Developing a conceptual framework to analyse professionalisation in sport federations

Existing research on sport organisations is imprecise in the use of the concept 'professionalisation'. Furthermore, we do not know if analytical concepts of professionalisation correspond with the understanding in practice. This study explores the perceptions of practitioners and proposes a framework to analyse professionalisation in national sport federations. Expert interviews were conducted with six key people from Swiss national sport federations and then analysed these for characteristics of professionalisation using a hermeneutic approach. The characteristics were divided into three areas: (1) changed management philosophy, (2) functional differentiation and specialisation, and (3) application of management tools. However, professionalisation is primarily perceived to be a matter of 'professional' attitude that transforms into federation culture. The practitioners disclose an ambivalent view of professionalisation, e.g. business-like culture vs. voluntarism, for-profit vs. non-profit orientation, autonomy vs. control. A framework is developed that synthesises analytical concepts and practitioners' perceptions to support future comprehensive research into causes, forms and consequences of professionalisation in national sport federations.

Om nödvändigheten af oeconomisk kundskap för lagstiftande magten

Invocatio: I.J.N.

Síntese do material mesoporoso MCM-41 usando esponja de água-doce como fonte de sílica

Fresh water sponge was used as a silica source for the synthesis of MCM-41 via the hydrothermal process. The silica was extracted from the sponge by washing with nitric acid and piranha solution. Synthesis of MCM-41 was performed at 100 °C for 5 days and the procedure was optimized, with modifications made to the leaching temperature of the silica and the synthesis of mesoporous material, which was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and adsorption of N2. The optimal result was achieved at a temperature of 135 °C for 3 days, showing ordered mesoporous material with a surface area of 1080 m² g-1.

L'Univers

1870/04/21 (Numéro 1080).

Integrins on the move

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide accounting for 13% of all deaths in 2005. The spread of cancer and formation of metastases is the major cause of mortality among cancer patients. The spread of cancer is based on the cancer cell’s ability to break away from the surrounding tissue and to migrate into new areas in the body. The ability of cells to bind its surroundings and to move is controlled by the mechanical cell surface adhesion receptors called the integrins. Integrins have a critical role in cell adhesion, cell motility and tissue homeostasis. By communicating with ECM, integrins transmit signals from the surrounding environment inside the cell and modulate the function of many important signalling pathways involved in cell survival, development, gene expression, proliferation, motility and cytoskeletal organization. During cell migration integrin-matrix adhesions are formed in front of the cell while rear-adhesions are released during migration. Integrins are endocytosed from the plasma-membrane into the cytoplasm and partly recycled back to new adhesion sites in a process called integrin trafficking. Also, the cell cytoskeleton and protrusions are important in cell migration. Finger-like actin protrusions called filopodia display an interesting cancer relevant cooperation with integrins that is required for cell migration. The expression and function of integrins changes markedly as cells acquire carcinogenic properties. Changed integrin function is partly responsible for detachment of tumor cells from neighbouring cells and for providing enhanced invasive capabilities for tumor cells to disseminate. Similarly, the formation of filopodia is increased in cancer. High myosin-10 expression is related to poor outcome in breast cancer and increased cell migration. The proper function of myosin-10 induced filopodia needs association with β1 integrins. The importance of integrin trafficking and filopodia formation is becoming increasingly more recognized in cancer. This thesis focusses on the role of integrins, integrin trafficking and myosin-10 induced filopodia cancer cell migration.

Aplicação do herbicida diclofop na cultura da soja para controle de papuã, Brachiaria plantaginea (Linck) Hitch

Durante o ano agrícola de 1977/78 foi conduzida uma pesquisa a campo na região da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de estabelecer a dose e a época de aplicação do herbicida diclofop que proporcionassem controle mais eficiente do Papua e que oferecessem maior seletividade à cultura. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações das doses de 720, 1080 e 1440 g/ha de diclofop, e aplicações em pré-plantio incorporadas a o solo (PPI), pré-emergência (PRE), pós-emergência quando as plântulas de papuã se apresentavam com duas folhas (POS-2) e outra na ocasião em que se encontravam no estádio de quatro folhas (POS-4), as quais foram comparadas às testemunhas com papuã durante o ciclo da soja (TCP) e sem papuã (TSP). Os efeitos dos tra tamentos foram estimados através de avaliações visuais de controle e pelo rendimento de grãos de soja. Todos os tratamentos com diclofop proporcionaram rendimentos estatisticamente equivalente s, os quais não se diferenciaram do controle sem papuã, embora tivessem apresentado rendimentos significativamente superiores ao daquele com papuã. Resultados das avaliações visuais, interpretados conjuntamente, evidenciaram que todas as combinações de doses e épocas de aplicação do diclofop controlaram eficientemente o papuã. As percentagens do controle alcançado, em relação às testemunhas , variaram de 68 a 99%, dependendo do tratamento e da época da avaliação. Contudo, as aplicações em POS-2 nas dosesde 1080 e 1440 g/ha e em POS-4 na dose de 1080 g/ha demonstraram maior eficiência em controlar papuã do que aquelas em PPI e em PRE à 720 g/ha.

Semeadura direta da cultura de aveia-preta em campo nativo dessecado com herbicidas

Para avaliar doses do glyphosate, isolado ou misturado com 2,4-D, na dessecação de campo nativo para semeadura direta de aveia, conduziu-se em 1996 um experimento no campus da UFSM, RS. Avaliou-se os tratamentos: glyphosate a 720, 1080, 1440 e 1800 g ha-1 de equivalente ácido, isolado ou misturado com 320 g ha-1 de 2,4-D éster, aspergidos no volume de calda de 100 l ha-1, além de testemunha sem controle. Dos 47 gêneros e/ou espécies identificadas, predominaram Paspalum maculosum, Paspalum plicatulum, Paspalum nicorae, Paspalum notatum var.notatum biótipo "A", Paspalum pumilum e Vernonia nudiflora. Os resultados não mostraram diferença em aspergir o glyphosate isolado ou misturado com 2,4-D. Houve controle geral de 70, 86, 92 e 94% para glyphosate a 720, 1080, 1440 e 1800 g ha-1. A produção de massa seca de aveia aumentou com o acréscimo da dose de glyphosate até 1440 g ha-1 e decresceu após isto. Ocorreu controle ineficiente de V. nudiflora, independente da dose do glyphosate ou mistura com 2,4-D. Para controle eficiente sugere-se glyphosate à 1440 para P. notatum, var. notatum, biótipo "A", P. nicorae e P. notatum intensamente piloso e 1080 g ha-1 para os demais Paspalum identificados neste trabalho.

Emerging market patterns in recycled paper trade

The international recovered paper trade serves two important functions: increasing raw material availability in the paper and board industry and providing economic incentives to recycle. The purpose of this paper is to shed further light on emerging patterns in this trade by empirically analysing the changes in the bilateral trade flows of recycled paper between 1992 and 2008. According to our estimations, two important changes have taken place in the 1990s and 2000s. First, the growing importance of developing economies in global recycled paper trade plays a significant role in import demand as a determinant of trade flows. Second, the changes in global trade patterns necessitate investigating the transportation cost measures used in applied research.