Role of galectin-1 in the olfactory nervous system

The olfactory nervous system is responsible for the detection of odors. Primary sensory olfactory neurons are located in a neuroepithelial sheet lining the nasal cavity. The axons from these neurons converge on to discrete loci or glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Each glomerulus consists of the termination of thousands of primary axons on the dendrites of second-order olfactory neurons. What are the molecular mechanisms which guide growing olfactory axons to select sites in the olfactory bulb? We have shown that subpopulations of these axons differentially express cell surface carbohydrates and that these different subpopulations target and terminate in particular regions of the olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the olfactory neurons and glial components in the olfactory pathway between the nose and brain express galectin-1. By using in vitro assays of neurite outgrowth we found that both galectin-1 and it's ligands were capable of specifically stimulating neurite elongation. Examination of the olfactory system in galectin-1 null mutants revealed that a subpopulation of axons failed to navigate to their target site in the olfactory bulb. This is the first phenotypic effect observed in galectin-1 null mutants and indicates that galectin-1 has a role in the growth and/or guidance of a subpopulation of axons in the olfactory system during development.

Class I malocclusion treatment: Influence of a missing mandibular incisor on anterior guidance

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a patient with a deep-overbite Angle Class I malocclusion, agenesis of a mandibular central incisor, and 2 supernumerary teeth, which caused impaction of the mandibular first premolars. The 15-year-old patient also had a convex profile, maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion, and deficiency of space for the correct alignment of teeth. Therefore, treatment consisted of fixed appliance therapy, cervical headgear, extraction of the supernumeraries and the mandibular and maxillary first premolars, and mesiodistal reduction of the maxillary incisors to solve the arch perimeter discrepancy as much as possible with interproximal stripping. This method of treatment significantly improved the patient`s facial and dental esthetics and provided a good functional occlusion, despite the absence of a mandibular incisor, which generally impairs achieving adequate incisal guidance. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138:109-17)

Projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the motor thalamus of the rat: Single axon reconstructions and immunohistochemical study

This is a study in the rat of the distribution of specific neurotransmitters in neurones projecting from the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) to the ventrolateral (VL) and ventromedial (VM) thalamic nuclei. Individual axons projecting from the SNR to these thalamic nuclei have also been reconstructed following small injection of the anterograde tracer dextran biotin into the the SNR. Analysis of reconstructions revealed two populations of SNR neurones projecting onto the VL and VM thalamic nuclei. One group projects directly onto the VM and VL, and the other projects to the VM/VL and to the parafascicular nucleus. In another set of experiments Fluoro-Gold was injected into the VL/VM to label SNR projection neurones retrogradely, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate in Fluoro-Gold-labelled SNR projection neurones. Most SNR-VL/VM thalamic projection neurones were immunoreactive to acetylcholine or glutamate, whereas only 25% of the projection neurones were found to be immunoreactive to GABA. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of EphA4 receptors in major axon tract formation in vivo

The EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates the formation of the corticospinal tract (CST), a pathway controlling voluntary movements, and of the anterior commissure (AC), connecting the neocortical temporal robes. To study EphA4 kinase signaling in these processes, we generated mice expressing mutant EphA4 receptors either lacking kinase activity or with severely downregulated kinase activity. We demonstrate that EphA4 is required for CST formation as a receptor for which it requires an active kinase domain. In contrast, the formation of the AC is rescued by kinase-dead EphA4, suggesting that in this structure EphA4 acts as a ligand for which its kinase activity is not required. Unexpectedly, the cytoplasmic sterile-alpha motif (SAM) domain is not required for EphA4 functions. Our findings establish both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of EphA4 in the formation of major axon tracts.

Quality assurance and quality control in mammography: a review of available guidance worldwide

Objectives - Review available guidance for quality assurance (QA) in mammography and discuss its contribution to harmonise practices worldwide. Methods - Literature search was performed on different sources to identify guidance documents for QA in mammography available worldwide in international bodies, healthcare providers, professional/scientific associations. The guidance documents identified were reviewed and a selection was compared for type of guidance (clinical/technical), technology and proposed QA methodologies focusing on dose and image quality (IQ) performance assessment. Results - Fourteen protocols (targeted at conventional and digital mammography) were reviewed. All included recommendations for testing acquisition, processing and display systems associated with mammographic equipment. All guidance reviewed highlighted the importance of dose assessment and testing the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system. Recommended tests for assessment of IQ showed variations in the proposed methodologies. Recommended testing focused on assessment of low-contrast detection, spatial resolution and noise. QC of image display is recommended following the American Association of Physicists in Medicine guidelines. Conclusions - The existing QA guidance for mammography is derived from key documents (American College of Radiology and European Union guidelines) and proposes similar tests despite the variations in detail and methodologies. Studies reported on QA data should provide detail on experimental technique to allow robust data comparison. Countries aiming to implement a mammography/QA program may select/prioritise the tests depending on available technology and resources.

Road lane detection for autonomous robot guidance

Computational Vision stands as the most comprehensive way of knowing the surrounding environment. Accordingly to that, this study aims to present a method to obtain from a common webcam, environment information to guide a mobile differential robot through a path similar to a roadway.

Road lane detection for autonomous robot guidance

Computational Vision stands as the most comprehensive way of knowing the surrounding environment. Accordingly to that, this study aims to present a method to obtain from a common webcam, environment information to guide a mobile differential robot through a path similar to a roadway.

The Use of Statins in People at Risk of Developing Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence and Guidance for Clinical Practice

Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels using statins is associated with significant reductions in cardiovascular (CV) events in a wide range of patient populations. Although statins are generally considered to be safe, recent studies suggest they are associated with an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This led the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change their labelling requirements for statins to include a warning about the possibility of increased blood sugar and HbA1c levels and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to issue guidance on a small increased risk of T2D with the statin class. This review examines the evidence leading to these claims and provides practical guidance for primary care physicians on the use of statins in people with or at risk of developing T2D. Overall, evidence suggests that the benefits of statins for the reduction of CV risk far outweigh the risk of developing T2D, especially in individuals with higher CV risk. To reduce the risk of developing T2D, physicians should assess all patients for T2D risk prior to starting statin therapy, educate patients about their risks, and encourage risk-reduction through lifestyle changes. Whether some statins are more diabetogenic than others requires further study. Statin-treated patients at high risk of developing T2D should regularly be monitored for changes in blood glucose or HbA1c levels, and the risk of conversion from pre-diabetes to T2D should be reduced by intensifying lifestyle changes. Should a patient develop T2D during statin treatment, physicians should continue with statin therapy and manage T2D in accordance with relevant national guidelines.

Possible uses of augmented reality as a tool for guidance of users of packages

Acioly, A. S. G., Soares, M. M., & Arezes, P. M. (2015). Possible uses of augmented reality as a tool for guidance of users of packages. Paper presented at the Occupational Safety and Hygiene III - Selected Extended and Revised Contributions from the International Symposium on Safety and Hygiene.

Rol de los factores de crecimiento Wnt sobre el desarrollo de polaridad neuronal y crecimiento axonal. Role of Wnt growth factors on neuronal polarity and axon growth.

El desarrollo y funcionamiento del sistema nervioso dependen de la formación de circuitos neuronales específicos y de programas intrínsecos y extrínsecos que actúan como moduladores del desarrollo neuronal. Inicialmente, los neuroblastos "sensan" a través de receptores específicos, la presencia en el medio de factores de crecimiento, como neurotrofinas clásicas (BDNF, NGF, etc), IGF-1, factores Wnts, que regulan la diferenciación neuronal, polarización, migración, etc. Hasta hace pocos años, las funciones específicas de los diferentes sistemas de factor de crecimiento-receptor en el establecimiento de polaridad y la regulación del crecimiento axonal eran mayormente desconocidas. Más recientemente, trabajos de nuestro y otros grupos de investigación han aportado significativamente al conocimiento de los mecanismos que involucran los sistemas IGF-1-receptor de IGF-1, BDNF-TrkB y NGF-TrkA sobre el desarrollo de polaridad neuronal. Sin embargo, si bien se conoce que los factores de crecimiento Wnt cumplen un rol crucial en eventos que ocurren durante la maduración neuronal (dendritogénesis, sinaptogénesis) poco se sabe sobre los mecanismos por los cuales estos factores regularían el establecimiento inicial de polaridad y el crecimiento axonal. Los factores Wnt como así también su primer efector intracelular Dishevelled (DVL) y sus cascadas de señalización participan de procesos como neurogénesis, guiado axonal, desarrollo dendrítico y formación y mantenimiento de sinápsis. Por estas razones, para el desarrollo del presente proyecto planeamos estudiar los efectos de los factores Wnts, su receptor Frizzled (Fz) y su efector DVL sobre el establecimiento de polaridad y la regulación del crecimiento axonal. También compararemos los efectos de los factores Wnt con los de IGF-1 (el único factor de crecimiento conocido esencial para el establecimiento de polaridad). Finalmente, intentaremos determinar cuál o cuáles de las cascadas intracelulares de señalización activadas por los Wnts están involucradas en sus efectos axogénicos. La metodología a utilizar se basará en el empleo de cultivos primarios de neuronas de hipocampo de embriones de rata de 18 días de gestación, los que serán expuestos a los factores Wnt y/o IGF-1. Se diseñarán experimentos tendientes a evaluar los efectos de dichos factores durante los diferentes estadíos de diferenciación neuronal que se analizarán por microscopía de fluorescencia confocal. Al mismo tiempo se realizarán ensayos de subfraccionamiento que permitan purificar conos de crecimiento aislados en los que se evaluará el rol local de Wnt y sus efectores sobre la fosforilación de quinasas que median la adición local de membrana y elongación axonal. Se examiná el rol de DVL sobre la especificación axonal a través de la expresión epistática en neuronas no diferenciadas como así también se bloqueará su expresión a tavés del uso de siRNA o cDNAs que actúen como dominantes negativas. Finalmente, se examinará una posible "transactivación" por IGF-1 o Wnts de sus receptores o primeros efectores intracelulares específicos, IRS-1- PI3K para IGF-1 y Dishevelled para Wnts. Para ello, se diseñarán experimentos en los que se utilizarán inhibidores farmacológicos específicos y se realizan ensayos de fosforilación en conos de crecimiento aislados y en cultivos neuronales. Los resultados serán cuantificados y sometidos softwares estadísticos adecuados.El desarrollo de estos experimentos nos permitirá examinar posibles paralelismos entre la activación del sistema Wnt-Frizzled-Dishevelled y del sistema IGF-1-Receptor de IGF-1-PI3K, el único sistema factor de crecimiento-receptor conocido esencial para el establecimiento de la polaridad neuronal y así poder lograr un acercamiento al/los posible mecanismo/s que regula/n la diferenciación neuronal y el crecimiento axonal.