Althusser y Gramsci en Argentina : Los "Cuadernos de Pasado y Presente"

Fil: Starcenbaum, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Filosofía y revolución. Althusser sin teoricismo : Entrevista con G.M. Goshgarian

Muchos no han retenido más que dos imágenes tradicionales de Althusser: o bien la de un pensador abstracto asociado a una "Ciencia" desconectada de la lucha de clases, o bien la del "último Althusser", posmoderno y hasta místico. Se trata de lectores apresurados, como nos lo muestra G. M. Goshgarian, especialista en la obra de Althusser. Para Goshgarian, los textos y su cronología revelan una const ante: la centralidad de la dictadura del proletariado. De esta manera, es necesario releer todo el corpus atendiendo a los "años maravillosos" de 1976-1978, en los cuales Althusser dio coherencia a una "nueva práctica de la filosofía" que desenmascara las filosofías tradicionales-filosofías de Estado- y repiensa al marxismo como "ciencia de ese encuentro siempre aleatorio que es la lucha de clases". La entrevista arroja una verdadera visión de conjunto de la producción althusseriana e invita a leer Iniciación a la filosofía para los no filósofos y Être marxiste en philosophie, dos obras inéditas de gran importancia que aparecieron en francés en 2014-2015

Althusser y Gramsci en Argentina : Los "Cuadernos de Pasado y Presente"

Fil: Starcenbaum, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

The Mediated Immediacy : João Batista Libanio and the Question of Latin American Liberation Theology

This study is a systematic analysis of mediated immediacy in the production of the Brazilian professor of theology João Batista Libanio. He stresses both ethical mediation and the immediate character of the faith. Libanio has sought an answer to the problem of science and faith. He makes use of the neo-scholastic distinction between matter and form. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, God cannot be known as a scientific object, but it is possible to predicate a formal theological content of other subject matter with the help of revelation. This viewpoint was emphasized in neo-Thomism and supported by the liberation theologians. For them, the material starting point was social science. It becomes a theologizable or revealable (revelabile) reality. This social science has its roots in Latin American Marxism which was influenced by the school of Louis Althusser and considered Marxism a science of history . The synthesis of Thomism and Marxism is a challenge Libanio faced, especially in his Teologia da libertação from 1987. He emphasized the need for a genuinely spiritual and ethical discernment, and was particularly critical of the ethical implications of class struggle. Libanio s thinking has a strong hermeneutic flavor. It is more important to understand than to explain. He does not deny the need for social scientific data, but that they cannot be the exclusive starting point of theology. There are different readings of the world, both scientific and theological. A holistic understanding of the nature of religious experience is needed. Libanio follows the interpretation given by H. C. de Lima Vaz, according to whom the Hegelian dialectic is a rational circulation between the totality and its parts. He also recalls Oscar Cullmann s idea of God s Kingdom that is already and not yet . In other words, there is a continuous mediation of grace into the natural world. This dialectic is reflected in ethics. Faith must be verified in good works. Libanio uses the Thomist fides caritate formata principle and the modern orthopraxis thinking represented by Edward Schillebeeckx. One needs both the ortho of good faith and the praxis of the right action. The mediation of praxis is the mediation of human and divine love. Libanio s theology has strong roots in the Jesuit spirituality that places the emphasis on contemplation in action.

Striving for the Impossible : The Hegelian background of Judith Butler

This study analyses the Hegelian roots of the subject-theory and the political theory of Judith Butler. Butler can be seen as the author of "gender performativity". Butler claims that subject's identities are linquistic "terms". Linquistic identities are performative and normative: they produce, according to cultural rules, the identities which they just claim to describe. Butler's theory of the performativity of identities is based on her theory of identities as "ek-static" constructions. This means that there is a relation between the self and the Other in the heart of identities. It is claimed in this study that Butler's theory of the relation between the self and the Other, or, between the subject and the constitutive outside, is based on G.W.F. Hegel's theory of the dialectics of recognition in The Phenomenology of Spirit. Especially the sections dealing with the relation between "Lord" and "Bondsman" set the theoretical base for Butler's theory. Further, it is claimed that Hegel's own solution for the enslaving and instrumentalizing relation between the self and the Other, reciprocal recognition, remains an important alternative to the postmodernist conception supported by political theorists like Butler. Chapter 2, on Hegel, goes through the dialectics of recognition between the self and the Other in The Phenomenology of Spirit up until the ideal of reciprocal recognition and absolute knowledge. Chapter 3 introduces two French interpretations of Hegel, by Alexandre Kojéve and Louis Althusser. Both of these interpretations, especially the Kojevian one, have deeply influenced the contemporary understanding of Hegel as well as the contemporary thought - presented e.g. in the postmodern political thought - on the relations between the self and the Other. The Kojévian Marxist utopia with its notion of "the End of History" as well as the Althusserian theory of the Interpellative formation of subjects have influenced how Hegel's theory of the self and the Other have travelled into Butler's thought. In chapter 5 these influences are analyzed in detail. According to the analysis, Butler, like numerous other poststructuralist theorists, accepts Kojéve's interpretation as basically correct, but rejects his vision of "the End of History" as static and totalitarian. Kojéve's utopian philosophy of history is replaced by the paradoxical idea of an endless striving towards emancipation which, however, could not and should not be reached. In chapter 6 Butler's theory is linked to another postmodern political theory, that of Chantal Mouffe. It is argued that Mouffe's theory is based on a similar view of the relation of the self and the other as Butler's theory. The former, however, deals explicitly with politics. Therefore, it makes the central paradox of striving for the impossible more visible; such a theory is unable to guide political action. Hegel actually anticipated this kind of theorizing in his critique of "Unhappy Consciousness" in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Keywords: Judith Butler, G.W.F. Hegel, Chantal Mouffe, Alexandre Kojéve, Postmodernism, Politics, Identities, Performativity, Self-consciousness, Other

Teoria marxista do conhecimento: contribuições do materialismo dialético para a pesquisa em Educação

A tese tem como objetivo central a apresentação do que chamamos de teoria marxista do conhecimento e resulta de um trabalho estritamente teórico através do qual buscamos extrair de escritos teóricos de K. Marx, I. Lênin, L. Althusser e de escritos metodológicos da cientista social M. Cardoso, os elementos de fundamentação epistemológica da ciência marxista, ou seja, a teorização marxista sobre a prática científica. Para tal, buscamos apoio na distinção althusseriana entre materialismo histórico e materialismo dialético, a partir da qual apresentamos as teses filosóficas do marxismo e os princípios da ciência marxista. A tese apresenta os elementos da filosofia marxista como uma teoria geral da ciência e, também, procura apresentar uma teorização particular sobre metodologia científica em relação à ciência marxista. A tese busca desenvolver uma reflexão epistemológica que possa contribuir para a produção de conhecimento em Educação e, também, para a luta teórica da filosofia marxista contra as vertentes idealistas e empiristas concernentes à pesquisa educacional atual.

Hybrid philosophy and rational vitalism in Canguilhem and Ortega y Gasset

This paper explores the problem of the synthesis between vitalism and rationalism, in contemporary philosophy. With this aim, we compare the intellectual careers of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) and José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955). We contrast their conceptions of philosophy as “hybrid” knowledge, closely related to science, as well as their points of view on Vitalism, anthropology, the technique and the perspectivism. To avoid that comparison is purely abstract and ahistorical, we use the method of the sociology of philosophy. This forces us to locate both paths in their respective philosophical fields and generational units, also according to his social background and professional career.

À la recherche de la métaphysique du jeune Marx

La pensée de Marx a souvent été présentée comme étant une sortie de la philosophie (Althusser, Labica, Garo). À l’encontre de cette thèse, cet article vise à réhabiliter l’ancrage profondément philosophique de Marx dans la tradition de l’ontologie de l’agir de l’idéalisme allemand. En s’appuyant sur les écrits dits de jeunesse, ce texte vise à tirer au clair le sens de la métaphysique de Marx, c’est-à- dire ce qu’il conçoit comme étant la réalité première. Au travers des débats et critiques de Marx, il nous sera permis d’envisager une autre conception de la pratique philosophique découlant de sa prise de position métaphysique comprise comme une synthèse d’une ontologie de l’agir et d’une ontologie de la relation.

Reintegro y permanencia universitaria en Bogotá : el caso de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, 2000-2009

El presente trabajo de investigación, estudia a través del caso de la cohorte del 2000 de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Distrital, el tipo de coyuntura que le permitió a este grupo de jóvenes reingresar a la Universidad y culminar la carrera al haber tenido que abandonarla en un primer momento, por problemas socio-económicos y/o académicos. Por medio del estudio del reintegro universitario, este trabajo se enmarca en el campo, poco explorado, de la existencia y efectividad de medidas de "segundas oportunidades" educativas que las instituciones de educación superior le ofrecen a estudiantes que por problemas de orden estructural se ven obligados a abandonar la Universidad.