for tumor accumulation.

Responsive biomaterials play important roles in imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments are one class of biomaterial utilized for these purposes. The incorporation of luminescent molecules into NPs adds optical imaging and sensing capability to these vectors. Here we report on the synthesis of dual-emissive, pegylated NPs with "stealth"-like properties, delivered intravenously (IV), for the study of tumor accumulation. The NPs were created by means of stereocomplexation using a methoxy-terminated polyethylene glycol and poly(D-lactide) (mPEG-PDLA) block copolymer combined with iodide-substituted difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-poly(L-lactide) (BF2dbm(I)PLLA). Boron nanoparticles (BNPs) were fabricated in two different solvent compositions to study the effects on BNP size distribution. The physical and photoluminescent properties of the BNPs were studied in vitro over time to determine stability. Finally, preliminary in vivo results show that stereocomplexed BNPs injected IV are taken up by tumors, an important prerequisite to their use as hypoxia imaging agents in preclinical studies.