Caractérisation du rôle de MCAM dans la sclérose en plaques

Objectifs: Chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques (SEP), des lymphocytes pro-inflammatoires utilisent des molécules d’adhérence afin de parvenir à traverser la barrière hémo-encéphalique (BHE) et former des lésions multifocales dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Dans le contexte de la SEP, les lymphocytes CD4 auto-agressifs polarisés en TH17 (sécrétant de l’IL-17) sont reconnus comme contribuant à la formation des lésions. Le rôle des lymphocytes CD8 TC17 est quant à lui encore mal défini. L’identification de marqueurs de surface spécifiquement exprimés par les lymphocytes TH17 et TC17 faciliterait la caractérisation de ces sous-populations pathogéniques et fournirait de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour traiter la SEP. Méthodologie: Nous avons identifié MCAM lors d’analyses protéomiques de cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine et de lymphocytes T humains. Nous avons caractérisé le phénotype et la fonction de ces cellules exprimant MCAM ex vivo, in vitro, in situ et in vivo, à partir de matériel obtenu de témoins (contrôles), de patients atteints de SEP et d’animaux atteints d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE). Résultats: MCAM est exprimé à la fois par les cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine et par une sous-population de lymphocytes T effecteurs mémoire CD161+ et CCR6+. Les lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 MCAM+ expriment plus d’IL-17, IL-22, GM-CSF et granzyme B (Gz B) que les lymphocytes MCAMneg. De plus, l’expression de MCAM est fortement augmentée à la surface des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ lors des poussées de SEP, alors que les traitements immunomodulateurs en diminuent l’expression. In situ, l’expression de MCAM par les cellules endothéliales de la BHE est plus marquée au site des lésions de SEP et d’EAE, et on retrouve des lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 MCAM+ au sein de ces infiltrats périvasculaires du SNC. In vitro, les lymphocytes CD8 MCAM+ causent plus de mort oligodendrocytaire et bloquer MCAM diminue la transmigration des CD8 TC17 et des CD4 TH17 à travers les cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine. In vivo, dépléter les lymphocytes CD4 ou CD8 MCAM+ améliore les signes cliniques de l’EAE par transfert. Par ailleurs, l’expression de MCAM est régulée à la hausse à la surface des lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 de la souris transgénique TCR1640, un modèle animal d’EAE spontanée. Finalement, bloquer MCAM atténue les déficits neurologiques chroniques aussi bien du modèle d’EAE induite avec le MOG35-55 que du modèle d’EAE spontanée. Conclusion: Nos données démontrent que les lymphocytes encéphalitogéniques produisant de l’IL-17 et présentant une capacité effectrice et migratoire marquée expriment MCAM. MCAM pourrait servir de biomarqueur en SEP et constituer une cible thérapeutique valable pour traiter les conditions neuroinflammatoires.

Nouvelle approche immunothérapeutique afin de traiter le neuroblastome réfractaire chez l’enfant

Malgré plusieurs chimiothérapies suivies d’une transplantation et d’une immunothérapie, 40% des patients avec un neuroblastome (NB) à haut risque subissent une progression de la maladie ou une rechute. L’échec de ces traitements est attribué à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeur (TIC) qui expriment le marqueur CD133 et qui sont souvent résistantes aux agents chimiothérapeutiques. Les cellules Natural Killer (NK), qui possèdent un effet anti-tumoral, peuvent être utilisées dans le cadre du développement de nouvelles approches immuno-thérapeutiques. Nous posons l’hypothèse que les cellules NK activées éliminent efficacement les TIC et contribuent à la réduction des risques de rechute. De plus, il est possible d’augmenter l’effet anti-tumoral des cellules NK contre le NB. L’activité cytotoxique des cellules NK est augmentée par des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) activées. A la suite de la stimulation de leurs récepteurs Toll-like les pDC produisent de grandes quantités d'interféron-alpha (IFN-α). Nous avons étudié les propriétés lytiques des cellules NK contre des lignées cellulaires de NB à la suite de leur activation par l’IFN-α ou des pDC activées. Nos résultats révèlent une augmentation de l’activité cytolytique des cellules NK contre ces lignées en réponse à une stimulation par les pDC activées. De plus, les cellules de NB CD133+ ou celles résistantes à l’immunothérapie dirigée contre le GD2 sont sensibles à la lyse médiée par les cellules NK stimulées par les pDC. Nous avons examiné les mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la lyse des cellules de NB. Nous montrons que cette cytotoxicité est médiée en partie par TRAIL induisant l'apoptose et en partie par la libération des granules cytotoxiques. Ainsi, ces résultats permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche immuno-thérapeutique complémentaire au traitement par l’anticorps anti-GD2 pour les patients atteints de NB à haut risque.

Interaction entre ventilation mécanique et traumatisme à la moelle épinière : réponses inflammatoires pulmonaires et médullaires

Le traumatisme de la moelle épinière est à l’origine d’une inflammation locale importante caractérisée par l’augmentation massive des cellules inflammatoires et la présence de réactions oxydatives. Cette inflammation locale peut déclencher une réponse inflammatoire systémique par voie hématogène. Au niveau cervical, les lésions médullaires peuvent entraîner des faiblesses ou la paralysie des muscles respiratoires. Le patient, qui ne peut plus respirer de façon autonome, doit avoir recours à un support respiratoire. Bien que la ventilation mécanique soit la thérapie traditionnellement appliquée aux blessés médullaires souffrant d’insuffisance respiratoire, les études ont démontré qu’elle pouvait contribuer à promouvoir une réponse inflammatoire ainsi que des dommages pulmonaires. L’interaction entre le traumatisme médullaire et la ventilation mécanique, indispensable au maintien de l’équilibre des échanges respiratoires, est inconnue à ce jour. En voulant protéger les tissus, cellules et organes, l’organisme met en œuvre toute une panoplie de réponses inflammatoires à différents endroits. Nous pensons que ces réponses peuvent être altérées via l’interaction entre ce traumatisme et cette ventilation mécanique, sous l’influence de la principale source cellulaire de cytokines pour la défense de l’hôte, le macrophage, récemment classé en deux phénotypes principaux: 1) l’activation classique de type M1 et 2) l’activation alternative de type M2. Le phénotype M1 est conduit par le facteur GM-CSF et induit par l’interféron IFN-ɣ ainsi que le lipopolysaccharide. Le phénotype M2 quant à lui, est conduit par le facteur M-CSF et induit par les interleukines IL-4, IL-13 ou IL-21. M1 relâche principalement IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α et MIP-1α tandis que M2 principalement IL-10 et MCP-1. Toutefois, nous ignorons actuellement par quel type d’activation se manifestera cette réponse immunitaire et si l’application de support respiratoire pourrait entraîner un risque inflammatoire additionnel au site du traumatisme. Nous ignorons également si la ventilation mécanique affecterait, à distance, les tissus de la moelle épinière via une inflammation systémique et amplifierait alors le dommage initial. Il n’existe pas à ce jour, de thérapie qui ait montré d’effet bénéfique réel envers une récupération fonctionnelle des patients blessés médullaires. Il paraît donc essentiel de déterminer si la ventilation mécanique peut moduler l’inflammation post-traumatique à la fois au niveau pulmonaire et au site de la lésion. Ce travail visait à caractériser les liens entre l’inflammation issue du traumatisme médullaire et celle issue de la ventilation, dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes inflammatoires activés dans ce contexte. L’étude a été menée sur un modèle animal. Elle consistait à évaluer : 1) si le traumatisme médullaire influençait les réponses inflammatoires pulmonaires induites par la ventilation mécanique, y compris le phénotype des macrophages alvéolaires et 2) si la ventilation pouvait altérer à distance, les tissus de la moelle épinière. L’impact de la blessure médullaire sur l’inflammation pulmonaire et locale, induite par la ventilation fut interprété grâce à l’analyse des cellules inflammatoires dans les lavages broncho-alvéolaires et dans les tissus prélevés à l’endroit de la blessure après 24 heures. Ces analyses ont démontré un profil spécifique des cytokines pulmonaires et médullaires. Elles ont révélé que la ventilation mécanique a engendré un environnement pro-inflammatoire en faveur d’un phénotype M1 chez les animaux ayant bénéficié de la thérapie respiratoire. Inversement, l’atteinte thoracique chez les animaux sans ventilation, a montré qu’une réponse immunitaire avait été activée en faveur d’un environnement anti-inflammatoire de phénotype M2. La lésion cervicale quant à elle a induit un profil de cytokines différent et les réponses au stress oxydatif dans le poumon induites par la ventilation ont été réduites significativement. De plus, une lésion médullaire a augmenté l’expression d’IL-6 et la ventilation a diminué l’IL-1β et augmenté le TNF-α dans les tissus de la moelle. Finalement, ces données ont fourni les premières évidences que la ventilation a induit d’avantage à un phénotype pulmonaire M1 et que le traumatisme médullaire a impacté spécifiquement les réponses inflammatoires et oxydatives dans le poumon. La ventilation a contribué non seulement à distance à une inflammation des tissus médullaires lésés mais aussi des tissus sains.

In vitro immunomodulatory activity of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 and Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713: two probiotic strains isolated from human breast milk

Commensal bacteria, including some species of lactobacilli commonly present in human breast milk, appear to colonize the neonatal gut and contribute to protection against infant infections, suggesting that lactobacilli could potentially modulate immunity. In this study, we evaluated the potential of two Lactobacillus strains isolated from human milk to modulate the activation and cytokine profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets in vitro. Moreover, these effects were compared to the same probiotic species of non-milk origin. Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 and Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 at 105, 106 and 107 bacteria/mL were co-cultured with PBMC (106/mL) from 8 healthy donors for 24 h. Activation status (CD69 and CD25 expressions) of natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+), total T cells (CD3+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Regulatory T cells (Treg) were also quantified by intracellular Foxp3 evaluation. Regarding innate immunity, NK cells were activated by addition of both Lactobacillus strains, and in particular, the CD8+ NK subset was preferentially induced to highly express CD69 (90%, p<0.05). With respect to acquired immunity, approximately 9% of CD8+ T cells became activated after co-cultivation with L. fermentum or L salivarius. Although CD4+ T cells demonstrated a weaker response, there was a preferential activation of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) after exposure to both milk probiotic bacteria (p<0.05). Both strains significantly induced the production of a number of cytokines and chemokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and GM-CSF, but some strain-specific effects were apparent. This work demonstrates that L salivarius CECT5713 and L. fermentum CECT5716 enhanced both natural and acquired immune responses, as evidenced by the activation of NK and T cell subsets and the expansion of Treg cells, as well as the induction of a broad array of cytokines.

Avaliação dos produtos da degradação da hemoglobina na lesão cerebral e mecanismos de proteção encefálica após a hemorragia intracraniana

Introdução: O acidente vascular encefálico hemorrágico e a hemorragia subaracnóide são doenças de elevada morbi-mortalidade. Os produtos da degradação da hemoglobina são implicados em diversos estudos experimentais como elementoschave na fisiopatologia da lesão secundária após a hemorragia intracraniana. Entretanto, há poucos dados em humanos que possam corroborar as observações experimentais. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel dos produtos da degradação da hemoglobina e dos mecanismos de proteção contra a hemoglobina e o heme na fisiopatologia do dano secundário à hemorragia intracraniana. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado nas unidades neurointensivas de três hospitais. Foi coletado sangue e líquor (pela DVE) de pacientes internados com AVEh ou HSA e hemoventrículo durante os primeiros três dias após o ictus. Foram dosadas sequencialmente as concentrações de ferro, heme, hemopexina, haptoglobina, enolase e S100-\03B2 além de um painel de citocinas. O desfecho primário era mortalidade em 7 dias Resultados: Quinze pacientes foram incluídos, 10 com HSA e 5 com AVEh. Após a hemorragia intracraniana, ocorreu o desencadeamento da resposta inflamatória no sistema nervoso central (SNC), com níveis de IL-8 e GM-CSF no líquor cerca de 20x superiores ao do plasma. Foi observada a correlação entre a concentração de ferro e IP-10 no líquor (r=0,97; p=0,03) e heme e MIP-1b no líquor (r=0,76; p=0,01). Os níveis de hemopexina e haptoglobina foram consistentemente inferiores no líquor em relação ao plasma, ao longo dos três dias de estudo. Tanto o ferro e heme plasmáticos, quanto o grau de resposta inflamatória sistêmica e no SNC foram preditores de mortalidade nos primeiros 7 dias após o evento. Conclusão: Os resultados desse estudo mostram que tanto o ferro quanto o heme estão correlacionados ao desencadeamento da lesão secundária após a hemorragia intracraniana e estão associados ao pior prognóstico neste grupo de pacientes. Além disso, os mecanismos de proteção cerebral contra a hemoglobina e o heme são insuficientes. Mais estudos são necessários para elucidar o papel dos produtos da degradação da hemoglobina na fisiopatologia da hemorragia intracraniana em humanos

Effects of oxidised low density lipoprotein on dendritic cells: a possible immunoregulatory component of the atherogenic micro-environment?

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and dendritic cell (DC) activation, based upon the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated modification of proteins that may be present in local DC microenvironments could be important as mediators of this activation. Although LDL are known to be oxidised in vivo, and taken up by macrophages during atherogenesis; their effect on DC has not been explored previously. Methods: Human DCs were prepared from peripheral blood monocytes using GM-CSF and IL-4. Plasma LDLs were isolated by sequential gradient centrifugation, oxidised in CuSO4, and oxidation arrested to yield mild, moderate and highly oxidised LDL forms. DCs exposed to these LDLs were investigated using combined phenotypic, functional (autologous T cell activation), morphological and viability assays. Results: Highly-oxidised LDL increased DC HLA-DR, CD40 and CD86 expression, corroborated by increased DC-induced T cell proliferation. Both native and oxidised LDL induced prominent DC clustering. However, high concentrations of highly-oxidised LDL inhibited DC function, due to increased DC apoptosis. Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that oxidised LDL are capable of triggering the transition from sentinel to messenger DC. Furthermore, the DC clustering–activation–apoptosis sequence in the presence of different LDL forms is consistent with a regulatory DC role in immunopathogenesis of atheroma. A sequence of initial accumulation of DC, increasing LDL oxidation, and DC-induced T cell activation, may explain why local breach of tolerance can occur. Above a threshold level, however, supervening DC apoptosis limits this, contributing instead to the central plaque core.

Impaired dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in the absence of C3

Human monocytes can be differentiated into immature dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of serum and cytokines. One of the main functions of immature DCs is to capture and process antigens. Following maturation, they differentiate into antigen presenting cells. The role of complement in the differentiation process from monocytes towards immature DCs remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that complement 3 (C3) has a regulatory impact on the expression of specific DC surface molecules and DC-derived cytokine production during DC differentiation. We isolated human adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-4 in medium supplemented with normal human serum or C3 deficient serum. The lack of C3 during DC differentiation negatively impacted the expression of C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN, the antigen presenting molecules HLA-DR and CD1a, and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Further, the spontaneous production of IL-6 and IL-12 was reduced in the absence of C3. Moreover, the maturation of immature DCs in response to LPS challenge was impaired in the absence of C3 as evidenced by reduced MHC-II, co-stimulatory molecule expression as well as modulated IL-12 and TNF-alpha production. Collectively, our results provide evidence for a novel role of C3 as a critical cofactor in human DC differentiation and maturation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cohabitation with a B16F10 melanoma-bearer cage mate influences behavior and dendritic cell phenotype in mice

This study evaluated the effects of cohabitation with a B16F10 melanoma-bearer cage mate on behavior and immune functions in mice. Five different experiments were conducted. In each of them, the female mice were divided into two groups: control and experimental. One mouse of each control pair was kept undisturbed and called ""companion of health partner"" (CHP). One mouse of each experimental pair was inoculated with B16FI0 cells and the other, the subject of this study, was called ""companion sick partner"" (CSP). On Day 20 of cohabitation, behavior and immune parameters from CHP and CSP mice were analyzed. In comparison to the CHP, the CSP mice: (1) presented an increased general locomotion in the open field and a decreased exploration time and number of entries in the plus-maze open arms; (2) had an enhanced expression of the CD80 costimulatory molecule on Iab(+)CD11c(+) spleen cells, but no differences were found on lymph nodes cells; (3) presented an altered differentiation of bone marrow cells in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4, and LPS in vitro, resulting in a lower percentage of Iab(+)CD80(+) cells; (4) had a deficit in the establishment of a Delayed Type of Hypersensitivity to ovalbumin, which was associated to an in vitro proliferation of an IL-10-producing lymphocyte subpopulation after ovalbumin stimulation. Corticosterone levels detected on Day 20 of cohabitation were similar in CHP and CSP mice. It is shown here that DCs phenotype in mice is affected by conditions associated with behavioral alterations indicative of an anxiety-like state induced by the cohabitation with a tumor-bearer conspecific. This phenomenon occurred probably through a nondependent corticosterone mechanism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alveolar macrophages from susceptible mice are more competent than those of resistant mice to control initial Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection

Alveolar macrophages ( AM) are the first host cells to interact with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in Latin America. To better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of AM from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to infection. Untreated, IFN-gamma and IL-12 primed AM from B10. A and A/J mice were challenged with P. brasiliensis yeasts and cocultured for 72 h. B10. A macrophages presented an efficient fungicidal ability, were easily activated by both cytokines, produced high levels of nitric oxide ( NO), IL-12, and MCP-1 associated with low amounts of IL-10 and GM-CSF. In contrast, A/J AM showed impaired cytokine activation and fungal killing, secreted high levels of IL- 10 and GM-CSF but low concentrations of NO, IL- 12, and MCP-1. The fungicidal ability of B10. A but not of A/J macrophages was diminished by aminoguanidine treatment, although only the neutralization of TGF-beta restored the fungicidal activity of A/J cells. This pattern of macrophage activation resulted in high expression of MHC class II antigens by A/J cells, while B10. A macrophages expressed elevated levels of CD40. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that susceptibility to a fungal pathogen can be associated with an efficient innate immunity, while a deficient innate response can ultimately favor the development of a resistant pattern to infection. Moreover, our data suggest that different pathogen recognition receptors are used by resistant and susceptible hosts to interact with P. brasiliensis yeasts, resulting in divergent antigen presentation, acquired immunity, and disease outcomes.

Immune Responses and Therapeutic Antitumor Effects of an Experimental DNA Vaccine Encoding Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Oncoproteins Genetically Fused to Herpesvirus Glycoprotein D

Recombinant adenovirus or DNA vaccines encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) genetically fused to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) oncoproteins (E5, E6, and E7) induce antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and confer preventive resistance to transplantable murine tumor cells (TC-1 cells). In the present report, we characterized some previously uncovered aspects concerning the induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses and the therapeutic anticancer effects achieved in C57BL/6 mice immunized with pgD-E7E6E5 previously challenged with TC-1 cells. Concerning the characterization of the immune responses elicited in mice vaccinated with pgD-E7E6E5, we determined the effect of the CD4(+) T-cell requirement, longevity, and dose-dependent activation on the E7-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. In addition, we determined the priming/boosting properties of pgD-E7E6E5 when used in combination with a recombinant serotype 68 adenovirus (AdC68) vector encoding the same chimeric antigen. Mice challenged with TC-1 cells and then immunized with three doses of pgD-E7E6E5 elicited CD8(+) T-cell responses, measured by intracellular gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and CD107a accumulation, to the three HPV-16 oncoproteins and displayed in vivo antigen-specific cytolytic activity, as demonstrated with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled target cells pulsed with oligopeptides corresponding to the H-2D(b)-restricted immunodominant epitopes of the E7, E6, or E5 oncoprotein. Up to 70% of the mice challenged with 5 x 10(5) TC-1 cells and immunized with pgD-E7E6E5 controlled tumor development even after 3 days of tumor cell challenge. In addition, coadministration of pgD-E7E6E5 with DNA vectors encoding pGM-CSF or interleukin-12 (IL-12) enhanced the therapeutic antitumor effects for all mice challenged with TC-1 cells. In conclusion, the present results expand our previous knowledge on the immune modulation properties of the pgD-E7E6E5 vector and demonstrate, for the first time, the strong antitumor effects of the DNA vaccine, raising promising perspectives regarding the development of immunotherapeutic reagents for the control of HPV-16-associated tumors.

Retinoic acid inhibits dendritic cell differentiation driven by interleukin-4

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) appears to affect Th1-Th2 differentiation and its effects on immune responses might also be mediated by dendritic cell (DC). Nonetheless, studies have been showing contradictory results since was observed either induction or inhibition of DC differentiation. Our aim was to investigate atRA action on human monocyte derived DC differentiation. For this purpose we tested pharmacological and physiological doses of atRA with or without cytokines. Cell phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry and function was investigated by phagocytosis and respiratory burst. DC, positive control group, was differentiated with GM-CSF and IL-4 and maturated with TNF-alpha. We demonstrated that atRA effects depend on the dose used as pharmacological doses inhibited expression of all phenotypic markers tested while a physiological dose caused cell differentiation. However, atRA combined or not with cytokines did not promote DC differentiation. In fact, atRA was detrimental on IL-4 property as a DC inductor. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High frequency of immature dendritic cells and altered in situ production of interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lung cancer

Introduction Antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, play a significant role in the induction of an immune response and an imbalance in the proportion of macrophages, immature and mature DCs within the tumor could affect significantly the immune response to cancer. DCs and macrophages can differentiate from monocytes, depending on the milieu, where cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induce DC differentiation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induce DC maturation. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze by immunohistochemistry the presence of DCs (S100+ or CD1a+), macrophages (CD68+), IL-4 and TNF-alpha within the microenvironment of primary lung carcinomas. Results Higher frequencies of both immature DCs and macrophages were detected in the tumor-affected lung, when compared to the non-affected lung. Also, TNF-alpha-positive cells were more frequent, while IL-4-positive cells were less frequent in neoplastic tissues. This decreased frequency of mature DCs within the tumor was further confirmed by the lower frequency of CD14-CD80+ cells in cell suspensions obtained from the same lung tissues analyzed by flow cytometry. Conclusion These data are discussed and interpreted as the result of an environment that does not oppose monocyte differentiation into DCs, but that could impair DC maturation, thus affecting the induction of effective immune responses against the tumor.

Envolvimento dos gangliosídios na sustentação da proliferação mielopoiética por dois estromas extramedulares

A hematopoiese representa uma cascata de eventos de proliferação e diferenciação celular precisamente regulada, onde uma população de células tronco pluripotentes indiferenciadas origina todas as células sangüíneas. Durante o período embrionário o principal órgão hematopoiético é o fígado. A partir do desenvolvimento dos ossos longos, a hematopoiese é deslocada para a medula óssea, sendo este, na vida adulta, o sítio de produção das células sangüíneas. O microambiente da medula óssea, composto pelas células estromais, componentes de matriz extracelular e fatores de crescimento ou citocinas, desempenha importância fundamental na proliferação e diferenciação das células progenitoras hematopoiéticas. Em algumas condições patológicas, na vida adulta, a hematopoiese pode ser observada em sítios extramedulares, especialmente no fígado, que demonstra assim preservar um potencial hematopoiético. Este fenômeno é descrito como hematopoiese extramedular e pode estar associado a reações fibrogranulomatosas, como a esquistossomose mansônica. No presente estudo avaliou-se a hipótese de que os gangliosídios possam participar do microambiente carregado negativamente necessário para o suporte da hematopoiese. Para isso, analisou-se o conteúdo, síntese e liberação (shedding) de gangliosídios de dois estromas extramedulares, GRWT e GR(IFN-Ro/o), que expressam GM-CSF de maneira semelhante, mas têm capacidades diferentes de suporte da mielopoiese in vitro. A capacidade de suporte da hematopoiese pelos dois estromas foi monitorada através da proliferação das células FDC-P1, uma linhagem precursora mielóide. Observamos que os dois estromas sintetizam e liberam os mesmos gangliosídios, embora em proporções diferentes. Também verificamos que a inibição da síntese de gangliosídios diminui a proliferação mielopoiética em ambos os estromas extramedulares.

Papel dos gangliosídios de células estromais sobre a proliferação e sobrevivência de células precursoras mielóides

A mielopoiese depende do estroma mielossuportivo tanto no que diz respeito a produção de fatores de crescimento como de proteoglicanos de heparan-sulfato. O ambiente intercelular formado entre células do estroma e células progenitoras mielóides possui características ácidas, conferidas por moléculas carregadas negativamente e sensíveis a sialidase. Gangliosídios, glicoesfingolipídios contendo pelo menos uma molécula de ácido siálico, têm sido relacionados à modulação de fatores de crescimento e à diferenciação de células hematopoiéticas. Neste trabalho, estudamos a produção, a distribuição e o papel dos gangliosídios em um modelo experimental in vitro de mielopoiese dependente do estroma derivado de fígado fetal murino AFT-024. Utilizamos como sistema de resposta para o monitoramento da disponibilidade e atividade local de GM-CSF a linhagem celular precursora mielóide FDC-P1, a qual é dependente de GM-CSF para sua sobrevivência e proliferação. O GM3 foi o principal gangliosídio produzido pelo estroma, mas não pelas células mielóides, sendo requerido para que a função mielossuoprtiva do estroma seja ótima. Este gangliosídio foi liberado para o sobrenadante de cultura das células AFT-024 e seletivamente incorporado pelas células progenitoras mielóides, onde foi segregado em rafts e colocalizou-se com a cadeia α do receptor de GM-CSF. Além disso, o gangliosídio GM3 foi encontrado na fração insolúvel de células AFT-024 tratadas com Triton X-100 a 4°C, estando presente também nas frações menos densas do fracionamento em gradiente de sacarose, indicando sua presença em rafts. O GM3 captado pelas células FDC-P1 foi metabolizado, gerando gangliosídios das séries a e b, da mesma forma que o GM3 endógeno. Nestas células, o GM1 é o principal gangliosídio, também sendo encontrado na interface entre estroma e células mielóides, mas com colocalização apenas parcial com a cadeia α do receptor de GM-CSF. As imagens de imunocitoquímica ainda revelaram que o GM1 não apresenta colocalização significante com a cadeia β do receptor de GM-CSF, com o gangliosídio GM3, ou com CD44. Em um outro grupo de experimentos, analisamos o perfil de síntese e shedding de gangliosídios em um estroma derivado de medula óssea, a linhagem celular S17; na linhagem celular GRX, derivada de células estreladas hepáticas isoladas de reação fibro-granulomatosa inflamatória; e em cultivos primários de fibroblasto de pele murinos. Além disso, comparamos a habilidade destes estromas para sustentar a sobrevivência e a proliferação das células precursoras mielóides. A concentração de ácido siálico reflete a capacidade mielossuportiva dos estromas. Embora os diferentes estromas sintetizem os mesmos gangliosídios, existem diferenças no conteúdo relativo de cada gangliosídio. Aparentemente, o GM3 é o principal gangliosídio envolvido na modulação da atividade dos fatores de crescimento. O shedding foi similar ao perfil de síntese de gangliosídios, mas a atividade mielossuportiva dos sobrenadantes foi diferente entre os tipos celulares e em relação a sustentação por contato. No entanto, a proliferação das células FDC-P1 diminuiu em todos os sobrenadantes obtidos de células estromais em que a síntese de gangliosídios foi inibida e onde o gangliosídio GM3 foi neutralizado pelo anticorpo monoclonal anti-GM3. As diferenças encontradas na capacidade de sustentação da proliferação de células progenitoras mielóides por fator de crescimento solúvel ou apresentado podem estar relacionadas a diferenças na concentração de gangliosídios inseridos na membrana plasmática ou liberados para o meio de cultura. Sendo assim propomos que as células do estroma mielossuportivo produzem e secretam os fatores de crescimento necessários e seus cofatores, tais como proteoglicanos de heparan-sulfato. O estroma também fornece gangliosídios, os quais são transferidos do estroma para as célulasalvo, onde geram domínios de membrana específicos contendo complexos macromoleculares que incluem os receptores para fatores de crescimento.

Ativação local da rota da quinurenina por moduladores inflamatórios durante a meningite bacteriana.

Activation of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) by modulators of immune system has been observed during several neurological diseases. Here we assessed the association of chemo-/cytokine levels with the concentration of KP metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from patients with bacterial meningitis (BM). All samples were collected from 42 patients diagnosed with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM), aseptic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis and patients without infection neurological disorders. CSF and plasma concentration of metabolites from the KP was assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and cytokines and chemokines by Bio-plex 200 suspension array system. Concentrations of the KP metabolites KYN and kynurenic acid (KYNA) were significantly higher in CSF of patients with ABM compared to other groups. Tryptophan (TRP), anthranilic acid (AA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) did not show statistical significance, although some of them presented a good accumulation during ABM. The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1 and G-CSF was about 100-fold higher in CSF from ABM patients than other infected groups. In all CSF and plasma samples, the concentration of IL-2, IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-8 and GM-CSF was not significant. ABM still showed significant concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1Ra and MCP-1 in plasma samples. Based on the comparison of KP metabolites concentrations between plasma and CSF samples we conclude that the activation of the tryptophan pathway upon BM occurs within the brain. This increase in KP metabolites is most due to activation of the KP by molecules as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in response to infection.