L'organització de l'activitat conjunta en l'ensenyament escolar dels esports col·lectius

L'estudi de les formes d'organització de l'activitat conjunta en l'ensenyament de la col·laboració tàctica en els esports col·lectius en l'àmbit escolar mostra com a punts de referència teòrica, per un costat aportacions provinents de la psicologia de la instrucció, i per un altre costat aportacions provinents de la didàctica de l' ensenyament de l' educació física i l' esport. Pel que fa al camp de la psicologia, cal situar l'estudi de l'activitat conjunta en una perspectiva constructivista dels processos d'ensenyament i aprenentatge. Aquesta pren com a referents Piaget, Ausubel, ... i molt especialment les aportacions fetes des de la teoria sociohistòrica i cultural per Vigotsky i també per Bruner. Així, conceptes com "mediació semiòtica", "internalització", "intersubjectivitat" i "zona de desenvolupament pròxim" tenen un paper molt rellevant. El que ens interessa en aquest treball és saber com s'ho fan el professor i els alumnes per aconseguir que aquests últims construeixin el seu propi coneixement al voltant del contingut proposat. En aquest sentit les idees de Vigotsky, així com la metàfora de "la bastida" de Bruner, són d'una gran importància. Des del camp de l'ensenyament dels esports col·lectius han pres com a referència bàsica el model d'ensenyament a partir de la tàctica provinent dels treballs de Bunker i Thorpe sobre l'ensenyament "per a la comprensió dels esports col·lectius". Així mateix ens hem guiat per aportacions d'autors com Bayer, Castejón, Riera o DevÍs. Pel que fa al camp de la didàctica, les recerques de Pieron han tingut una influència considerable. Es proposa l'estudi del procés d'ensenyament i aprenentatge esportiu des de l'anàlisi de la "interacció educativa" i de la "influència pedagògica", i molt especialment des de la "interactivitat". En aquest marc destaquen els "mecanismes d'influència educativa", que operen en l'àmbit de la interactivitat i que permeten comprendre com el professor ajusta l'ajuda per afavorir la construcció de coneixement dels alumnes. El nostre treball estudia un dels dos mecanismes descrits pels treballs de Coll i els seus col·laboradors de la Universitat de Barcelona i també corroborats pels treballs dirigits per Vila (Universitat de Girona). En concret, el treball se centra en l'anàlisi del procés de cessió i traspàs de la responsabilitat i del control de l' aprenentatge del professor envers els alumnes. Per això s'empren els nivells i les unitats d'anàlisi proposades per aquests treballs: la seqüència didàctica, la sessió, els segments d'interactivitat i les configuracions de segments d'interactivitat. Així mateix, s'incorpora l'anàlisi de les característiques del contingut, tant pel que fa a la tipologia de les tasques com pel que fa als criteris d' organització i seqüenciació. Es manté la idea que l'organització de l'activitat conjunta entre el professor i els alumnes esta fortament influenciada per les característiques del contingut. Per dur a terme el treball s'ha realitzat una seqüència didàctica de 4 sessions amb 10 alumnes de segon cicle d'ensenyament primari de l' escola "Annexa-Joan Puigbert" de la ciutat de Girona. S'ha enregistrat amb vídeo i amb micròfons sense fils tot el que deien i feien tant el professor com els alumnes durant la seqüència d'ensenyament. Posteriorment s'han transcrit les dades a un "full de transcripció" . Hem analitzat les característiques de la seqüència, de les sessions i del contingut: número de tasques, tipus de tasques, elements que intervenen en les tasques, etc., així com la millora en el comportament tàctic dels alumnes. Igualment s'ha analitzat l'activitat conjunta mitjançant segments d'interactivitat i configuracions de segments d'interactivitat. S'ha estudiat l'evolució dels diferents segments, tant en quantitat com en temps emprat durant la seqüència. I també l'evolució de l'activitat conjunta en diferents tipus de tasques: tasques repetides, tasques-base i les respectives modificacions, etc. Això ens ha permès veure el paper del contingut en l'organització de l' activitat conjunta. Les dades obtingudes permeten corroborar les hipòtesis plantejades en el treball i que tenen a veure amb que: 1. És possible obtenir indicadors sobre el procés de cessió i traspàs del control i de la responsabilitat en una situació d'ensenyament i aprenentatge de la col·laboració tàctica en atac en la iniciació als esports col·lectius. Aquest procés és temporal, gradual i discontinu i no es produeix ni de forma absoluta ni definitiva. 2. És necessari considerar aquest mecanisme en relació amb un segon mecanisme descrit: la construcció d'un sistema cada vegada més ampli i més ric de significats compartits entre el professor i els alumnes al voltant del contingut. Ambdós mecanismes estan interrelacionats i són irreductibles tot i que és possible estudiar-los focalitzant l'atenció en un d'ells. 3. Es constata el paper fonamental del contingut, tant la tipologia com els criteris d'organització i seqüenciació, en l'organització de l'activitat conjunta. Dels resultats obtinguts se'n desprenen algunes conclusions finals que van referides, d'una banda a aspectes d'interès per a futures recerques en aquest camp, i d'altra banda, a aspectes d'interès per a les pràctiques educatives.

Engineered Nanoparticles And Organic Matter: A Review Of The State-of-the-art.

Growth in the development and production of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in recent years has increased the potential for interactions of these nanomaterials with aquatic and terrestrial environments. Carefully designed studies are therefore required in order to understand the fate, transport, stability, and toxicity of nanoparticles. Natural organic matter (NOM), such as the humic substances found in water, sediment, and soil, is one of the substances capable of interacting with ENPs. This review presents the findings of studies of the interaction of ENPs and NOM, and the possible effects on nanoparticle stability and the toxicity of these materials in the environment. In addition, ENPs and NOM are utilized for many different purposes, including the removal of metals and organic compounds from effluents, and the development of new electronic sensors and other devices for the detection of active substances. Discussion is therefore provided of some of the ways in which NOM can be used in the production of nanoparticles. Although there has been an increase in the number of studies in this area, further progress is needed to improve understanding of the dynamic interactions between ENPs and NOM.

PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment: a review of the state-of-the-art

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widely distributed in the environment, and some are carcinogenic to human beings. The study of biomarkers has helped clarify the nature and magnitude of the human health risks posed by such substances. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art on PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment and also discusses their applicability within the context of environmental management in Brazil. The article discusses the methodologies for determination of some biomarkers such as 1-hydroxypyrene and PAH-DNA adducts. Cytogenetic markers, frequency of chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus induction were considered for the evaluation of cancer risk. The current stage of studies on validation of such biomarkers was also approached.

Art déco e indústria: Brasil, décadas de 1930 e 1940

Este artigo analisa as características assumidas pela arquitetura de tendência art déco em construções ligadas à indústria - moradias, igrejas, escolas, clubes, fábricas etc. - erguidas no Brasil nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, investigando o repertório formal utilizado em diferentes tipologias. Faz uma análise mais detalhada das construções criadas pela Companhia Industrial Fiação de Tecidos Goyanna, em Pernambuco, no período entre 1937 e o final da década de 1940. Trata-se de um conjunto notável pela unidade formal, vinculada à linguagem art déco, e pelo emprego de soluções inovadoras em termos de forma e de programa.

Contaminated sites and brownfield management State of art in Brazil and in Germany

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to briefly present aspects of public brownfield management policies from Brazilian and German points of view. Design methodology approach - The data collection method combined literature and documental research. The bibliography included Brazilian and German literature about brownfield management. The documental research includes Brazilian and German legislation and official documents published by CETESB, the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Furthermore, publications of German governmental research institutions have been integrated in the paper. Findings - In Brazil, despite the lack of a federal public policy, the State of São Paulo has approved specific rules to deal with contaminated sites. Topics that could be targets of scientific studies have been identified. Experiences in Germany show that it is essential to have political will and cooperation between the different political levels and technical disciplines. Partnerships between German and Brazilian universities would be welcome as there is a wide range of opportunities for academic post-graduation studies and research focusing on human resources capacitation in environmental management. Originality value - The paper makes an original contribution of exploring an area (brownfield management) that is at the forefront of discussion in academe and industry

State-of-the-Art and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue

The topic of environmental sustainability is generating increased concern among business executives, governments, consumers, and management scholars. As these stakeholders struggle with the challenges and opportunities presented by an array of environmental issues, HRM scholars and practitioners alike have been relatively slow to engage in the ongoing discussions and debates. Through this special issue on Green FIRM, we seek to stimulate the field of HRM to expand its role in the pursuit of environmentally sustainable business. In this introduction to the special issue, we first provide an overview of the articles that appear in the special issue. Next we present a detailed discussion of research questions that arise from a consideration of several functional HRM practices, including performance management; training, development, and learning; compensation and rewards; and organizational culture. We conclude by describing opportunities for research at the intersection of strategic HRM and environmental management. If pursued with vigor, research addressing this extensive agenda could begin to establish a healthy field of Green FIRM scholarship.

E-Learning Used in a Training Course on Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) for Brazilian Dentists

The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of using e-learning resources in a dental training course on Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). This e-course was given in a DVD format, which presented the ART technique and philosophy. The participants were twenty-four dentists from the Brazilian public health system. Prior to receiving the DVD, the dentists answered a questionnaire regarding their personal data, previous knowledge about ART, and general interest in training courses. The dentists also participated in an assessment process consisting of a test applied before and after the course. A single researcher corrected the tests, and intraexaminer reproducibility was calculated (kappa=0.89). Paired t-tests were carried out to compare the means between the assessments, showing a significant improvement in the performance of the subjects on the test taken after the course (p<0.05). A linear regression model was used with the difference between the means as the outcome. A greater improvement on the test results was observed among female dentists (p=0.034), dentists working for a shorter period of time in the public health system (p=0.042), and dentists who used the ART technique only for urgent and/or temporary treatment (p=0.010). In conclusion, e-learning has the potential of improving the knowledge that dentists working in the public health system have about ART, especially those with less clinical experience and less knowledge about the subject.

Aboriginal Art Collection: Highlights from Australia's Public Museums and Galleries

Contents: Introduction SUSAN COCHRANE National Gallery of Australia, Canberra WALLY CARUANA National Museum of Australia, Canberra DAVID KAUS Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin MARGIE WEST Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney HETTI PERKINS AND KEN WATSON Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney BERNICE MURPHY Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane MARCO NEALE Queensland Museum, Brisbane RICHARD ROBINS National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne JUDITH RYAN Museum Victoria, Melbourne GAYE SCULTHORPE Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart KIM AKERMAN AND DAVID HANSEN Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth MICHAEL O'FERRALL AND BRENDA L. CROFT Western Australian Museum, Perth ROSS CHADWICK AND MANCE LOFGREN Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide JANE HYLTON South Australian Museum, Adelaide PHILIP A. CLARKE List of Plates Bibliography Editor's Acknowledgments Contributors Index

The politics and ethics of relocated art

At the end of Word War II, Soviet occupation forces removed countless art objects from German soil. Some of them were returned during the 1950s, but most either disappeared for good or were stored away secretly in cellars of Soviet museums. The Cold War then covered the issue with silence. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, museums in St Petersburg and Moscow started to exhibit some of the relocated art for the first time in half a century. The unusual quality of the paintings-mostly impressionist masterpieces-not only attracted the attention of the international art community, but also triggered a diplomatic row between Russia and Germany. Both governments advanced moral and legal claims to ownership. To make things even more complicated, many of the paintings once belonged to private collectors, some of whom were Jews. Their descendants also entered the dispute. The basic premise of this article is that the political and ethical dimensions of relocated art can be understood most adequately by eschewing a single authorial standpoint. Various positions, sometimes incommensurable ones, are thus explored in an attempt to outline possibilities for an ethics of representation and a dialogical solution to the international problem that relocated art has become.