Factores que foram determinantes para a melhoria do nível de Saúde em Portugal

A vacinação tem por objectivo fundamental, a redução ou eliminação de patologias que possam ser prevenidas através de vacinas sendo um benefício para a saúde das populações. Ao longo dos anos, o Programa Nacional de Vacinação (PNV) confirmou-se como um projecto de enorme sucesso, uma vez que possibilitou reduzir a morbilidade e a mortalidade das patologias para as quais existem vacinas aumentando assim, a qualidade de vida das populações e diminuindo de forma progressiva a taxa de mortalidade, principalmente a infantil. É no entanto de extrema importância que a cobertura vacinal no país seja preferencialmente de 100%. Assim, é necessário que a população portuguesa seja mais alertada para os benefícios da vacinação promovendo-se mais campanhas de informação e de vacinação. Em Portugal, a vida familiar, nos últimos 40 anos sofreu o impacto da modernização da sociedade portuguesa, registando-se mudanças assinaláveis. Salienta-se a diminuição da dimensão média da família e o aumento dos agregados de pessoas sós ou a diminuição dos agregados numerosos e das famílias complexas. A presente monografia foca essencialmente os factores que foram determinantes para a melhoria da Saúde em Portugal. Em primeiro lugar, as medidas preventivas e terapêuticas específicas, neste caso a vacinação e em segundo lugar a diminuição da dimensão da família. Quanto à vacinação, serão salientadas as taxas de cobertura vacinal de algumas vacinas a partir de 1980, relacionando com os ganhos em Saúde, nomeadamente a taxa de mortalidade infantil (crianças com menos de um ano) e a taxa de mortalidade entre 1 e 4 anos de idade desde os anos 60 até aos dias de hoje. Serão também abordados os factores determinantes para a melhoria da Saúde em Portugal na globalidade, focando essencialmente os factores que contribuiram para que em Portugal se obtivessem taxas de mortalidade infantil e dos 1 aos 4 com valores bastante satisfatórios (taxa de mortalidade infantil actual em Portugal é de 3,12‰), bem como as elevadas taxas de cobertura vacinal. Por fim, será feita uma análise da perspectiva futura relativamente a estes temas.

Promoting the health of marginalized populations in Ecuador through international collaboration and educational innovations

This paper examines two innovative educational initiatives for the Ecuadorian public health workforce: a Canadian-funded Masters programme in ecosystem approaches to health that focuses on building capacity to manage environmental health risks sustainably; and the training of Ecuadorians at the Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba (known as Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina in Spanish). We apply a typology for analysing how training programmes address the needs of marginalized populations and build capacity for addressing health determinants. We highlight some ways we can learn from such training programmes with particular regard to lessons, barriers and opportunities for their sustainability at the local, national and international levels and for pursuing similar initiatives in other countries and contexts. We conclude that educational efforts focused on the challenges of marginalization and the determinants of health require explicit attention not only to the knowledge, attitudes and skills of graduates but also on effectively engaging the health settings and systems that will reinforce the establishment and retention of capacity in low- and middle-income settings where this is most needed.

Las Ciencias de la Salud Pública en la construcción de una prevención profunda: determinantes y proyecciones

Se introduce una breve reflexión sobre los campos científicos que conforman el área y, se procura mostrar algunos de los "problemas cardinales -según el léxico de los cienciólogos que a criterio del autor atraviesan actualmente el asunto de la incorporación de las ciencias naturales y sociales, mirado desde el moderno paradigma latinoamericano y sobre todo, desde la urgencia de formulación de propuestas integrales para la salud poblacional. Se discute el concepto de "incorporación" de las ciencias para distinguir la extensión y profundidad de la influencia de disciplinas como las naturales y sociales en la práctica y el saber de la salud pública. Hacia el final se esboza un análisis sobre el tema de la politicidad del saber, que es un aspecto insoslayable en cualquier discusión epistemológica seria. Un análisis que se enmarca en el desafío de lo que el autor ha denominado la necesidad de una "prevención profunda". Se trata de impulsar un proceso globalizante que supere el reduccionismo de las orientaciones preventivas clásicas (prevención individual y etiológica) y de los programas sanitarios que podría calificárselos como faltos de objetividad, insuficientes, aislados y de baja intensidad. Un quehacer técnico que se apoye en una ciencia robusta ("hard science") rebasando el estrecho y resignado marco de una ciencia blanda, "tercermundista".

Factores determinantes de la asociatividad como alternativa para el fortalecimiento de pequeñas y medianas industrias

En este estudio se explica la forma como se relacionan los factores económicos y extraeconómicos que se encuentran detrás de un proceso asociativo empresarial, enfocado al sector de las pequeñas y medianas industrias –PYMI–. Este ejercicio de relacionamiento se hizo con el objetivo de proponer las directrices claves que debería considerar un modelo de asociatividad dirigido al fortalecimiento de las PYMI. Una vez obtenidas estas directrices, consideramos que, a partir de esta investigación, se contribuye a la construcción de aquel conocimiento teórico que se ha venido generando durante algunos años sobre la problemática de la asociatividad empresarial. Para llegar a establecer las relaciones entre factores económicos y extraeconómicos antes mencionadas, se llevó a cabo una investigación que combinó, en los diferentes momentos del proceso investigativo, la captura y análisis de datos, tanto de carácter cualitativo como cuantitativo. El principal hallazgo de este estudio se enfoca en concluir que a la hora de lograr un fortalecimiento efectivo del sector empresarial a través de prácticas asociativas, específicamente el de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, se debe trabajar en el accionar “equilibrado”, tanto de factores económicos como extraeconómicos.

Identification of Putative Wintering Areas and Ecological Determinants of Population Dynamics of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) Breeding in Northern Italy

To identify the causes of population decline in migratory birds, researchers must determine the relative influence of environmental changes on population dynamics while the birds are on breeding grounds, wintering grounds, and en route between the two. This is problematic when the wintering areas of specific populations are unknown. Here, we first identified the putative wintering areas of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) populations breeding in northern Italy as those areas, within the wintering ranges of these species, where the winter Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which may affect winter survival, best predicted annual variation in population indices observed in the breeding grounds in 1992–2009. In these analyses, we controlled for the potentially confounding effects of rainfall in the breeding grounds during the previous year, which may affect reproductive success; the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), which may account for climatic conditions faced by birds during migration; and the linear and squared term of year, which account for nonlinear population trends. The areas thus identified ranged from Guinea to Nigeria for the Common House-Martin, and were located in southern Ghana for the Common Swift. We then regressed annual population indices on mean NDVI values in the putative wintering areas and on the other variables, and used Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and hierarchical partitioning (HP) of variance to assess their relative contribution to population dynamics. We re-ran all the analyses using NDVI values at different spatial scales, and consistently found that our population of Common House-Martin was primarily affected by spring rainfall (43%–47.7% explained variance) and NDVI (24%–26.9%), while the Common Swift population was primarily affected by the NDVI (22.7%–34.8%). Although these results must be further validated, currently they are the only hypotheses about the wintering grounds of the Italian populations of these species, as no Common House-Martin and Common Swift ringed in Italy have been recovered in their wintering ranges.

Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in England: a re-examination based on quantile regression

Objective To examine die sociodemographic determinants of fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in England and determine the differential effects of socioeconomic variables at various parts of the intake distribution, with a special focus on severely inadequate intakes Design Quantile regression, expressing F&V intake as a function of sociodemographic variables, is employed. Here, quantile regression flexibly allows variables such as ethnicity to exert effects on F&V intake that. vary depending oil existing levels of intake. Setting The 2003 Health survey of England. Subjects Data were from 11044 adult individuals. Results The influence of particular sociodemographic variables is found to vary significantly across the intake distribution We conclude that women consume more F&V than men, Asians and Hacks mole dian Whites, co-habiting individuals more than single-living ones Increased incomes and education also boost intake However, the key general finding of the present study is that the influence of most variables is relatively weak in the area of greatest concern, i e among those with the most inadequate intakes in any reference group. Conclusions. Our findings emphasise the importance of allowing the effects of socio-economic drivers to vary across the intake distribution The main finding, that variables which exert significant influence on F&V Intake at other parts Of the conditional distribution have a relatively weak influence at the lower tail, is cause for concern. It implies that in any defined group, those consuming the lease F&V are hard to influence using compaigns or policy levers.

Exploring the determinants of CAP reform: A Delphi survey of key decision-makers

A panel of key decision-makers, closely involved in the 1992, 1999 and 2003 CAP reforms, participated in a Delphi survey designed to ascertain what had prompted the European Commission to launch these reform initiatives and what factors were relevant in determining the reform packages subsequently decided by the Council.

Heterosis for yield and its physiological determinants in wheat

Heterosis in hybrid wheat varieties produced using a chemical hybridising agent was assessed in field experiments. Hyno Esta and its parents were compared in factorial combinations of four-seed rates (25-300 seeds m(-2)) and two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) in 2001/02 and again in 2002/03. Hyno Rista and Hyno Renta and their parents were compared at two-seed rates in 2001/02. Hyno Rista and its parents were added factorially to the Hyno Esta experiment in 2002/03, while Hyno Renta and Hybred and their parents were compared at two seed rates in 2002/03. Mid parent heterosis for grain yield was found in three hybrids and two of these showed high parent heterosis. High parent heterosis in Hyno Esta over a range of sowing densities was mostly exhibited in total biomass but also, in one of two years, in harvest index. High parent heterosis in Hyno Renta was associated more with harvest index than with biomass. The heterosis for biomass in Hyno Esta resulted from greater interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than the male parent, with better radiation use efficiency than the female parent. In both seasons Hyno Esta achieved grain numbers per ear at least as high as the high parent for this trait (Audace), and combined this with mean grain weights at least as heavy as the high parent for mean grain weight (Estica). Much of the increased biomass and grain yield in the hybrid came late in the season as high parent heterosis was expressed for both maximum grain filling rate and grain filling duration. Heterosis was higher when nitrogen was applied than when withheld; only greater at lower seed rates when expressed in proportionate terms (e.g. as a percentage of the parents), rather than in absolute terms (e.g. t ha(-1)); and greater in the year with the cooler and wetter summer.

Application of a double bootstrap to investigation of determinants of technical efficiency of farms in Central Europe

The paper provides one of the first applications of the double bootstrap procedure (Simar and Wilson 2007) in a two-stage estimation of the effect of environmental variables on non-parametric estimates of technical efficiency. This procedure enables consistent inference within models explaining efficiency scores, while simultaneously producing standard errors and confidence intervals for these efficiency scores. The application is to 88 livestock and 256 crop farms in the Czech Republic, split into individual and corporate.

Application of a double bootstrap to investigation of determinants of technical efficiency of farms in Central Europe

The paper provides one of the first applications of the double bootstrap procedure (Simar and Wilson 2007) in a two-stage estimation of the effect of environmental variables on non-parametric estimates of technical efficiency. This procedure enables consistent inference within models explaining efficiency scores, while simultaneously producing standard errors and confidence intervals for these efficiency scores. The application is to 88 livestock and 256 crop farms in the Czech Republic, split into individual and corporate.

Determinants of intention to purchase chicken in Italy: the role of consumer risk perception and trust in different information sources

The article investigates how purchasing intentions among a sample of Italian consumers are influenced by different levels of risk perception and their trust in food-safety information provided by different sources such as the food industry, government agencies, or consumers' associations. The assessment of the determinants of intention to purchase was carried out by estimating a causal model for the chicken case in which attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived risk play a major role in determining buyer's behavior. In particular, the role of trust in influencing risk perception is highlighted either as a general construct or as specific constructs targeting food chain, policy actors, and the media. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q190, D120]. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.