Vegetables biofortified with iodine: chemical, agronomic and qualitative aspects of raw and fried potatoes

Iodine is an essential microelement for human health because it is a constituent of the thyroid hormones that regulate growth and development of the organism. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) are believed to be one of the commonest preventable human health problems in the world today, according to the World Health Organization: that diseases include endemic goiter, cretinism and fetal abnormalities, among others, and they are caused by lack of iodine in the diet, that is the main source of iodine. Since iodine intake from food is not enough respect to human needs, this can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentration and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in the edible portions of crops through agricultural intervention or genetic selection (biofortification). The introduction of iodized salt is a strategy widely used and accepted to eradicate iodine deficiency, because it is an inexpensive source of stable iodine. Since the intake of salt, though iodized, must still be limited according to the risk of cardiovascular disease, so the increase of iodine content in plants for the production of functional foods is representing a field of study of particular interest and a potential market. In Italy potatoes enriched with iodine are produced by a patented procedure of agronomic biofortification for the fresh market since several years, furthermore they are recently accepted and recommended by Italian Thyroid Association, as an alternative source of iodine. Researches performed during the PhD course intended to characterize this innovative vegetables products, focusing the attention on different aspects, such as chemistry, agriculture, and quality of fresh and fried potatoes. For this purpose, lipid fraction of raw material was firstly investigated, in order to assess whether the presence of iodine in plant metabolism can affect fatty acid or sterol biosynthesis, according to the hypothesis that iodine can be bounded to polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes, protecting them from peroxydation; phytosterols of plant sterol are also studied because their importance in reducing serum cholesterol, especially in potato plant sterols are also involved in synthesis of glycoalkaloid, a family of steroidal toxic secondary metabolites present in plants of the Solanaceae family. To achieve this goal chromatographic analytical techniques were employed to identify and quantify fatty acids and sterols profile of common and iodine enriched row potatoes. Another aim of the project was to evaluate the effects of frying on the quality of iodine-enriched and common potatoes. Since iodine-enriched potatoes are nowadays produced only for the fresh market, preliminary trials of cultivation under controlled environment were carried out to verify if potato varieties suitable for processing were able to absorb and accumulate iodine in the tuber. In a successive phase, these varieties were grown in the field, to evaluate their potential productivity and quality at harvest and after storage. The best potato variety to be destined for processing purposes, was finally subjected to repeated frying cycles; the effects of lipid oxidation on the composition and quality of both potatoes and frying oil bath were evaluated by chromatographic and spectrophotometric analytical techniques. Special attention were paid on volatile compounds of fried potatoes.

Study of innovative methods of control in the cereal productive chain for the production of beer and spirits

Researches performed during the PhD course intended to assess innovative applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in reflectance (NIR) in the production chain of beer. The purpose is to measure by NIR the "malting quality" (MQ) parameter of barley, to monitor the malting process and to know if a certain type of barley is suitable for the production of beer and spirits. Moreover, NIR will be applied to monitor the brewing process. First of all, it was possible to check the quality of the raw materials like barley, maize and barley malt using a rapid, non-destructive and reliable method, with a low error of prediction. The more interesting result obtained at this level was that the repeatability of the NIR calibration models developed was comparable with the one of the reference method. Moreover, about malt, new kinds of validation were used in order to estimate the real predictive power of the proposed calibration models and to understand the long-term effects. Furthermore, the precision of all the calibration models developed for malt evaluation was estimated and statistically compared with the reference methods, with good results. Then, new calibration models were developed for monitoring the malting process, measuring the moisture content and other malt quality parameters during germination. Moreover it was possible to obtain by NIR an estimate of the "malting quality" (MQ) of barley and to predict whether if its germination will be rapid and uniform and if a certain type of barley is suitable for the production of beer and spirits. Finally, the NIR technique was applied to monitor the brewing process, using correlations between NIR spectra of beer and analytical parameters, and to assess beer quality. These innovative results are potentially very useful for the actors involved in the beer production chain, especially the calibration models suitable for the control of the malting process and for the assessment of the “malting quality” of barley, which need to be deepened in future studies.

Les québécismes dans les romans d'Anne Hébert et de Gaétan Soucy et leurs traductions italiennes: analyse intralinguistique et contrastive

La tesi si sofferma sulla traduzione dal francese quebecchese verso l'italiano di due opere letterarie del Québec rappresentative della lingua francese quebecchese: "Les Fous de Bassan" di Anne Hébert e "La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes" di Gaétan Soucy. Attraverso un'analisi dei quebecismi e della loro traduzione in italiano, abbiamo potuto verificare se i traduttori avessero tenuto conto o meno delle specificità del francese del Québec. Grazie alle ricerche condotte, abbiamo potuto dimostrare che è possibile giungere a una traduzione dei quebecismi soddisfacente grazie alla corretta consultazione delle risorse lessicografiche specifiche sul francese del Québec attualmente disponibili.

Les québécismes, ces méconnus : réflexion méthodologique sur la traduction en italien du lexique québécois dans Agaguk et N'tsuk d'Yves Thériault.

La tesi si sofferma sulla traduzione in italiano delle specificità lessicali del francese del Québec rilevate in due opere rappresentative della lingua francese quebecchese : Agaguk e N’tsuk di Yves Thériault. L’analisi monolingue e contrastiva dei quebecismi e della loro traduzione italiana ci ha permesso di verificare se i traducenti utilizzati rendessero conto o meno della specificità del francese quebecchese. La nostra ricerca ha quindi contribuito a dimostrare che una traduzione soddisfacente dei quebecismi è possibile, ma solo attraverso la consultazione corretta degli strumenti lessicografici specifici sul francese del Québec di cui oggi il traduttore può disporre.

Cyclic alternating pattern in sleep and its relationship to creativity

Background/Objectives: Sleep has been shown to enhance creativity, but the reason for this enhancement is not entirely known. There are several different physiological states associated with sleep. In addition to rapid (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, NREM sleep can be broken down into Stages (1-4) that are characterized by the degree of EEG slow wave activity. In addition, during NREM sleep there are transient but cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) of EEG activity and these CAPs can also be divided into three subtypes (A1-A3) according to speed of the EEG waves. Differences in CAP ratios have been previously linked to cognitive performances. The purpose of this study was to learn the relationship CAP activity during sleep and creativity. Methods: The participants were 8 healthy young adults (4 women), who underwent 3 consecutive nights of polysomnographic recording and took the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA) on the 2 and 3rd mornings after the recordings. Results: There were positive correlations between Stage 1 of NREM sleep and some measures of creativity such as fluency (R= .797; p=.029) and flexibility ( R=.43; p=.002), between Stage 4 of Non-REM sleep and originality (R= .779; p=.034) and a global measure of figural creativity (R= .758; p=.040). There was also a negative correlation between REM sleep and originality (R= -.827; p= .042) . During NREM sleep the CAP rate, which in young people is primarily the A1 subtype, also correlated with originality (R= .765; p =.038). Conclusions: NREM sleep is associated with low levels of cortical arousal and low cortical arousal may enhance the ability of people to access to the remote associations that are critical for creative innovations. In addition, A1 CAP activity reflects frontal activity and the frontal lobes are important for divergent thinking, also a critical aspect of creativity.

Sviluppo e caratterizzazione di algoritmi di segmentazione per l'analisi del cammino in acqua con tecnica markerless

Recenti studi hanno evidenziato come il cammino in ambiente acquatico possa portare a notevoli benefici nell’ambito di un processo riabilitativo: il cammino in acqua è infatti oggi considerato una delle principali terapie per pazienti con disturbi nella deambulazione, oltre ad essere impiegato per migliorare il recupero a seguito di interventi ed infortuni. Una caratterizzazione biomeccanica del cammino umano in acqua permetterebbe tuttavia di giungere a una conoscenza più approfondita degli effetti di quest’attività sul processo riabilitativo, e dunque a una sua prescrizione più mirata come parte delle terapie. Nonostante il crescente interesse, uno dei motivi per cui ancora pochi studi sono stati condotti in questo senso risiede nell’inadeguatezza di molti dei tradizionali sistemi di Motion Capture rispetto all’impiego subacqueo. La nuova branca della Markerless Motion Capture potrebbe invece in questo senso rappresentare una soluzione. In particolare, ci si occuperà in questo lavoro di tesi della tecnica markerless basata sulla ricostruzione del visual hull per retroproiezione delle silhouette. Il processo iniziale che permette di ottenere le silhouette dai video delle acquisizioni è detto segmentazione, la quale è anche una fase particolarmente importante per ottenere una buona accuratezza finale nella ricostruzione della cinematica articolare. Si sono pertanto sviluppati e caratterizzati in questo lavoro di tesi sette algoritmi di segmentazione, nati specificamente nell’ottica dell’analisi del cammino in acqua con tecnica markerless. Si mostrerà inoltre come determinate caratteristiche degli algoritmi influenzino la qualità finale della segmentazione, e sarà infine presentato un ulteriore algoritmo di post-processing per il miglioramento della qualità delle immagini segmentate.