A review of climate change and the implementation of marine biodiversity legislation in the United Kingdom

1. Marine legislation, the key means by which the conservation of marine biodiversity is achieved, has been developing since the 1960s. In recent decades, an increasing focus on ‘holistic’ policy development is evident, compared with earlier ‘piecemeal’ sectoral approaches. Important marine legislative tools being used in the United Kingdom, and internationally, include the designation of marine protected areas and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) with its aim of meeting ‘Good Environmental Status’ (GES) for European seas by 2020. 2. There is growing evidence of climate change impacts on marine biodiversity, which may compromise the effectiveness of any legislation intended to promote sustainable marine resource management. 3. A review of key marine biodiversity legislation relevant to the UK shows climate change was not considered in the drafting of much early legislation. Despite the huge increase in knowledge of climate change impacts in recent decades, legislation is still limited in how it takes these impacts into account. There is scope, however, to account for climate change in implementing much of the legislation through (a) existing references to environmental variability; (b) review cycles; and (c) secondary legislation and complementary policy development. 4. For legislation relating to marine protected areas (e.g. the EC Habitats and Birds Directives), climate change has generally not been considered in the site-designation process, or for ongoing management, with the exception of the Marine (Scotland) Act. Given that changing environmental conditions (e.g. rising temperatures and ocean acidification) directly affect the habitats and species that sites are designated for, how this legislation is used to protect marine biodiversity in a changing climate requires further consideration. 5. Accounting for climate change impacts on marine biodiversity in the development and implementation of legislation is vital to enable timely, adaptive management responses. Marine modelling can play an important role in informing management decisions.

Out of the wilderness? Achieving sustainable development within Scottish national parks

The introduction of national parks to Scotland represents a significant shift in the evolution of protected area management within the UK. Although the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000 adopts the established national park aims of conservation and recreation, provisions are also made for advancing notions of sustainable development. This paper provides an assessment of the degree to which the Scottish national park model is likely to enable the realisation of multiple national park objectives. Five key areas are considered for analysis. These relate to management aims, institutional arrangements, implementation, democratic accountability and funding. The evaluation reveals that whilst management provisions have been established in accordance with international sustainable development guidelines, a number of concerns relating to operational processes remain.

Absent Witnesses and the U.K. Supreme Court: Judicial Deference as Judicial Dialogue?

This article analyses the position of absent witness evidence under the UK Criminal Justice Act 2003 after significant European and domestic case law on the topic. It argues that flexibility in the hearsay regime under the 2003 Act and a permissive approach by appellate courts has increased the potential for fair trial violations in recent years. Moreover, the UK Supreme Court decision in R v Horncastle preserves domestic courts’ authority to determine the meaning of European rights and selectively defer to Parliament. This area of the law demonstrates the scope that the domestic system retains for divergence from European standards.

Thinking Sexual Difference Through the Law of Rape

2013 marks 10 years since the Sexual Offences Act 2003 was passed. That Act made significant changes to the law of rape which appear now to have made very little difference to reporting, prosecution or conviction rates. This article argues that the Act has failed against its own measures because it remains enmeshed within a conceptual framework of sexual indifference in which woman continues to be constructed as man’s (defective) other. This construction both constricts the frame in which women’s sexuality can be thought and distorts the harm of rape for women. It also continues woman’s historic alienation from her own nature and denies her entitlement to a becoming in line with her own sexuate identity. Using Luce Irigaray’s critical and constructive frameworks, the article seeks to imagine how law might ‘cognize’ sexual difference and thus take the preliminary steps to a juridical environment in which women can more adequately understand and articulate the harm of rape.

Essa terra que tomo de conta : parentesco e territorialidade na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco

Tese de doutoramento, Antropologia (Antropologia do Parentesco e do Género), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 2014

Protecting children from sex offenders online: when strangers become 'virtual friends'

This article describes findings from research funded by the Metropolitan Police and Crimestoppers which aimed to explore children's online experiences. A non-random, stratified sample of 200 London school children aged 10- 13 participated in focus groups. Preliminary findings are also presented from unpublished ongoing PhD research, which seeks to explore sex offender behaviour online and the policing of the internet (Martellozzo, 2005 ongoing). The findings are discussed in the context of sex offender's use of the internet. This research indicates that children do have some basic knowledge about 'stranger danger' but are not necessarily applying these lessons to cyberspace. The children in this study had sufficient awareness to not give personal details to strangers on the internet, and would not arrange to meet them. However, they made a distinction between 'strangers' and 'virtual friends' and this is an important point. Preliminary findings also highlight the difficulty of policing the internet and serve to illustrate the manner in which the Sexual Offences Act 2003 is applied to internet sexual offending in practice.

An Examination of Youth Perceptions and Understandings of their Experiences with Extrajudicial Sanctions in Relation to Key Principles of the YCJA

It is unclear how the principles of meaningful consequences, fair and proportionate accountability, and rehabilitation and reintegration under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003) are understood and experienced by youth participating in diversion from youth court. Interviews with 20 youth revealed that, from their understanding, extrajudicial sanctions were viewed as accomplishing the goals of meaningful consequences and fair and proportionate accountability relatively well, but less emphasis was placed on rehabilitation and reintegration. The findings suggest that there may be a need an examination of the spectrum of responses available to youth under the umbrella of Extrajudicial Sanctions and their ability to achieve the key principles of the legislation. Implications for both youth and policy are addressed.

Les occupations de fermes commerciales au Zimbabwe : récits, expériences et devenirs des fermiers blancs

Cette thèse propose une ethnographie des devenirs des fermiers blancs saisis sur le long terme de leur présence au Zimbabwe. L’analyse est centrée autour d’un moment de crise, les occupations de fermes en cours, qualifié dans ce travail d’éthique et de critique. Ces occupations s’attaquent symboliquement et réellement aux restes de la colonisation au Zimbabwe. Leur étude nous a conduits à nous interroger sur les manières suivant lesquelles la décolonisation est mise en oeuvre dans le Zimbabwe du Président Mugabe et sur les enjeux qui concernent la forme, notamment sur le plan légale, de la postcolonie. Ces occupations ont provoqué l’expulsion de plus de 90 % des fermiers blancs hors de leur lieu utopique, à savoir la ferme, et les ont poussés dans des espaces d’ambiguïté à l’intérieur desquels les occupants cherchent la confrontation. La question de la corruption (économique et morale) est au coeur de l’expérience des fermiers blancs qui ont été forcés de renoncer à leur intégrité. Certains d’entre eux ont tenté par divers moyens de la maintenir en se préservant de la corruption et en réclamant le respect de leurs « droits »; d’autres ont accepté de vivre dans la zone grise que constitue l’occupation de leur ferme. Cette thèse qui s’ancre dans l’anthropologie postcoloniale est organisée en trois parties. La question centrale de la première partie qui est d’orientation historique interroge la forme que les settlers ont donnée à ce pays et la manière mise de l’avant par les fermiers blancs pour faire de ces terres africaines « leur » lieu. Dans la deuxième partie, l’instauration après 2000 du Fast-track land reform programme et l'expérience quotidienne des occupations du point de vue des fermiers blancs sont analysées dans le détail. Dans la troisième partie, la vie des fermiers dépossédés de leur ferme est abordée à partir d’Harare, la capitale du Zimbabwe et de la Grande-Bretagne où ils ont trouvé refuge. Ceux qui vivent actuellement à Harare se sont réorganisés socialement et économiquement en redéfinissant les limites, notamment morales, de la communauté. Ceux qui, fuyant le Zimbabwe, sont « retournés » en Angleterre sont redevenus des Anglais.

Farm Programmes of Electronic Media: A Comparative Study of Audience Perception in Kerala

Farm communication and extension programs are vital part of the farm development attempts. Electronic media plays a major role in farm extension activities. Kerala, the consumer state, which was a complete agricultural state in pre-independence period, is the sprouting land of agricultural extension and publication activities in print media. Later AIR (All India Radio) farm programs and farm broadcasting of Doordarshan enriched the role of electronic media in farm extension activities. The media saturated southern state of India received this new electronic media farm communication revolution whole heartedly. However, after 1990, Kerala witnessed a flood of private T V channels and currently there are 24 channels in this regional language, named Malayalam. All major news and entertainment channels are broadcasting farm programs. Farm programs of AIR and Doordarshan, broadcasted in Malayalam language, have been well accepted to the farmers‘ in Kerala. However, post-independence period, witnessed the formation of Kerala state in Indian Union and the first ballot-elected communist Government started its administration. After the land reform bills, the state witnessed a gradual decrease in agricultural production. Even if it is not reflected much in the attitude and practices of farm community and farm broadcast of traditional electronic broadcasting, a change is observable after the post-liberalization era of India. Private Television channels, which were focused on entertainment value of programs, started broadcasting farm programs and the parameters of program production went through certain changes. In this situation, there is ample relevance for a study about the farm programs of electronic media in terms of a comparative study of audience perception. The study is limited in the state of Kerala as it is the most media saturated state in India. The study analyzes the rate, nature and scope of adoption of farming methods transmitted through electronic media (T.V. and Radio) in Malayalam language.All kinds of Farm programs including comprehensive program serials, success stories, seasonal cropping methods, experts opinion, been analyzed on the basis of the following objectives.  To find whether propagating new farm methods through farm programs in electronic media or the availability of adequate infrastructure and economic factors make a farmer to adopt a new farming method.  To find which electronic media has more influence on farmers to adopt agricultural programs.  To find which form of electronic media gets better feedback from farmers  To find out whether the programs of T.V. or Radio is more acceptable to farmers than the print media.  To find whether farmers gets the message through their preferred medium for the message. The researcher recorded opinions from a panel of agricultural officers, farm Information officers, agro extension researchers and experts. According to their opinions and guidelines, a pilot study is designed and conducted in Kanjikuzhy Panchayath, in Alappuzha district, Kerala. The Panchayath is selected by considering its ideal nature of being the sample for a social Science research. Besides, the nature of farming in the Panchayath, which devoid of the cultivation of cash crops also supported its sample value. As per the observations from the pilot study, researcher confirmed the Triangulation method as the methodology of research. The questionnaire survey, being the primary part contained 42 Questions with 6 independent and 32 dependent variables. The survey is conducted among 400 respondents in Idukki, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts considering geographical differences and distribution of different types of crops. The response from a total of 360 respondents, 120 from each district, finally selected for tabulation and data analysis.The data analysis, based on percentage analysis, along with the results from focus group discussion among a selected group of 20 farmers, together produced the results as follows. Farmers, who are the audience of farm programs, have a very serious approach towards the medium. They are maintaining a critical point of view towards the content of the programs. Farmers are reasonably aware about the financial side of the programs and the monitory aspirations of both private and Government owned Television channels. Even though, the farmers are not aware on the technical terminology and jargons, they have ideas about success stories, program serials and they are even informed about channels are not maintaining an audience research section like AIR. Though the farmers accept Doordarshan as the credential source of farm information and methods, they are inclined to the entertainment value of programs too. They prefer to have more entertainment value for the programs of Doordarshan. Surprisingly, they have very solid suggestions on even about the shots which add entertainment value to the farm broadcasting methods of Doordarshan. Farmers are very much aware about the fact that media is just an instrument for inspiration and persuasion. They strongly believe that the source of information and new methods is agricultural research and an effective change happens only when there are adequate infrastructure and marketing facilities, along with the proper support from Government agricultural guideline and support systems like Krishi Bhavans. They strongly believe that media alone cannot create any magic in increasing agricultural production. Farmers are pointing out the lack of response to the feedback and queries of farmers on farming methods, as an evidence for the difference in levels of commitment of Government and private owned Television channels.Farmers are still perceiving AIR farm programs are far more committed to farmers and farming than any other electronic medium. However, they are seriously lacking Radio receivers with medium wave reception facility. Farmers perceive that the farming methods on new crops are more adoptable than the farming methods of traditional crops in both private and Government owned Television channels. There are multiple factors behind this observation from farmers. Farmers changed in terms of viewing habits and they prefer success stories, which are totally irrelevant and they even think that such stories encourage people to go for farming and they opined that such stories are good sources of inspiration. However, they are all very much sure about the importance and particular about the presence of entertainment factor even in farm programs. Farmers expect direct interaction of any expert of the new farming method to implement the method in their agriculture practices. Though introduction of a new idea in the T.V. is acceptable, farmers need the direct instruction of expert on field to start implementing the new farming practices Farmers still have an affinity towards print media reports and agricultural pages and they have complaints to print media on the removal of agricultural information pages from news papers. They prefer the reports in print media as it facilitates them to collect and refer articles when they need it. Farmers are having an eye of doubt about the credibility of farm programs by private T.V. channels. Even if they prefer private Television channels for listening and adopting new farming methods and other farm information, they scrutinize programs to know whether they are sponsored programs by agrochemical or agro-fertilizer manufacturer.

China's Labor Question

The Honda workers’ strike in 2010 attracted world wide attention. It was one of thousands of labor disputes that happen every year in China, but it was the first major calling for the right of workers to represent themselves in collective bargaining. The question of representation is therefore the main topic of the book. The various contributors to this volume share the view that the Chinese party-state takes the protest against social inequality seriously. It has enacted many laws aimed at channeling dissatisfaction into safe channels. The implementation of these laws, however, lags behind and these laws do not include the right of freedom of association. Without this right, super-exploitation will persist and the system of labor relations will remain prone to eruptive forms of protest. The first part of the book provides an overview of the economic context of Chinese labor relations, the transformation of class-relations, the evolution of labor law, and government policies intended to set a wage floor. Based on extensive field research, the second part looks at the evolution of labor relations at the industry level. In the third part, the focus shifts to the Corporate Social Responsibility agenda in China. The final part looks at the connection between land reform and social inequality.

Poor people and risky business

We try to explain why economic conflicts and illegal business often take place in poor countries. We use the concept of subsistence level of consumption (d) and assume a regular concave utility function for consumption levels higher than d. For consumption levels lower than d utility is constant and equal to zero. Under this framework poor agents are risk-lovers. This result helps to explain why economic conflicts are more likely to appear in poor economies and why poor agents are more willing to undertake illegal business.

Tendencias históricas y regionales de la adjudicación de baldíos en Colombia

El presente documento hace una revisión de la política de reforma agraria en Colombia desde principios del siglo XX hasta 2012, caracterizada por la adjudicación de baldíos a campesinos. En este documento, se busca dar cuenta de la magnitud e importancia de esta política pública que ha perdurado a lo largo del tiempo y con una dinámica continua desde sus inicios, con el fin de aportar a la amplia literatura sobre reforma agraria en Colombia que, si bien analiza las tensiones propias de esta política no cuenta con datos desagregados del comportamiento de la política para más de un siglo. Igualmente se hace un recorrido regional que evidencia la dinámica de la reforma agraria en diferentes regiones a lo largo del tiempo.

Aproximaciones al concepto de propiedad privada del suelo urbano. Estado del arte en latinoamérica 1990 - 2014

El presente trabajo pretende hacer una revisión de la bibliografía latinoamericana con respecto al concepto de propiedad del suelo urbano. Se explica primero el itinerario del concepto a través de la historia, rescatando los puntos más importantes del debate y las particularidades que cada contexto aportó a la formación del concepto actual, para ahondar después en el análisis de la situación del debate en el contexto latinoamericano desde 1990, explicando los puntos de discusión y las posiciones de los autores con respecto a los mismos, para después intentar intuir el devenir futuro del concepto en nuestro continente. En este trabajo se encontró que las problemáticas particulares de las ciudades latinoamericanas tienen una influencia importante en el devenir de la discusión proporcionándole un enfoque diferente en el tratamiento del concepto.

Pelai Negre: un hisendat gironí i la qüestio agrària (1921-1939)

Per a la burgesia agrària catalana la primera meitat del segle XX va significar l'era dels atacs a la propietat. La qüestió de la distribució de la propietat i la necessitat de reformar-la va convertir-se, durant la II República, en l'eix del debat polític i en una causa fonamental de la polarització experimentada per la societat catalana. L'agreujament dels conflictes socials del món rural i el posterior inici d'un procés de reforma agrària varen afectar fortament els interessos i els drets adquirits de la classe propietària, i aquesta va respondre de manera contundent. Malgrat l'aparent unitat de la dreta en la defensa de la distribució de la propietat vigent aleshores, no podem passar per alt l'existència de propostes d'actuació de caràcter prou divergent en el si d'aquest bloc político-social. En aquest sentit la figura i l'obra publicistica de Pelai Negre i Pastell (1895-1984) adquireix un valor peculiar en tant que el seu discurs, tot i vetllar per la salvaguarda d'aquests drets també proposa una línia transformació progressiva i conservadora coneguda com a Acció Social Agrària

O círculo de eranos: a experiência da educação do campo ou como os contextos podem gerar

RESUMO: Estamos a vivenciar dois fatos paradoxais: de um lado, uma organização da escola instituída que gera a autoconservação das práticas do professor e, do outro, tendências nos plano científico e do discurso político que apelam ao retorno ao ator - que reconhece o professor como sujeito de seu saber e fazer. Foi neste contexto que se realizou a pesquisa subjacente a esta tese sobre a formação docente num projeto de escolarização que se fundamenta numa perspetiva de educação popular contra-hegemónica, edificada, no Brasil, como ‗educação do campo‘. Buscou-se compreender a vivência docente, suas perceções e aprendizagens. Desenvolveu-se a investigação a partir das questões: é possível, no contexto atual de mudanças sociais direcionadas ao processo cada vez maior de individuação docente, a formação em democracia participativa numa experiência de educação popular? Como ela se estabelece? O que ela nos ensina? A metodologia assentou na observação participativa das reuniões de planeamento, avaliação e replaneamento dos(as) professores(as) e coordenadores, numa proposta local de educação do campo - do Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma agrária. As reuniões e escolarização ocorreram em Ilhéus/Bahia/Brasil, durante os anos de 2005-2006. As referências teóricas para a análise empírica do material coletado foram: a perspetiva da reflexão-ação emancipatória de Carr e Kemmis (1998), que compreende as instituições educacionais criadas por pressões sociais e políticas; e a conceção de emancipação desenvolvida por Freire e por Habermas, assente na ação comunicativa/dialógica. Para a análise utilizou-se o método da Análise Crítica de Discurso (ACD), cuja principal referência foi Fairclough. Nas narrativas das reuniões percebeu-se o desenvolvimento de uma polidez positiva – atos de fala que demonstram o falante desejando estabelecer o consenso com ouvinte; assinalada por estruturas modais que direcionaram para a abertura de relacionamento e participação mútua entre professores(as) e coordenadores do projeto. O conteúdo manifesto das falas amparou-se numa perspetiva de educador que se constrói na prática, e, ao mesmo tempo, a constrói, mas que, entretanto, necessita de aportes teóricos críticos no processo de embate epistémico entre os saberes da vida quotidiana concreta e os saberes científicos. A função interpessoal foi expressa pela arquitetura dialógica, permitindo um processo de construção mútua de escola e professores(as). Pode-se afirmar que a prática analisada indica que nestes tempos, de controlo intenso das instituições escolares, de competição, de solidão, é obviamente necessária a organização coletiva de professores (as), de movimentos sociais e universidades, amparados e financiados por ordenamentos legais (conquistados pela população), para consolidar e ampliar projetos críticos de escolarização, mudando, reciprocamente, escolas e professores(as). ABSTRACT: We are experiencing two paradoxical facts: the organization of the established school which generates the self-preservation of teaching practices and, on the other hand, there is a political and scientific trend that claims the return of the ―actor‖ – the teacher being the subject of his knowledge and actions. It was therefore in this context, that the underlying research for this Thesis was conducted. It concerns to the teacher training in an educational project which is based on the perspective of a counter-hegemonic and popular education available to people at the Brazilian countryside – also called ―Field Education‖. We searched the understanding of the educational experience, its perceptions and learning. The investigation was developed from two fundamental questions: Is it possible to have the experience of a popular education system in a functioning democracy, at the light of the recent social changes that lead to a greater individuation? How is it established? What can we learn from it? The methodology was settled on the participant observation of the planning and evaluation meetings of teachers and coordinators of the National Education Program in the Land Reform in Brazil. These meetings occurred in Ilheús- Bahia- Brazil during the years of 2005-2006. The theoretical references to the empirical analyses of the material collected were: the perspective of the reflection – action emancipative of Carr & Kemmis (1998), which comprehends the educational institutions created by social and political pressures; and the conception of emancipation developed by Freire and Habermas, which is settled on the communicative-dialogical action. For the analysis it was elected the method of Critical Analysis of Discourse (CAD),which main reference was Fairclough. During the account of the meetings it was noticed the development of a positive politeness – which reveals the desire of the speaker to reach an agreement with the listener, signalized by modal structures that directed to an open and participative relationship between teachers and coordinators of the project. The manifest content of the speeches was sustained by the educator perspective, which is built on the daily practice. However, it needs some basic theoretical contributions to the epistemic struggle between concrete ordinary life and the scientific knowledge. The interpersonal function was expressed by dialogical architecture, allowing a mutual process of construction that involves the school and the teachers. The practice analyzed indicates that, more than ever, due to the massive control of the institutions, the extreme competition and solitude, the collective organization of the teachers, the social movements and the universities is necessary. They should be supported and financed by legal systems to consolidated and amplify important education projects, bringing necessary changes for schools and teachers reciprocally.