Designing three-dimensional transformation optical media using quasiconformal coordinate transformations.

We introduce an approach to the design of three-dimensional transformation optical (TO) media based on a generalized quasiconformal mapping approach. The generalized quasiconformal TO (QCTO) approach enables the design of media that can, in principle, be broadband and low loss, while controlling the propagation of waves with arbitrary angles of incidence and polarization. We illustrate the method in the design of a three-dimensional carpet ground plane cloak and of a flattened Luneburg lens. Ray-trace studies provide a confirmation of the performance of the QCTO media, while also revealing the limited performance of index-only versions of these devices.

Fluid flow control with transformation media.

We introduce a new concept for the manipulation of fluid flow around three-dimensional bodies. Inspired by transformation optics, the concept is based on a mathematical idea of coordinate transformations and physically implemented with anisotropic porous media permeable to the flow of fluids. In two situations-for an impermeable object placed either in a free-flowing fluid or in a fluid-filled porous medium-we show that the object can be coated with an inhomogeneous, anisotropic permeable medium, such as to preserve the flow that would have existed in the absence of the object. The proposed fluid flow cloak eliminates downstream wake and compensates viscous drag, hinting at the possibility of novel propulsion techniques.

Accessibility, availability and affordability of anti-malarials in a rural district in Kenya after implementation of a national subsidy scheme.

BACKGROUND: Poor access to prompt and effective treatment for malaria contributes to high mortality and severe morbidity. In Kenya, it is estimated that only 12% of children receive anti-malarials for their fever within 24 hours. The first point of care for many fevers is a local medicine retailer, such as a pharmacy or chemist. The role of the medicine retailer as an important distribution point for malaria medicines has been recognized and several different strategies have been used to improve the services that these retailers provide. Despite these efforts, many mothers still purchase ineffective drugs because they are less expensive than effective artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). One strategy that is being piloted in several countries is an international subsidy targeted at anti-malarials supplied through the retail sector. The goal of this strategy is to make ACT as affordable as ineffective alternatives. The programme, called the Affordable Medicines Facility - malaria was rolled out in Kenya in August 2010. METHODS: In December 2010, the affordability and accessibility of malaria medicines in a rural district in Kenya were evaluated using a complete census of all public and private facilities, chemists, pharmacists, and other malaria medicine retailers within the Webuye Demographic Surveillance Area. Availability, types, and prices of anti-malarials were assessed. There are 13 public or mission facilities and 97 medicine retailers (registered and unregistered). RESULTS: The average distance from a home to the nearest public health facility is 2 km, but the average distance to the nearest medicine retailer is half that. Quinine is the most frequently stocked anti-malarial (61% of retailers). More medicine retailers stocked sulphadoxine-pyramethamine (SP; 57%) than ACT (44%). Eleven percent of retailers stocked AMFm subsidized artemether-lumefantrine (AL). No retailers had chloroquine in stock and only five were selling artemisinin monotherapy. The mean price of any brand of AL, the recommended first-line drug in Kenya, was $2.7 USD. Brands purchased under the AMFm programme cost 40% less than non-AMFm brands. Artemisinin monotherapies cost on average more than twice as much as AMFm-brand AL. SP cost only $0.5, a fraction of the price of ACT. CONCLUSIONS: AMFm-subsidized anti-malarials are considerably less expensive than unsubsidized AL, but the price difference between effective and ineffective therapies is still large.

Spatial distribution of bednet coverage under routine distribution through the public health sector in a rural district in Kenya.

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most important and cost-effective tools for malaria control. Maximizing individual and community benefit from ITNs requires high population-based coverage. Several mechanisms are used to distribute ITNs, including health facility-based targeted distribution to high-risk groups; community-based mass distribution; social marketing with or without private sector subsidies; and integrating ITN delivery with other public health interventions. The objective of this analysis is to describe bednet coverage in a district in western Kenya where the primary mechanism for distribution is to pregnant women and infants who attend antenatal and immunization clinics. We use data from a population-based census to examine the extent of, and factors correlated with, ownership of bednets. We use both multivariable logistic regression and spatial techniques to explore the relationship between household bednet ownership and sociodemographic and geographic variables. We show that only 21% of households own any bednets, far lower than the national average, and that ownership is not significantly higher amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. We also show that coverage is spatially heterogeneous with less than 2% of the population residing in zones with adequate coverage to experience indirect effects of ITN protection.

The protective role of religious coping in adolescents' responses to poverty and sexual decision-making in rural Kenya.

In this study, we explored how adolescents in rural Kenya apply religious coping in sexual decision-making in the context of high rates of poverty and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 adolescents. One-third (13) reported religious coping related to economic stress, HIV, or sexual decision-making; the majority (29) reported religious coping with these or other stressors. Adolescents reported praying for God to partner with them to engage in positive behaviors, praying for strength to resist unwanted behaviors, and passive strategies characterized by waiting for God to provide resources or protection from HIV. Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa may benefit from HIV prevention interventions that integrate and build upon their use of religious coping.

Wave transformation and wave-driven flow across a steep coral reef

Observations of waves, setup, and wave-driven mean flows were made on a steep coral forereef and its associated lagoonal system on the north shore of Moorea, French Polynesia. Despite the steep and complex geometry of the forereef, and wave amplitudes that are nearly equal to the mean water depth, linear wave theory showed very good agreement with data. Measurements across the reef illustrate the importance of including both wave transport (owing to Stokes drift), as well as the Eulerian mean transport when computing the fluxes over the reef. Finally, the observed setup closely follows the theoretical relationship derived from classic radiation stress theory, although the two parameters that appear in the model-one reflecting wave breaking, the other the effective depth over the reef crest-must be chosen to match theory to data. © 2013 American Meteorological Society.

Peer-Informed Learning on Increasing Contraceptive Knowledge Among Women in Rural Haiti

Contraceptive prevalence in Haiti remains low despite extensive foreign aid targeted at improving family planning. [1] Earlier studies have found that peer-informed learning have been successful in promoting sexual and reproductive health. [2-5] This pilot project was implemented as a three-month, community-based, educational intervention to assess the impact of peer education in increasing contraceptive knowledge among women in Fondwa, Haiti. Research investigators conducted contraceptive information trainings to pre-identified female leaders of existing women’s groups in Fondwa, who were recruited as peer educators (n=4). Later, these female leaders shared the knowledge from the training with the test participants in the women’s group (n=23) through an information session. Structured surveys measuring knowledge of contraceptives were conducted with all participants before the intervention began, at the end of the intervention, and four weeks after the intervention. The surveys measured general contraceptive knowledge, knowledge about eight selected types of modern contraceptives and contraceptive preferences and attitudes. Only test participants showed significant improvement in their general contraceptive knowledge score (p<0.001), but both test participants and peer educators showed significant improvement in overall knowledge scores for identifying the types and uses of modern contraceptive methods. Assessment for knowledge retention remained significantly higher four weeks after the intervention than prior to the intervention. Therefore, a one-time, three-hour peer-based educational intervention using existing social structures is effective, and might be valuable in a population with minimal access to education and little to no knowledge about contraceptives.

Cambios climáticos, percepciones humanas y desarrollo rural

Los cambios climáticos ponen en riesgo la producción agrícola, la seguridad alimentaria y los programas de desarrollo rural. Es posible que los programas de desarrollo rural tengan mayor éxito en el cumplimiento de sus objetivos cuando integren a sus propuestas los conocimientos de distintos actores. La presente investigación propone el estudio de percepciones sobre cambios climáticos por parte de diferentes actores sociales en Anchieta, SC, Brasil El caso de estudio fue elegido por su relevante experiencia en el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación para las adversidades climáticas locales. Para llevar a cabo, el estudio fueron entrevistados 32 personas, (agricultores que utilizan una variedad local, agricultores que utilizan variedades industriales y tomadores de decisión) respecto de 4 aspectos centrales: A- Creencias sobre cambios climáticos, B- Influencia de los cambios climáticos en su vida, C- Posibilidad de intervención en los cambios climáticos y D- Medidas posibles, evaluación de estrategias de adaptación. El cambio climático fue identificado en las sequías, evidenciándose distintas acciones humanas como promotoras de la intensificación de estos cambios. Los resultados se relacionan con la construcción social de los problemas y las estructuras que condinan los discursos humanos

Las certificaciones responsables como mecanismo para la reducción de la pobreza en la población rural de Ecuador : estudio de caso múltiple

La pobreza rural continúa siendo un fenómeno de alcance mundial. En Ecuador las familias pobres son en gran mayoría indígenas que dependen de la agricultura como medio de subsistencia y enfrentan problemas serios de mínima o nula participación en el comercio, lo que perpetúa su condición de pobreza. En este contexto, las certificaciones Fair Trade y Rainforest Alliance se presentan como una forma de comercio que busca el bienestar social, la protección ambiental y la responsabilidad económica. El objetivo principal del trabajo es estudiar las certificaciones responsables como alternativas institucionales, organizacionales y tecnológicas para la reducción de la pobreza de los pequeños productores agropecuarios indígenas en el Ecuador. Para ello, se desarrolla un 'Estudio de Caso Múltiple' de FEDECADE y KALLARI, organizaciones que aglutinan a pequeños productores y trabajan con las certificaciones Comercio Justo y Rainforest Alliance. A nivel de pequeño productor se aplicaron técnicas de evaluación participativa como la Técnica diez semillas (TST) para levantar información cualitativa y cuantitativa. La contribución a la reducción de la pobreza se basa en 8 factores o características identificados en los pequeños productores certificados. Las mismas están relacionadas con: bajos ingresos, bajo nivel de conocimientos, deficiente salud, finca pequeña, mínima participación, conformismo y baja producción, las cuales han sido tomadas en cuenta para los estudios de caso. Con la implementación de las certificaciones mencionadas, se observa la aplicación de innovaciones tecnológicas que permitieron uniformizar los rendimientos y las condiciones de la chacra. La permanente interacción entre productores y la organización coordinadora permitió que los productores cuenten con mayor información sobre la demanda del mercado objetivo y menor incertidumbre, dada la estructura de contratos que se desarrolla. A pesar de estas innovaciones, a nivel institucional tuvo el menor grado de desarrollo siendo las certificaciones una iniciativa promovida por el sector privado. El pequeño productor bajo la certificación de Comercio Justo accede a un nuevo mercado que busca mejorar sus condiciones especialmente comerciales para aliviar su condición de pobreza. Con la adopción de la certificación los pequeños productores obtienen beneficios y ventajas como la mayor valoración el mayor precio del cacao y las nuevas técnicas de producción aprendidas. Sin embargo, su contribución para la reducción de la pobreza de los pequeños productores no es significativa. Con la certificación de Rainforest Alliance surge una nueva realidad comercial para el pequeño productor, caracterizada por una nueva estructura de coordinación entre actores de la cadena, sin la presencia de los intermediarios tradicionales y la producción de cacao con valor agregado, la incorporación de prácticas de sostenibilidad ambiental y el sentido de pertenencia a una organización indígena.

Desarrollo territorial rural en el norte de Santa Fe : el caso de la feria promocional de Avellaneda

El presente trabajo trata sobre la Feria Promocional de Avellaneda, que funciona desde el año 2002 en la ciudad homónima del norte santafesino y está integrada por pequeños productores agropecuarios. Con esta experiencia se ha contribuido al establecimiento de un canal de comercialización alternativo que es gestionado actualmente por la organización de feriantes, producto del proceso mencionado. El Programa Social Agropecuario (PSA) ha intervenido durante las etapas de creación y posterior funcionamiento de esta feria, sustentándose en dos enfoques: el Desarrollo Rural con Enfoque Territorial y en la Intervención Comunitaria como propuesta metodológica desde la perspectiva de la Educación Popular. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la experiencia de la Feria Promocional de Avellaneda para la comprensión del proceso de intervención y la generación de lecciones aprendidas. El abordaje metodológico se basa en los principios básicos de una sistematización de experiencias, entendida como un proceso de reflexión participativa efectuado en conjunto con las familias que integran la feria y con los distintos actores locales relacionados con ella: los técnicos del PSA, los funcionarios de la Municipalidad de Avellaneda y los clientes. Finalmente se sintetizan las lecciones aprendidas que se enuncian como un listado de buenas prácticas para ser tenidas en cuenta por otras iniciativas que se propongan desarrollar una actividad similar.