Simple reflection technique for measuring the linear electro-optic coefficient of the polymer thin films

The simple reflection technique is usually used to measure the linear electro-optic (EO) coefficient (Pockels coefficient) in the development of EO polymer thin films. But there are some problems in some articles in the determination of the phase shift between the s and p light modes of a laser beam waveguided into the polymer film while a modulating voltage is applied across the electrodes, and different expressions for the linear EO coefficient measured have been given in these articles. In our research, more accurate expression of the linear EO coefficient was deduced by suitable considering the phase shift between the s and p light modes. The linear EO coefficients of several polymer thin films were measured by reflection technique, and the results of the Linear EO coefficient calculated by different expressions were compared. The limit of the simple reflection technique for measuring the linear EO coefficient of the polymer thin films was discussed.

A New Technique for Side Pumping of Double-Clad Fiber Lasers

We report a new technique, called SAP, for side pumping of double-clad, rare-earth-doped fiber lasers using fiber-coupled pump sources. The highest coupling efficiency can even exceed 92% in theory with this structure.

High resolution interrogation technique based on linear photodiode array spectrometer for fiber Bragg grating Sensors - art. no. 65952C

A linear photodiode array spectrometer based, high resolution interrogation technique for fiber Bragg grating sensors is demonstrated. Spline interpolation and Polynomial Approximation Algorithm (PAA) are applied to the data points acquired by the spectrometer to improve the original PAA based interrogation method. Thereby fewer pixels are required to achieve the same resolution as original. Theoretical analysis indicates that if the FWHM of a FBG covers more than 3 pixels, the resolution of central wavelength shift will arrive at less than 1 pm. While the number of pixels increases to 6, the nominal resolution will decrease to 0.001 pm. Experimental result shows that Bragg wavelength resolution of similar to 1 pm is obtained for a FBG with FWHM of similar to 0.2 nm using a spectrometer with a pixel resolution of similar to 70 pm.

High-speed photodetector characterization using tunable laser by optical heterodyne technique - art. no. 60200A

An ultra-wide-band frequency response measurement system for optoelectronic devices has been established using the optical heterodyne method utilizing a tunable laser and a wavelenath-fixed distributed feedback laser. By controlling the laser diode cavity length, the beat frequency is swept from DC to hundreds GHz. An outstanding advantage is that this measurement system does not need any high-speed light modulation source and additional calibration. In this measurement, two types of different O/E receivers have been tested. and 3 dB bandwidths measured by this system were 14.4GHz and 40GHz, respectively. The comparisons between experimental data and that from manufacturer show that this method is accurate and easy to carry out.

A V-shaped module technique for promoting generation photocurrent density of silicon solar cells

A V-shaped solar cell module consists of two tilted mono-crystalline cells [J. Li, China Patent No. 200410007708.6 (March, 2004)]. The angle included between the two tilted cells is 90 degrees. The two cells were fabricated by using polished silicon wafers. The scheme of both-side polished wafers has been proposed to reduce optical loss. Compared to solar cells in a planar way, the V-shaped structure enhances external quantum efficiency and leads to an increase of 15% in generation photocurrent density. The following three kinds of trapped photons are suggested to contribute to the increase: (1) infrared photons converted from visible photons due to a transformation mechanism, (2) photons reflected from top contact metal, and (3) a residual reflection which can not be eliminated by an antireflection coating.

Enhanced fiber Bragg grating sensor demodulation technique using cascade wavelength division multiplex couplers

An enhanced technique for interrogating fiber Bragg grating wavelength shift using cascade wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) couplers was proposed and demonstrated. Three WDM couplers which show a linear filter function over the expected wavelength range are employed and cascaded to track Bragg wavelength shifts. Compared with single WDM demodulator. sharper spectral slope is obtained and considerable linear filter range is kept. The static and dynamic strain sensor demodulation experiments demonstrated that the simple passive technique improves the sensitivity approximately two times and keeps 5nm linear demodulation range based on our devices. The cascade WDM coupler demodulation system has high scan rate which can be used to monitor fast vibration.

A practical package technique for FBG-based temperature independent sensor

A practical package technique for temperature independent Fiber Bragg grating sensor is proposed. A uniform strength cantilever with two FBG attached on the upper and lower surfaces was utilized as the key element. By detecting two wavelengths differential output, the applied force can be obtained and temperature effects can be eliminated. Experiment results show the sensor has linear response and output signal uctuates less than 12pm as temperature changes from -10 degrees C to 50 degrees C. The maximum thermal error is less than 0.3% of the full measurement range.

Calculation of Light Delay by FDTD Technique and Pade Approximation

The time delay for light transmission in a coupled microring waveguide structure is calculated from the phase shift of the transmission coefficient obtained by Pade approximation with Baker's algorithm from FDTD Output. The results show that the Pade approximation is a powerful tool for saving time in FDTD simulation.

A Smart Frequency Presetting Technique for Fast Lock-in LC-PLL Frequency Synthesizer

This paper proposes a smart frequency presetting technique for fast lock-in LC-PLL frequency synthesizer. The technique accurately presets the frequency of VCO with small initial frequency error and greatly reduces the lock-in time. It can automatically compensate preset frequency variation with process and temperature. A 2.4GHz synthesizer with 1MHz reference input was implemented in 0.35 mu m CMOS process. The chip core area is 0.4mm(2). Output frequency of VCO ranges from 2390 to 2600MHz. The measured results show that the typical lock-in time is 3 mu s. The phase noise is -112dBc/Hz at 600KHz offset from center frequency. The test chip consumes current of 22mA that includes the consumption of the I/O buffers.

Raman scattering study of vibrational modes and hole concentration in GaxMn1-xSb

The Raman scattering study of vibrational modes and hole concentration in a ferromagnetic semiconductor Ga1-xMnxSb grown by Mn ion implantation, deposition and post-annealing has been presented. The experiments are performed both in implanted and unimplanted regions before and after etching the samples. The Raman spectra measured from the unimplanted region show only GaSb-like phonon modes. On the other hand, the spectra measured from the implanted region show additional phonon modes approximately at 115, 152, 269, 437 and 659 cm(-1). The experimental results demonstrate that the extra modes are associated with surface defects, crystal disorder and blackish layer that is formed due to Mn ion implantation, deposition and annealing processes. Furthermore, we have determined the hole concentration as a function of laser probing position by modeling the Raman spectra using coupled mode theory. The contributions of GaSb-like phonon modes and coupled LO-phonon plasmon mode are taken into consideration in the model. The hole-concentration-dependent CLOPM is resolved in the spectra measured from the implanted and nearby implanted regions. The hole concentrations determined by Raman scattering are found to be in good agreement with those measured by the electrochemical capacitance-voltage technique.

When is `partial' adequate? A logic-based proof technique using partial specifications

A technique is presented for ascertaining when a (finite-state) partial process specification is adequate, in the sense of being specified enough, for contexts in which it is to be used. The method relies on the automatic generation of a modal formula from the partial specification; if the remainder of the network satisfies this formula, then any process that meets the specification is guaranteed to ensure correct behavior of the overall system. Using the results, the authors develop compositional proof rules for establishing the correctness of networks of parallel processes and illustrate their use with several examples

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nano-structured thin film with a silver hierarchical configuration

TiO2 sol-gels with various Ag/TiO2 molar ratios from 0 to 0.9% were used to fabricate silver-modified nano-structured TiO2 thin films using a layer-by-layer dip-coating (LLDC) technique. This technique allows obtaining TiO2 nano-structured thin films with a silver hierarchical configuration. The coating of pure TiO2 sol-gel and Ag-modified sol-gel was marked as T and A, respectively. According to the coating order and the nature of the TiO2 sol-gel, four types of the TiO2 thin films were constructed, and marked as AT (bottom layer was Ag modified, surface layer was pure TiO,), TA (bottom layer was pure TiO,, surface layer was Ag modified), TT (pure TiO, thin film) and AA (TiO, thin film was uniformly Ag modified). These thin films were characterized by means of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and transient photocurrent (I-ph). LSV confirmed the existence of Ago state in the TiO, thin film. SEM and XRD experiments indicated that the sizes of the TiO,, nanoparticles of the resulting films were in the order of TT > AT > TA > AA, suggesting the gradient Ag distribution in the films. The SEM and XRD results also confirmed that Ag had an inhibition effect on the size growth of anatase nanoparticles. Photocatalytic activities of the resulting thin films were also evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation process of methyl orange. The preliminary results demonstrated the sequence of the photocatalytic activity of the resulting films was AT > TA > AA > TT. This suggested that the silver hierarchical configuration can be used to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin film.

An automatic step adjustment method for average power analysis technique used in fiber amplifiers

An automatic step adjustment (ASA) method for average power analysis (APA) technique used in fiber amplifiers is proposed in this paper for the first time. In comparison with the traditional APA technique, the proposed method has suggested two unique merits such as a higher order accuracy and an ASA mechanism, so that it can significantly shorten the computing time and improve the solution accuracy. A test example demonstrates that, by comparing to the APA technique, the proposed method increases the computing speed by more than a hundredfold under the same errors. By computing the model equations of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the numerical results show that our method can improve the solution accuracy by over two orders of magnitude at the same amplifying section number. The proposed method has the capacity to rapidly and effectively compute the model equations of fiber Raman amplifiers and semiconductor lasers. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America

Fast calculation technique for scattering in T-matrix method

In scattering calculations using the T-matrix method, the calculation of the T-matrix involves multiplication and inversion of matrices. These two types of matrix operations are time-consuming, especially for the matrices with large size. Petrov et al. [D. Petrov, Y. Shkuratov, G. Videen, Opt. Lett. 32 (2007) 1168] proposed an optimized matrix inversion technique, which suggests the inversion of two matrices, each of which contains half the number of rows. This technique reduces time-consumption significantly. On the basis of this approach, we propose another fast calculation technique for scattering in the T-matrix method, which obtains the scattered fields through carrying out only the operations between matrices and the incident field coefficient. Numerical results show that this technique can decrease time-consumption by more than half that of the optimized matrix inversion technique by Petrov et al. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.