Vähemmistövaltiokirkon synty : Ortodoksisen kirkkokunnan ja valtion suhteiden muotoutuminen Suomessa 1917-1922

The Birth of the Minority State Church Development of the legal relationship between the state of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church 1917 1922 Mika Nokelainen, University of Helsinki, Finland. The present research seeks to explain how the legal relationship developed between the state of Finland and the Orthodox Church of Finland. The main focus is on three statutes: 1) the Statute of the Orthodox Church in Finland as stated by Prime Minister J. K. Paasikivi s cabinet in November 1918, 2) The Republican Constitution of July 1919 and 3) The Freedom of Religion Act of 1923. This study examines how different political goals influenced the three statutes mentioned above. Another important factor that is taken into account is the attitude of the Lutheran Church of Finland, the church of the national majority, towards the Orthodox minority and its judicial position in the country. Finland became independent in December 1917, in the aftermath of the November Revolution in Russia. The Orthodox Church already had hundreds of years of history in Finland. In the 19th century, several statutes by emperors of Russia had made the Orthodox Church an official state church of Finland. Due to the long history of the Orthodox Church in Finland, Prime Minister Paasikivi s cabinet made the decision to support the church in the spring of 1918. Furthermore, the cabinet s goal to occupy East Karelia increased its willingness to support the church. The Finnish-national Orthodox Church was needed to educate the East-Karelians. A new statute on the Orthodox Church in Finland came into force in November 1918, reorganising the administration, economy and legal relationship between the church and state in Finland. With this statue, the cabinet gained some authority over the church. Sections of this statute made possible, for example, the cabinet s interference in the internal affairs of the church. The Republican Constitution of 1919 included the principle of freedom of religion. The state, which previously had been Lutheran, now became non-denominational. However, the Republican Constitution explicitly mentioned the Lutheran as well as the Orthodox Church, which indirectly confirmed the position of the Orthodox Church as the second state church of Finland. This position was finally confirmed by the Freedom of Religion Act in 1923. In general, the Lutheran Church of Finland did not resist the judicial position of the Orthodox Church. However, some Lutherans regarded the Orthodox Church with suspicion because of its intimate connection with Russia.

Constructing Ethical Patterns in Times of Globalization : Hans Küng's Global Ethic Project and Beyond

The purpose of this study is to evaluate contemporary philosophical models for global ethics in light of the Catholic theologian Hans Küng s Global Ethic Project (Projekt Weltethos). Küng s project starts with the motto, No survival without world ethos. No global peace without peace between religions. I will use the philosophically multidimensional potential of Projekt Weltethos in terms of its possible philosophical interpretations to evaluate the general discussion of global ethics within political philosophy today. This is important in its own right, but also because through it, opportunities will emerge to articulate Küng s relatively general argument in a way that leaves less room for mutually contradictory concretizations of what global ethics ultimately should be like. The most important question in this study is the problem of religious and ideological exclusivism and its relation to the ethically consistent articulation of global ethics. I will first explore the question of the role of religion as the basis for ethics in general and what Küng may mean by his claim that only the unconditional can oblige unconditionally. I will reconstruct two different overall philosophical interpretations of the relationship between religious faith and human rationality, each having two different sub-divisions: a liberal interpretation amounts to either a Kantian-Scheiermacherian or a Jaspersian view, whereas what I call postliberal interpretation amounts to either an Aristotelian-Thomistic or an Augustinian view. Thereafter, I will further clarify how Küng views the nature of ethics beyond the question of its principal foundation in religious faith: Küng searches for a middle way between consequentialist and non-consequentialist ethics, a way in which the latter dimension has the final stake. I will then set out to concretize further this more or less general notion of the theoretical potential of Projekt Weltethos in terms of certain precise philosophico-political models. I categorize these models according to their liberal or postliberal orientation. The liberal concretization leads me to consider a wide spectrum of post-Kantian and post-Hegelian models from Rawls to Derrida, while the alternative concretization opens up my ultimate argument in favor of a postliberal type of modus vivendi. I will suggest that the only theoretically and practically plausible way to promote global ethics, in itself a major imperative today, is the recognition of a fundamental and necessary contest between mutually exclusive ideologies in the public sphere. On this basis I will proceed to my postliberal proposal, namely, that a constructive and peaceful encountering of exclusive difference as an ethical vantage point for an intercultural and inter-religious peace dialogue is the most acute challenge for global ethics today.

Hans Ernst Brisch Collection 1912-1995

M.A. Pach, 1995

Humanum : Hans Küngin maailmaneetos-projektin eettiset perusteet

Tutkimuksen tehtävänä on analysoida pitkän linjan katolisen ekumeenikon Hans Küngin uusinta uskontoteologista projektia. Sen perusajatuksen voi tiivistää seuraavasti: Uskonnoille on saatava yhteinen perusetiikka globaalin rauhan tavoittamiseksi. Lähdemateriaali koostuu Küngin 1980-luvulla alkaneen uskontoteologisen kauden tuotannosta. Tutkimusmetodina käytetään argumentatiivisesti painottunutta systemaattista analyysiä. Tarkoituksena on analysoida ja punnita premissejä, joilla Küng perustelee maailmaneetos-projektin tarpeellisuuden. Kolme käsitettä nousevat esiin: uskonto, maailmanrauha ja moraali. Nämä argumentit muodostavat samalla kontekstin, jossa Küngin teologiset perusprinsiipit tulevat esille. Küng käyttää sekä pragmatistista että filosofis-teologista metodia maailmaneetos-projektin perustelemisessa. Argumentatiivisen luonteensa vuoksi tutkielman ominaispiirre on keskustelevuus. Keskustelevuuteen liittyen tutkielmassa painottuu kriittinen näkökulma. Kokonaisanalyysissä hyödynnetään laajalti maailmaneetos-projektiin liittyvää kirjallisuutta ja varteenotettavia puheenvuoroja. Alussa esitellään Uskontojen maailmanparlamentin maailmaneetoksen julistus. Tämän asiakirjaan kohdistuvat kommenttipuheenvuorot muodostavat kontekstin, jonka piirissä Küngin projektiin liittyvää keskustelua usein käydään. Luvussa 2 käsitellään maailmaneetos-projektin ensimmäistä argumenttia, joka voidaan tiivistää seuraavasti: uskonto on välttämätön moraalin lähtökohta. Küngin pragmatistinen argumentti uskonnon puolesta on se, että uskonnot ovat käytännössä osoittautuneet parhaiksi moraalin vaalijoiksi. Küngin filosofis-teologinen argumentti puolestaan muodostuu väitteestä, että uskonto on myös teoreettisessa tarkastelussa ainoa kestävä vaihtoehto moraalin perustelemiselle. Küng perustaa jälkimmäisen argumentaationsa Kant-kritiikkiin. Kantin moraaliteorian tarkempi analyysi kuitenkin paljastaa, että maailmaneetos-projektin teologinen ansatsi on pikemminkin Kantin autonomiakäsitykselle analoginen. Luvussa 3 käsitellään toista argumenttia, joka kuvastuu olettamuksessa: maailmaneetos-projektin varsinainen päämäärä on maailmanrauha. Tällainen piirre viittaa reaalipolitiikkaan globaalissa mittakaavassa. Niistä muodostuu maailmaneetos-projektin pragmatistinen metodi tämän argumentin kohdalla. Maailmanrauha-argumenttia voidaan kuitenkin kritisoida sekä pragmatistiselta että filosofis-teologiselta kannalta. Tästä johtuen Küng itsekin viime kädessä hylkää pragmatismin ja nojaa filosofis-teologiseen argumentaatioon. Sen mukaan maailmanrauha ei voi olla ylin päämäärä, vaan moraali. Luvussa 4 moraalin keskeisyys maailmaneetos-projektissa tulee eksplisiittisesti ilmi. Vaikka Küng kritisoi pragmatistisen argumentaation turvin perinteisiä uskontoteologisia positioita epärealistismista,hän kuitenkin itse esittää filosofis-teologisen mallin totuuskriteeriksi kaikille uskonnoille. Tämän kriteerin eettinen osa on olennaisin ja Küng kutsuu sitä nimellä humanum. Tarkemmassa analyysissa humanum osoittautuu peruskantilaiseksi moraaliksi. Humanum on maailmaneetos-projektia strukturoiva filosofis-teologinen keskipiste. Tästä johtuen maailmaneetos-projekti altistuu kuitenkin uskontorealistiselle kritiikille: sen voidaan nähdä ajavan valistukseen perustuvaa klassista moraali-imperialismia vastoin uskontojen omaa itseymmärrystä. Tämä onkin projektin suurin ongelmakohta ainakin eettiseltä kannalta. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että uskonnon rooli on maailmaneetos-projektissä korkeintaan moraalin käytännöllisenä motivaattorina. Maailmanrauha on sinänsä hyvä päämäärä, mutta vain siksi ja sikäli kuin se on sopusoinnussa Küngin humanistisen moraali-ihanteen kanssa. Küngin argumentaatio on pragmatistista ja hän vetoaa maailmaneetos-projektin argumentoinnissaan realismiin sekä poliittisella että uskontoteologisella tasolla. Tosiasiassa maailmaneetos-projektin voidaan nähdä perustuvan pragmatismin kanssa ristiriidassa oleviin ja siten myös epärealistisiin piilotavoitteisiin uskontojen moraalin länsimaistamisesta. Avainsanat: Globaali etiikka, uskontoteologia, teologinen etiikka, globalisaatio, rauha, Kant, pragmatismi

Lippu, uhri, kansakunta : Ryhmäkokemukset ja -rajat Suomessa 1917 1945

This dissertation deals with the notions of sacrifice and violence in connection with the Fin¬nish flag struggles between 1917 and 1945. The study begins with the basic idea that sacrificial thinking is a key element in nationalism and the social cohesion of large groups. The method used in the study combines anthropological notions of totemism with psychoanalytical object relation theory. The aim is to explore the social and psychological elements of the Finnish national flag and the workers flags during the times of crisis and nation building. The phenomena and concepts addressed include self-sacrifice, scapegoating, remembrance of war, inclusion, and exclusion. The research is located at the intersection of nationalism studies and the cultural history of war. The analysis is based primarily on the press debates, public speeches and archival sources of the civic organizations that promoted the Finnish flag. The study is empirically divided into three sections: 1) the years of the Revolution and the Civil War (1917 1918), 2) the interwar period (1919 1938), and 3) the Second World War (1939 1945). The research demonstrates that the modern national flags and workers flags in Finland maintain certain characteristics of primitive totems. When referred to as a totem the flag means an emotionally charged symbol, a reservoir of the collective ideals of a large group. Thus the flag issue offers a path to explore the perceptions and memory of sacrifice and violence in the making of the First Republic . Any given large group, for example a nation, must conceptually pursue a consensus on its past sacrifices. Without productive interpretation sacrifice represents only meaningless violence. By looking at the passions associated with the flag the study also illuminates various group identities, boundaries and crossings of borders within the Finnish society at the same time. The study shows further that the divisive violence of the Civil War was first overcome in the late 1930s when the social democrats adopted a new perception of the Red victims of 1918 they were seen as part of the birth pains of the nation, and not only the martyrs of class struggle. At the same time the radical Right became marginalized. The study also illuminates how this development made the Spirit of the Winter War possible, a genuine albeit brief experience of horizontal brother and sisterhood, and how this spirit was reflected in the popular adoption of the Finnish flag. The experience was not based only on the external and unifying threat posed by the Soviet Union: it was grounded in a sense of unifying sacrifice which reflected a novel way of understanding the nation and its past sacrifices. Paradoxically, the newly forged consensus over the necessity and the rewards of the common sacrifices of the Winter War (1939 1940) made new sacrifices possible during the Continuation War (1941 1944). In spite of political discord and war weariness, the concept of a unified nation under the national flag survived even the absurdity of the stationary war phase. It can be said that the conflict between the idea of a national community and parliamentary party politics dissolved as a result of the collective experience of the Second World War.

Thermodynamics of surfaces and adsorption in the Fe-S, Fe-N, and Fe-S-N systems at 1823 K

The present investigation calculates the surface tension and adsorption functions of the Fe-S, Fe-N, and Fe-S-N melts at 1823 K using the modified form of Butler's equations and the derived values of the surface interaction parameters of the systems. The calculated values are found to be in good agreement with those of the experimental data of the systems. The present analysis indicates similar adsorption behavior of sulfur for the Fe-S and Fe-S-N systems at 1823 K. Although a linear adsorption behavior is observed in the Fe-N system, an inverse relationship in the adsorption behavior exists between sulur and nitrogen in the Fe-S-N system.

La administración en la Iglesia después del código de 1917

Sumario: Introducción. I.- La potestad de gobierno en la Iglesia. II.- La potestad administrativa (aspecto estático). III.- La administración eclesiástica (aspecto dinámico). 1. Fundamentos teológicos y jurídicos de la administración. 1.1. teológicos. 1.2. jurídicos. 2. Función administrativa en sentido amplio. 3. Función administrativa en sentido estricto: el acto administrativo. IV.- Principio de legalidad. V.- Derecho administrativo. VI.- La tutela de los derechos de los fieles. VII.- La justicia administrativa. Conclusión

Sistematización del conocimiento popular nicaragüense, validado por la Universidad Nacional Agraria 1917-2014

El objetivo del presente trabajo es recopilar y sistematizar el conocimiento agropecuario popular nicaragüense por la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA) de Nicaragua, ha realizado trabajos de tesis a lo largo de toda su historia (98 años), para validar estos conocimientos que son de utilidad para nuestros productores, mediante la utilización del método científico. Para este estudio se realizó un análisis de documentos los cuales, son considerados una fuente valiosa de información. El trabajo de campo se realizó en los meses de noviembre 2013 a noviembre 2014, la información fue obtenida en el Centro Nicaragüense de Documentación Agropecuaria (CENIDA) de la UNA, ubicada en Managua en el km 12 ½ carretera Norte, y demás instituciones que han trabajado junto con la UNA en la elaboración de estos trabajos científicos, se tomaron variables de importancia en la vida diaria del productor, como son los granos almacenados, carbón vegetal, recursos forestales, producción de leche, sanidad animal, y las aves de patio, todas estas influyentes en la economía y alimentación de las familias campesinas. Se encontró que la UNA ha realizado un total de 2 737 tesis, de las cuales solo se encontraron 21 tesis basadas en el conocimiento indígena, campesino y popular, teniendo más temas de investigación en las áreas de sanidad animal 7 tesis, granos almacenados 5 tesis, recursos forestales 4 tesis y las de menor temas de investigación producción de carbón vegetal 2 tesis, producción de leche 2 tesis, producción de aves de patio 1 tema de tesis

Histórico das comissões permanentes da Câmara dos Deputados, 1823-2004

Traz uma síntese histórica das comissões permanentes da Câmara dos Deputados no período de 1823-2004 elaborada com o objetivo de tornar disponível aos parlamentares, à Mesa e aos demais órgãos da casa, aos usuários internos e externos, uma importante fonte de informação sobre o legislativo brasileiro no âmbito da Câmara dos Deputados. O autor realizou pesquisas retrospectivas nos textos de resoluções e demais dispositivos que disciplinaram as atividades de elaboração legislativa na casa, visando estabelecer as bases da síntese histórica, tendo como marco inicial a instalação da Câmara dos Deputados.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : algumas anotações sobre as greves de 1917 e suas repercussões na Câmara dos Deputados

Resgata pequena parte da história do anarquismo, que praticamente desapareceu do cenário político brasileiro. Utilizando o método de análise historiográfica, e compulsando os registros de sessões ocorridas, analisa a participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas políticas relacionadas à repressão dos anarquistas nas greves ocorridas em 1917. Ao final da pesquisa, chega-se à conclusão da existência de razoáveis indícios de participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas ações de repressão ao movimento anarquista.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : reflexos das greves de 1917 na Câmara dos Deputados

Apresenta um estudo sobre a experiência anarquista no Brasil. Investiga a repercussão na Câmara dos Deputados das greves operárias realizadas em 1917 a partir de registros de atividades do Plenário. Analisa o papel desempenhado pela Câmara dos Deputados na política de expulsão de estrangeiros adotada pelo governo brasileiro durante a segunda década do século XX.

Journal of a voyage to Brazil and residence there, during part of the years 1821, 1822, 1823

Maria Graham, escritora inglesa, nasceu perto de Papscastle em 19 d e junho de 1785 e morreu em Londres, em 28 de novembro de 1842. Casada com o capitão Thomas Graham comandante da fragata Doris fez em sua companhia a sua primeira viagem ao Brasil, em 1821, quando se dirigia ao Chile. Em 1824, já viúva, retornou ao Rio de Janeiro como preceptora de D. Maria da Glória, filha do Imperador D. Pedro I e de Dona Leopoldina. Permaneceu no país até setembro de 1825, quando retornou para Londres por motivos políticos. Mais tarde, casou-se com Augustus Earle Calcott e passou a assinar suas obras literárias como Lady Calcott. ‘Journal of a voyage to Brazil’ relata as viagens da autora ao Brasil. Descreve o país, seus habitantes e os costumes das diferentes classes sociais, principalmente em Pernambuco, na Bahia e no Rio de Janeiro. Constitui importante fonte de informações sobre a época da independência e uma das melhores publicações do século XIX. As ilustrações, com desenhos da autora, são excelentes. De acordo com Borba de Moraes ‘a Catholic University Library em Washington (Oliveira Lima Collection) possui um exemplar que pertenceu à própria autora, onde ela fez correções e anotações para uma segunda edição, mas que nunca chegou a ser publicada. Essas anotações são muito importantes, sobretudo para a história da revolução de Pernambuco e a atuação de Cochrane. Quanto aos acontecimentos de sua vinda ao Rio de Janeiro como preceptora de Dona Maria da Glória, existe um diário que foi publicado por Rodolfo Garcia com preciosas notas e prefácio no volume 60 dos Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, assim como uma biografia de D. Pedro I e correspondência entre Maria Graham e a Imperatriz’

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1823

Parte 1 - Leis da Assembléia Constituinte e Legislativa

Collecção das Leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1917

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo.