Investigation of flame stretch in turbulent lifted jet flame

DNS data of a laboratory-scale turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame has been analyzed to show that this flame has mixed mode combustion not only at the flame base but also in downstream locations. The mixed mode combustion is observed in instantaneous structures as in earlier studies and in averaged structure, in which the predominant mode is found to be premixed combustion with varying equivalence ratio. The non-premixed combustion in the averaged structure is observed only in a narrow region at the edge of the jet shear layer. The analyzes of flame stretch show large probability for negative flame stretch leading to negative surface averaged flame stretch. The displacement speed-curvature correlation is observed to be negative contributing to the negative flame stretch and partial premixing resulting from jet entrainment acts to reduce the negative correlation. The contribution of turbulent straining to the flame stretch is observed to be negative when the scalar gradient aligns with the most extensive principal strain rate. The physics behind the negative flame stretch resulting from turbulent straining is discussed and elucidated through a simple analysis of the flame surface density transport equation. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Simulations of autoignition and laminar premixed flames in methane/air mixtures diluted with hot products

This article considers constant-pressure autoignition and freely propagating premixed flames of cold methane/air mixtures mixed with equilibrium hot products at high enough dilution levels to burn within the moderate to intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion regime. The analysis is meant to provide further insight on MILD regime boundaries and to identify the effect of hot products speciation. As the mass fraction of hot products in the reactants mixture increases, autoignition occurs earlier. Species profiles show that the products/reactants mixture approximately equilibrates to a new state over a quick transient well before the main autoignition event, but as dilution becomes very high, this equilibration transient becomes more prominent and eventually merges with the primary ignition event. The dilution level at which these two reactive zones merge corresponds well with that marking the transition into the MILD regime, as defined according to conventional criteria. Similarly, premixed flame simulations at high dilutions show evidence of significant reactions involving intermediate species prior to the flame front. Since the premixed flame governing equations system demands that the species and temperature gradients be zero at the "cold" boundary, flame speed cannot be calculated above a certain dilution level. Up to this point, which again agrees reasonably well with the transition into the MILD regime according to convention, the laminar burning velocity was found to increase with hot product dilution while flame thickness remained largely unchanged. Some comments on the MILD combustion regime boundary definition for gas turbine applications are included. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

一种基于速率的发布/订阅系统的准入控制机制

提出了基于内容发布／订阅系统的一种准入控制机制RacsCBPS来保障客户端的服务质量．首先分析了基于内容发布／订阅系统中实现准入控制机制的难点，给出了RacsCBPS的基本模型，在此基础上，提出了基于覆盖关系的资源需求计算方法和以订阅分发路径为基础的准入控制算法．RacsCBPS在不影响发布／订阅系统松散耦合性的情况下，能够有效地解决因系统资源不足而导致的事件过载问题，同时为系统提供了不同的准入准则，以便在系统资源利用率和服务质量保证程度之间作出不同的权衡．最后通过实验验证了准入控制机制的有效性和相应的系统资源利用率．

基于PLSA模型的文本分割

文本分割在信息提取、文摘自动生成、语言建模、首语消解等诸多领域都有极为重要的应用·基于PLSA模型的文本分割试图使隐藏于片段内的不同主题与文本表面的词、句对建立联系·实验以汉语的整句作为基本块,尝试了多种相似性度量手段及边界估计策略,同时考虑相邻句重复的未登录词对相似值的影响,其最佳结果表明,片段边界的识别错误率为6·06%,远远低于其他同类算法·

沈阳市城镇扩展时空格局及其驱动力

利用多时相TM影像,采用GIS空间分析和景观格局分析相结合的方法,对沈阳市辖区城镇扩展的时空分异特征和城镇景观格局演变进行了分析,并对其驱动力进行了探讨.结果表明:1988—2004年间,沈阳市辖区城镇面积持续增加,扩展强度逐渐增强,2000—2004年间的城镇扩展规模和强度达到最大;城镇扩展具有明显的空间分异特征,市区西南方向是城镇扩展的主方向,近郊及各级经济开发区是扩展的主要区域;城镇景观格局日趋复杂,城镇发展紧凑程度降低;城镇景观格局演变与城镇扩展特征关系密切,表现出时空分异特征;工业化发展与开发区建设、政府政策与城市规划以及交通基础设施建设是沈阳市辖区城镇扩展与城镇景观格局演变的主要驱动力.

Ion-Responsive Behavior of Ionic-Liquid Surfactant Aggregates with Applications in Controlled Release and Emulsification

We propose a simple but efficient, rapid, and quantitative ion-responsive micelle system based on counter-anion exchange of a surfactant with an imidazolium unit. The ion-exchange reaction results in the amphiphilic-to-hydrophobic transition of the imidazolium salt, leading to the destruction of the micelles, which has been successfully applied to control led release and emulsification.

Electronic structures and chemical bonding in 4d transition metal monohalides

Bond distances, vibrational frequencies, dipole moments, dissociation energies, electron affinities, and ionization potentials of NIX (XM = Y-Cd, X = F, Cl, Br, I) molecules in neutral, positively, and negatively charged ions were studied by density functional method, B3LYP. The bonding patterns were analyzed and compared with both the available data and across the series. It was found that besides ionic component, covalent bonds are formed between the 4d transition metal s, d orbitals, and the p orbital of halogen. For both neutral and charged molecules, the fluorides have the shortest bond distance, iodides the longest. Although the opposite situation is observed for vibrational frequency, that is, fluorides have the largest value, iodides the smallest. For neutral and anionic species, the dissociation energy tends to decrease with the increasing atomic number from Y to Cd, suggesting the decreasing or weakening of the bond strength. For cationic species, the trend is observed from Y to Ag.

港西地区河流相砂岩油藏剩余油分布研究

The Gangxi oil field has reached a stage of high water production. The reservoir parameters, such as reservoir physical characteristics, pore structure, fluid, have obviously changed. This thesis therefore carries out a study of these parameters that control reservoir characteristics, physical and chemical actions that have taken place within the reservoirs due to fluid injection, subsequent variations of reservoir macroscopic physical features, microscopic pore structures, seepages, and formation fluid properties. This study rebuilds a geologic model for this oil field, establishes a log-interpreting model, proposes a methodology for dealing with large pore channels and remnant oil distribution, and offers a basis for effective excavation of potential oil, recovery planning, and improvement of water-injection techniques. To resolve some concurrent key problems in the process of exploration of the Gangxi area, this thesis carries out a multidisciplinary research into reservoir geology, physical geography, reservoir engineering, and oil-water well testing. Taking sandstone and flow unit as objects, this study establishes a fine geologic model by a quantificational or semi-quantificational approach in order to understand the remnant oil distribution and the reservoir potential, and accordingly proposes a plan for further exploration. By rebuilding a geological model and applying reservoir-engineering methods, such as numerical simulation, this thesis studies the oil-water movement patterns and remnant-oil distribution, and further advances a deployment plan for the necessary adjustments and increase of recoverable reserves. Main achievements of this study are as follows: 1. The Minghazhen Formation in the Gangxi area is featured by medium-sinuosity river deposits, manifesting themselves as a transitional type between typical meandering and braided rivers. The main microfacies are products of main and branch channels, levee, inter-channel overflows and crevasse-splay floodplains. The Guantao Group is dominantly braided river deposit, and microfacies are mainly formed in channel bar, braided channel and overbank. Main lithofacies include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and shale, with sandstone facies being the principal type of the reservoir. 2. The reservoir flow unit of the Gangxi area can be divided into three types: Type I is a high-quality heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in main channel; Type II is a moderate-quality semi-heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in both main and branch channels, and partly seen within inter-channel overflow microfacies; Type III is a low-quality, relatively strong heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in inter-channel overflow microfacies and channel flanks. 3. Flow units and sedimentary microfacies have exerted relatively strong controls on the flowing of underground oil-water: (1) injection-production is often effective in the float units of Type I and II, whilst in the same group of injection-production wells, impellent velocity depends on flow unit types and injection-production spacing; (2) The injection-production of Type III flow unit between the injection-production wells of Type I and II flow units, however, are little effective; (3) there can form a seepage shield in composite channels between channels, leading to inefficient injection and production. 4. Mainly types of large-scale remnant-oil distribution are as follows: (1) remnant oil reservoir of Type III flow unit; (2) injection-production well group of remnant oil area of Type III flow unit; (3) remnant oil reservoirs that cannot be controlled by well network, including reservoir featured by injection without production, reservoir characterized by production without injection, and oil reservoir at which no well can arrive; (4) remnant oil area where injection-production system is not complete. 5. Utilizing different methods to deal with different sedimentary types, sub-dividing the columns of up to 900 wells into 76 chronostratigraphic units. Four transitional sandstone types are recognized, and contrast modes of different sandstone facies are summarized Analyzing in details the reservoirs of different quality by deciphering densely spaced well patterns, dividing microscopic facies and flow units, analyzing remnant oil distribution and its effect on injection-production pattern, and the heterogeneity. Theory foundation is therefore provided for further excavation of remnant oil. Re-evaluating well-log data. The understanding of water-flood layers and conductive formations in the Gangxi area have been considerably improved, and the original interpretations of 233 wells have changed by means of double checking. Variations of the reservoirs and the fluid and formation pressures after water injection are analyzed and summarized Studies are carried out of close elements of the reservoirs, fine reservoir types, oil-water distribution patterns, as well as factors controlling oil-gas enrichment. A static geological model and a prediction model of important tracts are established. Remaining recoverable reserves are calculated of all the oil wells and oil-sandstones. It is proposed that injection-production patterns of 348 oil-sandstones should be adjusted according to the analysis of adaptability of all kinds of sandstones in the injection-production wells.

Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snowmelt

Essery, RLH & P, Etchevers, (2004). Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snowmelt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005036.

Modeling subauroral polarization streams equatorward of the plasmapause footprints

Pint?r, B.; Thom, S. D.; Balthazor, R.; Vo, H.; Bailey, G. J., Modeling subauroral polarization streams equatorward of the plasmapause footprints, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 111, Issue A10, CiteID A10306 RAE2008

Assessment of LD matrix measures for the analysis of biological pathway association.

Complex diseases will have multiple functional sites, and it will be invaluable to understand the cross-locus interaction in terms of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between those sites (epistasis) in addition to the haplotype-LD effects. We investigated the statistical properties of a class of matrix-based statistics to assess this epistasis. These statistical methods include two LD contrast tests (Zaykin et al., 2006) and partial least squares regression (Wang et al., 2008). To estimate Type 1 error rates and power, we simulated multiple two-variant disease models using the SIMLA software package. SIMLA allows for the joint action of up to two disease genes in the simulated data with all possible multiplicative interaction effects between them. Our goal was to detect an interaction between multiple disease-causing variants by means of their linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns with other markers. We measured the effects of marginal disease effect size, haplotype LD, disease prevalence and minor allele frequency have on cross-locus interaction (epistasis). In the setting of strong allele effects and strong interaction, the correlation between the two disease genes was weak (r=0.2). In a complex system with multiple correlations (both marginal and interaction), it was difficult to determine the source of a significant result. Despite these complications, the partial least squares and modified LD contrast methods maintained adequate power to detect the epistatic effects; however, for many of the analyses we often could not separate interaction from a strong marginal effect. While we did not exhaust the entire parameter space of possible models, we do provide guidance on the effects that population parameters have on cross-locus interaction.

In vitro fluid dynamics of the Ahmed glaucoma valve modified with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.

PURPOSE: Long-term intraocular pressure reduction by glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) is often limited by the fibrotic capsule that forms around them. Prior work demonstrates that modifying a GDD with a porous membrane promotes a vascularized and more permeable capsule. This work examines the in vitro fluid dynamics of the Ahmed valve after enclosing the outflow tract with a porous membrane of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The control and modified Ahmed implants (termed porous retrofitted implant with modified enclosure or PRIME-Ahmed) were submerged in saline and gelatin and perfused in a system that monitored flow (Q) and pressure (P). Flow rates of 1-50 μl/min were applied and steady state pressure recorded. Resistance was calculated by dividing pressure by flow. RESULTS: Modifying the Ahmed valve implant outflow with expanded ePTFE increased pressure and resistance. Pressure at a flow of 2 μl/min was increased in the PRIME-Ahmed (11.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg) relative to the control implant (6.5 ± 1.2 mm Hg). Resistance at a flow of 2 μl/min was increased in the PRIME-Ahmed (5.8 ± 0.8 mm Hg/μl/min) when compared to the control implant (3.2 ± 0.6 mm Hg/μl/min). CONCLUSIONS: Modifying the outflow tract of the Ahmed valve with a porous membrane adds resistance that decreases with increasing flow. The Ahmed valve implant behaves as a variable resistor. It is partially open at low pressures and provides reduced resistance at physiologic flow rates.

The biocompatibility of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements for dentistry

OBJECTIVES: The biological effects of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements as used in clinical dentistry are described, and the literature reviewed on this topic. METHODS: Information on resin-modified glass-ionomers and on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the most damaging substance released by these materials, has been collected from over 50 published papers. These were mainly identified through Scopus. RESULTS: HEMA is known to be released from these materials and has a variety of damaging biological properties, ranging from pulpal inflammation to allergic contact dermatitis. These are therefore potential hazards from resin-modified glass-ionomers. However, clinical results with these materials that have been reported to date are generally positive. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Resin-modified glass-ionomers cannot be considered biocompatible to nearly the same extent as conventional glass-ionomers. Care needs to be taken with regard to their use in dentistry and, in particular, dental personnel may be at risk from adverse effects such as contact dermatitis and other immunological responses.