Mount Scopus Lodge Malden, Massachusetts collection, 1930-1940, 1942

Mount Scopus Lodge in Malden, Massachusetts was a Masonic Lodge established in 1930 by Bertram E. Green and George Kramer. Named for the mountain from which Roman legions and crusaders conducted their assaults on Jerusalem, the Lodge had a strong following in the first ten years of their existence. This collection contains by-laws, concert programs, and a booklet with a historical sketch.

Jacob Plaut Family Collection Interview Disc circa 1930-1940

Private press aluminum phonographic record sent to Jakob Plaut in Berlin by his sons Günther and Walter in Maine, United States, on his 58th birthday with their birthday wishes and an interview. Each side is only a few minutes long.

MACHAL [Mitnadvei Hutz LaAretz] and Aliyah Bet Records, undated, 1930-2011

The MACHAL, the acronym for “Mitnadvei Hutz LaAretz” ("Volunteers from Abroad"), consisted of about 3500 men and women from over 40 countries from a variety of social and religious backgrounds who volunteered to fight for the establishment of Israel. This collection is unique in that it deals specifically with the experience of MACHAL and Aliyah Bet volunteers from Canada and the United States and others living in the United States. The collections consists of files on 500 volunteers, over 2000 original and reproduction photographs, numerous audio-visual material, books, manuscripts, and memoirs.

Eugene Katz Collection 1947-1992

Various materials pertaining to the recollections of Eugene (Egon) Katz about his life in the 1920s and 1930s in Barntrup in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Felix Epstein Collection 1844-1978

Epstein, Felix, 1972

Lower limb amputation in Northern Netherlands: Unchanged incidence from 1991-1992 to 2003-2004

Background Investigating population changes gives insight into effectiveness and need for prevention and rehabilitation services. Incidence rates of amputation are highly varied, making it difficult to meaningfully compare rates between studies and regions or to compare changes over time. Study Design Historical cohort study of transtibial amputation, knee disarticulation, and transfemoral amputations resulting from vascular disease or infection, with/without diabetes, in 2003-2004, in the three Northern provinces of the Netherlands. Objectives To report the incidence of first transtibial amputation, knee disarticulation, or transfemoral amputation in 2003-2004 and the characteristics of this population, and to compare these outcomes to an earlier reported cohort from 1991 to 1992. Methods Population-based incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years and compared across the two cohorts. Results Incidence of amputation was 8.8 (all age groups) and 23.6 (≥45 years) per 100,000 person-years. This was unchanged from the earlier study of 1991-1992. The relative risk of amputation was 12 times greater for people with diabetes than for people without diabetes. Conclusions Investigation is needed into reasons for the unchanged incidence with respect to the provision of services from a range of disciplines, including vascular surgery, diabetes care, and multidisciplinary foot clinics. Clinical relevance This study shows an unchanged incidence of amputation over time and a high risk of amputation related to diabetes. Given the increased prevalence of diabetes and population aging, both of which present an increase in the population at risk of amputation, finding methods for reducing the rate of amputation is of importance.

Ett' varttuisi Suomenmaa : Suomalaisten kasvattaminen kulutusyhteiskuntaan kotimaisissa lyhytelokuvissa 1920-1969

The birth of the Modern Consumer Society in Finnish short films 1920-1969 The main subject of this research is Finnish short films in 1920-1969. These short films were produced by film studios for private enterprises, banks, advisory organizations, communities and the state. The evolution of short films on consumer affairs was greatly influenced by a special tax reduction system that was introduced in 1933 and lasted until 1964. The tax reduction system increased the production volumes of educational short films significantly. This study covers 342 Finnish short films, more than any other study in the field before this. The aim of this research is to examine how short films introduced Finns to modern consumer society. The cinemagoers were an excellent target group for different advisory groups as well as advertisers. Short films were used by organizations and private enterprises from very early on. In the 1920's Finns were still living in rural areas and agriculture was the dominant industry. Consumer society was still in its infancy, and the prevalent attitude to industrially produced goods was that of suspicion. From the cultural and ideological point of view the evolution of trust was one of the first steps towards the birth of the consumer society. Short films were an excellent means for helping to transform public attitudes. During the war period short films were an important means of propaganda. Short films were produced in abundance and shown for big audiences. They guided people how to survive shortages caused by the war. Even though the idea of rationalization was presented in short films somewhat in the 1920's and 1930's it became a national virtue during the war period. The idea of rationalization widened from the industry to households expecially in the late 1940's and the 1950's. New household apparati and the way in which daily chores were taken care of were presented not as luxury consumption but as a way of rationalization and saving money and effort. Banks and the advisory organizations guided the public to save their money for a specific target. Short films were use to help the public to acceps industrial goods and the notions of planning and saving. The ideological change from an agrarian society to consumer society was based on old acricultural ideas and self-sufficiency was evolved into rational and economizing consumerism. This made Finnish consumer society to value durable consumer goods and own homes. The public was also encouraged to consider their own decisions in the national context - especially after the second world war Finland laced capital, and personal savings were strongly presented as a way to help the whole nation. Modern hedonistic values were not dominant in Finland in the1950's and 1960's. Initial traces of modern hedonism can be seen in the films, but they were only marginal paths in the bigger.

"Köyhyydestä ei puhuttu, sitä vaan elettiin." : Köyhyyden kokemus ja selviytyminen 1930-luvun pulan oloissa Suomen maaseudulla

On the material level of poverty, the work shows how the Great Depression forced rural women and children to enhance their work input and find new ways of coping. The most serious impact of the Depression was poor nutrition, as well as scarcity of food and clothes. Women's and men's ways to make a living started to resemble each other; men had also to consent to wages in form of foodstuff. The research also focuses on immaterial poverty by means of exploring experiences of otherness: shame, hatred and expressions of protest. Substantial humiliation was induced by poor relief and begging. A clear gap prevailed between the poor and the better off people in school, work and at leisure. The economic crisis deepened this gap even further. The dissertation specifies the poor people s every day experiences by taking into account the different worlds of men and women. The analysis of four different memory-based sources is the core in the micro-historical research design. The narrators of the research were survivors, unlike many others, who experienced the Great Depression. Moralization and humiliation of the poor have not ceased in contemporary society. Therefore, the historical perspective of both the material and the immaterial side of poverty could increase the understanding of the multifaceted phenomenon of today s poverty.

Herrat, jätkät ja sotataito : Kansalaissotilas- ja ammattisotilasarmeijan rakentuminen 1920- ja 1930-luvulla

Gentlemen, Lads and the Art of War The Construction of Citizen Soldier- and Professional Soldier Armies into the Miracle of the Winter War During the 1920s and 1930s The Miracle of the Winter War was not a myth - at least according to them, who were making that miracle to happen. This study is not just about the Armed Forces and society, but moreover a study about civil society inside the organization of armed forces. Conscription kept Finnish military organization (and is still keeping) very closely connected with civil society and therefore there is no need to locate the possible critical misunderstandings brought by two different identity-based approaches. The great performance of the Armed Forces during the Second World War was not made of superior art of war. It was not the high level of discipline either. Art of war is basically a (deep level) cultural level equation that has more to do with culturally absorbed schemes of meaning making than rational decision-making. Naturally attrition based approach to effect-making directed the organizational methods in attrition based organisational practices, where there were only minor possibilities to practice any manoeuvre-based organisational behaviour. The practice and method of leadership lent similarly to the attrition-based thinking, which directed the organisational cultural thoughts towards composition that confirmed antagonism between gentlemen and lads . This setting has been absorbed and learned through cultural socialisation and was therefore not a product of the military organisation itself. The Finnish Armed Forces included two different communities (gentlemen and lads) within the same organisation as there were both the official and the unofficial organisations presented. This caused problems as they both made meaning-making processes simultaneously. These organisations had their own overlapping and in most cases also contradictory social meanings. The unofficial organisation has been overshadowed by the vast number of studies concerning the official organisation. The main reason for this systematic neglect is based on the reality of the attitudes and living conditions of the micro-level organisation which produced (perhaps) too realistic and repulsive viewpoints that are presenting a picture of a national level identity process in a way that is separating it from the ideals made to verify the ethos of national values. Complaining, griping, grumbling and moaning are usually situated in a category of abnormal and unwanted behaviour. However, within the context of a citizen soldier army community this was more of a characteristic feature of that organisation (in Finland) and therefore it was crucially important to locate the context of that abnormal behaviour. According to this study, it was not a malicious act but moreover seriously formed efforts in trying to use common sense in the chaos citizen soldiers faced when they were uniformed and placed in an unfamiliar process of disciplinary measures and frictions and competition between different ranks. There is much evidence that reinforces the argument that what seemed to be the most unconventional behaviour was finally the most efficient in a sense of military performance.

Bibliotheca zoologica Fenniae opera annorum 1901-1930

Suomessa vuosina 1901-1930 julkaistun eläintieteellisen kirjallisuuden bibliografia.

Kerjääminen ja kaupustelu kielletty. Kerjäämisen vastustaminen Helsingissä 1930-luvun laman aikana ja kontrollin diskurssit.

Opinnäytetyössäni tarkastelen kerjuun kontrollin muotoja Helsingissä 1930-luvun laman aikana. Kontrollitoimenpiteiden lisäksi tutkin kerjuun määrittelemistä ongelmaksi ja ilmiön tuomitsemista. Poimin moniäänisestä diskurssista keskeisiä argumentteja, jotka määrittivät kerjäämistä ja sen kitkemiseksi valittuja keinoja. Diskursseja analysoimalla pyrin paljastamaan sosiaalisiin ongelmiin ja poikkeavuuden kontrolloimiseen liittyneitä pyrkimyksiä ja valtarakenteita. 1930-luvun lama saattoi Suomessa kymmenet tuhannet henkilöt työttömiksi ja köyhäinhoidon varaan. Köyhäinhoidossa ja irtolaishuollossa työnteon rooli oli ensisijainen ja tilannetta pyrittiin lievittämään varatyöjärjestelmin. Kerjuu oli tarkasteluajanjaksolla kielletty vuoden 1879 vaivaishoitoasetuksella. Kerjuu kuitenkin lisääntyi huomattavasti. Maanteillä liikkuvat kulkurit ja ovilla pyytävät kerjäläiset herättivät virkamiesten, papiston ja kansalaisten huomion ja köyhyydestä tuli paitsi sosiaalinen, myös hyvin poliittinen ongelma. Helsingissä poliisi pidätti pahimpina aikoina yhdeksän kertaa enemmän kerjäläisiä kuin normaaliaikana. Useimmiten pidätetyt lähetettiin kotipaikkakunnalleen, heille annettiin köyhäinhoitoviranomaisten varoitus tai heidät alistettiin maaherran kuulusteluihin. Kerjäämisestä myös tuomittiin yleiseen pakkotyöhön. Seurakunnat ryhtyivät valtion työttömyyskomitean sihteerin pyynnöstä organisoimaan pula-ajan avustustoimenpiteitä ja vastustamaan kerjuuta Helsingissä. Vuonna 1931 perustettiin Diakoniakeskus johtamaan tätä työtä. Propagandallaan Diakoniakeskus pyrki lopettamaan almujen antamisen ovilla, keskittämään avustustoimintaa ja saamaan myös yleisöstä kannattavia jäseniä toiminnalleen. Diakoniakeskuksen toiminta perustui hätäapuaseman ja yösuojan ylläpitämiseen ja se asettui yhteistyöhön myös köyhäinhoitoviranomaisten kanssa. Vallitsevissa diskursseissa kerjääminen esitettiin paheksuttavana ja demoralisoivana toimintana ja sen katsottiin kulkevan käsi kädessä valehtelemisen ja rikollisuuden kanssa. Myös viittaukset nälkävuosiin ja sisällissotaan nousivat esiin viranomaisten esittämissä vaatimuksissa kerjäämisen hillitsemiseksi. Diskursseista ja toiminnasta paljastui voimakkaita kerjäläisten seulomiseen ja laitostamiseen tähdänneitä pyrkimyksiä. Sopeutumattomiksi määritellyt yksilöt tuli alistaa holhouksen ja kontrollin alaisiksi, ja heidät tuli siivota arkipäivän yhteiskunnasta jopa pakkotyölaitoksiin. Diakoniakeskus, viranomaiset ja yleisö olivat kaikki osapuolia siinä kerjuun yhteiskunnalle vahingollisena määrittelevässä diskurssissa, joka heijasteli myös ajan henkeä. Diskursseista nousevatkin esiin ajan hengen mukaiset medikalisoituneen moralismin diskurssit sekä vallanpitäjien moraalinen paniikki köyhyyden äärellä. Vuonna 1937 astuivat voimaan uudet huoltolait, jolloin kerjääminen muuttui köyhäinhoidollisesta kysymyksestä järjestyskysymykseksi ja osaksi irtolaisuutta. Kerjuun vähetessä myös Diakoniakeskuksen toiminnan kannattavuus väheni ja se siirsikin propagandansa painopistettä pois kerjäämisen vastustamisesta. Tutkielman lopussa tarkastelen vielä lyhyesti 2000-luvun romanikerjäläisdiskurssia ja sen yhteneväisyyksiä 1930-luvun keskusteluun ja toimenpiteisiin. Keskeisen lähdeaineiston tutkielmalle muodostavat Helsingin seurakuntayhtymän arkistossa säilytettävät Diakoniakeskuksen lentolehtiset, pöytäkirjat, kirjeet ja lehtileikekokoelma, virallisjulkaisut sekä Huoltaja- ja Poliisimies-lehdissä sekä Suomen Kuvalehdessä julkaistu aikalaiskirjallisuus. Muun lähdeaineiston hankkimisessa olen käyttänyt aineistoja huoltoviraston arkistosta, Helsingin poliisilaitoksen arkistosta sekä Helsingin yliopiston kirjaston käsikirjoituskokoelmista.

Vanhurskautta, oikeutta vai uskollisuutta? : ṣdq -sanue vuoden 1992 Kirkkoraamatun Psalmien kirjassa

Righteousness, justice or faithfulness? The Hebrew Root ṣdq in the Psalter of the Finnish Church Bible of 1992 This study attempts to answer three questions. Firstly, what do the derivates of the root ṣdq mean in the Hebrew Psalter? Secondly, with which equivalents are these Hebrew words translated in the Psalter of the Finnish Church Bible of 1992 and why? And thirdly, how is the translation of the root ṣdq in the Psalter placed in comparison with the translations of the root ṣdq in certain ancient and modern Bible translations? The root ṣdq has a very wide semantic field in Biblical Hebrew. The basic meaning of the root ṣdq is ‘right’ or ‘to be in the right’. The traditional English equivalent of the root ṣdq is righteousness. In many European languages the equivalent of the root ṣdq has some connection with the word ‘right’, but this is not the case in Finnish. The Finnish word vanhurskaus has been present since the first Finnish Bible translation by Mikael Agricola in 1548. However, this word has nothing to do with the Finnish word for ‘right’. The word vanhurskaus has become a very specific religious and theological word in Finnish, and it can be a word that is not obvious or at all understandable even to a native Finnish speaker. In the Psalter of the earlier Finnish Church Bible of 1938 almost every derivate of the root ṣdq (132/139) was translated as vanhurskaus. In the Psalter of the Finnish Church Bible of 1992 less than half of these derivates (67/139) are translated as that. Translators have used 20 different equivalents of the Hebrew derivates of the root ṣdq. But this type of translation also has its own problems. The most disputed is the fact that in it the Bible reader finds no connections between many Bible verses that have obvious connections with each other in the Hebrew Bible. For example, in verse Ps. 118, 15 one finds a Finnish word for ‘saved’ and in verse Ps. 142, 8 one finds another Finnish word for ‘friends’, while in the Hebrew Bible the same word is used in both verses, ṣaddîqīm. My study will prove that it is very challenging to compare or fit together the semantics of these two quite different languages. The theoretical framework for the study consists of biblical semantic theories and Bible translation theories. Keywords: religious language, Bible translations, Book of Psalms.

Variation i kvinnors namnfraser i officiella dokument i Helsingfors 1780-1930 : Socioonomastiska synvinklar på makt och identitet

This dissertation is an onomastic study of variation in women s name phrases in official documents in Finland during the period 1780−1930. The aim is to discuss from a socio-onomastic perspective both the changeover from patronymics to inherited family names and the use of surnames after marriage (i.e. whether women adopted their husbands family names or retained their maiden names), before new laws in this area entered into force in Finland in the early 20th century. In 1920, a law on family names that required fixed names put an end to the use of the patronymic as a person s only surname. After 1929, it was no longer possible for a married woman to retain her maiden name. Methodologically, to explain this development from a socio-onomastic perspective, I have based my study on a syntactic-semantic analysis of the actual name phrases. To be able to demonstrate the extensive material, I have elaborated a scheme to divide the 115 different types of name phrases into 13 main categories. The analysis of the material for Helsinki is based on frequency calculations of the different types of name phrases every thirtieth year, as well as on describing variation in the structure and semantic content of the name phrases, e.g. social variation in the use of titles and epithets. In addition to this, by applying a biographic-genealogical method, I have conducted two case studies of the usage of women s name phrases in the two chosen families. The study is based on parish registers from the period 1780−1929, estate inventory documents from the period 1780−1928, registration forms for liberty of trade from the period 1880−1908, family announcements on newspapers from the period 1829−1888, gravestones from the period 1796−1929 and diaries from the periods 1799−1801 and 1818−1820 providing a corpus of 5 950 name phrases. The syntactic-semantic analysis has revealed the overall picture of various ways of denoting women in official documents. In Helsinki, towards the end of the 19th century, the use of inherited family names seems to be almost fully developed in official contexts. At the late 19th century, a patronymic still appears as the only surname of some working-class women whereas in the early 20th century patronymics were only entered in the parish register as a kind of middle name. In the beginning of the 19th century, most married women were still registered under their maiden names, with a few exceptions among the bourgeoisie and upper class. The comparative analysis of name phrases in diaries, however, indicates that the use of the husband s family name by married women was a much earlier phenomenon in private contexts than in official documents. Keywords: socio-onomastics, syntactic-semantic analysis, name phrase, patronymic, maiden name, husband s family name