Russian Venture Capital Markets

Tämän työn tarkoituksena on arvioida riskipääomasijoittamisen kehitystä ja kasvua Venäjällä, sekä antaa kuva siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Se myös arvioi Venäjän valtion toimintaa niin säätelijänä, kuin myös itsenäisenä sijoittajana. Saavutetut tulokset perustuvat haastatteluihin ja olemassa olevien tilastojen analysointiin. Vuoden 1998 rupla kriisin jälkeen riskipääomasijoittaminen lähti kasvuun joka on jatkunut tasaisella rauhallisella tahdilla. Alueellisista riskipääomarahastoista on siirrytty myös yksityisrahoitteisiin ja yksityishallinnoituihin rahastoihin omine kohde aloineen ja portfolioineen. Silti markkinat ovat säilyneet kyllästymättöminä. Kuluttajavetoiset toimialat ovat keränneet eniten investointeja talouden ja ostovoiman kasvusta johtuen. Alueellisesti Moskova erottuu sijoituskohteena, muiden suurempien kasvukeskusten seuratessa perässä. Venäjällä on vielä paljon heikkouksia jotka vaikuttavat sen houkuttelevuuteen sijoittajan näkökulmasta. Heikot instituutiot ja lainsäädäntö yhdistettynä riskipääomasijoittamisen luonteeseen tekevät Venäjästä arvaamattoman markkina-alueen. Se kuitenkin tarjoaa menestyville sijoittajille korkeat tuotot. Nähtäväksi jää kuinka valtion toiminta vaikuttaa markkinoiden kehitykseen lyhyellä ja pitkällä tähtäimellä, ja kuinka se onnistuu kehittämään Venäjän yleistä kilpailukykyä globaaleilla markkinoilla.

Delivery, Outcome, and Costs of Orthodontic Care in Finnish Health Centres

The goal of the study was to analyse orthodontic care in Finnish health centres with special reference to the delivery, outcome and costs of treatment. Public orthodontic care was studied by two questionnaires sent to the chief dental officers of all health centres (n = 276) and to all specialist orthodontists in Finland (n = 146). The large regional variation was mentioned by the orthodontists as the most important factor requiring improvement. Orthodontic practices and outcome were studied in eight Finnish municipal health centres representing early and late timing of treatment. A random sample of 16- and 18-year-olds (n = 1109) living in these municipalities was examined for acceptability of occlusion with the Occlusal Morphology and Function Index (OMFI). In acceptability of occlusion, only minor differences were found between the two timing groups. The percentage of subjects with acceptable morphology was higher among untreated than among treated adolescents. The costs of orthodontic care were estimated among the adolescents with a treatment history. The mean appliance costs were higher in the late, and the mean visit costs higher in the early timing group. The cost-effectiveness of orthodontic services differed among the health centres, but was almost equal in the two timing groups. National guidelines and delegation of orthodontic tasks were suggested as the tools for reducing the variation among the health centres. In the eight health centres, considerable variation was found in acceptability of occlusion and in cost-effectiveness of services. The cost-effectiveness was not directly connected with the timing of treatment.

Venture capital investment on SME

This thesis studies venture capital investment on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The specific objective of the study is to test whether venture capitalists have a positive effect on SMEs. In addition effect of several other factors is studied in financial crisis. Used determinants are formulated based on three capital structure theories. The pecking order theory concerns favoring on financing source over another. The agency theory and the tradeoff theory concentrate on the search of optimal capital structure. The data of this study consist of financial statement data and results of corporate questionnaire. Regression analysis was used to find out the effects of several determinants. Regression models were formed based on the presented theories. SMEs with and without venture capitalists were considered separately. It was found that venture capitalists have a positive effect on SMEs. Although some results between SMEs with and without venture capitalists were mixed.

Characteristics of credit risk assessment methods of major Nordic banks in allocating capital when extending credits to large corporations

Credit risk assessment is an integral part of banking. Credit risk means that the return will not materialise in case the customer fails to fulfil its obligations. Thus a key component of banking is setting acceptance criteria for granting loans. Theoretical part of the study focuses on key components of credit assessment methods of Banks in the literature when extending credits to large corporations. Main component is Basel II Accord, which sets regulatory requirement for credit risk assessment methods of banks. Empirical part comprises, as primary source, analysis of major Nordic banks’ annual reports and risk management reports. As secondary source complimentary interviews were carried out with senior credit risk assessment personnel. The findings indicate that all major Nordic banks are using combination of quantitative and qualitative information in credit risk assessment model when extending credits to large corporations. The relative input of qualitative information depends on the selected approach to the credit rating, i.e. point-in-time or through-the-cycle.

Maksuehtojen vaikutus käyttöpääoman ja asiakkuuksien hallinnassa - casetutkimus

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella maksuehtojen ja niiden aiheuttamien kustannusten merkitystä käyttöpääoman ja asiakkuuksien hallinnassa. Tavoitteena on selvittää maksuehtojen kohdeyritykselle mahdollisesti aiheuttamia kustannuksia ja niiden vaikutusta käyttöpääomaan ja asiakaskannattavuuksiin. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuuden muodostaa käyttöpääoman ja asiakkuuksien hallinnan kirjallisuuskatsaus. Pääpaino on ostovelkojen ja myyntisaatavien hallinnassa sekä asiakaslaskentatoimen laskentamenetelmissä. Tutkimuksen empiriaosuus käsittelee kohdeyrityksen maksuehtojen kautta teoriaosassa esitettyjä aihealueita. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että kohdeyrityksen tämän hetkisillä maksuehdoilla ei ole suurta negatiivista vaikutusta yrityksen käyttöpääomaan. Maksuehdoista aiheutuneiden kustannusten merkitys asiakaskannattavuuksissa korostuu enemmän pienten kuin suurten asiakkaiden kohdalla.

Development of research networks : the case of social capital

The aim of this study is to explore how a new concept appears inscientific discussion and research, how it diffuses to other fields and out of the scientific communities, and how the networks are formed around the concept. Text and terminology take the interest of a reader in the digital environment. Texts create networks where the terminology used is dependent on the ideas, viewsand paradigms of the field. This study is based mainly on bibliographic data. Materials for bibliometric studies have been collected from different databases. The databases are also evaluated and their quality and coverage are discussed. The thesauri of those databases that have been selected for a more in depth study have also been evaluated. The material selected has been used to study how long and in which ways an innovative publication, which can be seen as a milestone in a specific field, influences the research. The concept that has been chosen as a topic for this research is Social Capital, because it has been a popular concept in different scientific fields as well as in everyday speech and the media. It seemed to be a `fashion concept´ that appeared in different situations at the Millennium. The growth and diffusion of social capital publications has been studied. The terms connected with social capital in different fields and different stages of the development have also been analyzed. The methods that have been used in this study are growth and diffusion analysis, content analysis, citation analysis, coword analysis and cocitation analysis. One method that can be used tounderstand and to interpret results of these bibliometric studies is to interview some key persons, who are known to have a gatekeeper position in the diffusion of the concept. Thematic interviews with some Finnish researchers and specialists that have influenced the diffusion of social capital into Finnish scientificand social discussions provide background information. iv The Milestone Publications on social capital have been chosen and studied. They give answers to the question "What is Social Capital?" By comparing citations to Milestone Publications with the growth of all social capital publications in a database, we can drawconclusions about the point at which social capital became generally approved `tacit knowledge´. The contribution of the present study lies foremost in understanding the development of network structures around a new concept that has diffused in scientific communities and also outside them. The network means both networks of researchers, networks of publications and networks of concepts that describe the research field. The emphasis has been on the digital environment and onthe socalled information society that we are now living in, but in this transitional stage, the printed publications are still important and widely used in social sciences and humanities. The network formation is affected by social relations and informal contacts that push new ideas. This study also gives new information about using different research methods, like bibliometric methods supported by interviews and content analyses. It is evident that interpretation of bibliometric maps presupposes qualitative information and understanding of the phenomena under study.

Social capital and health : variations, associations and challenges

Although social capital and health have been extensively studied during the last decade, there are still open issues in current empirical research. These concern for instance the measurement of the concept in different contexts, as well as the association between different types of social capital and different dimensions of health. The present thesis addressed these questions. The general aim was to promote the understanding of social capital and health by investigating the oldest old and the two major language groups in Finland, Swedish- and Finnish-speakers. Another aim was to contribute to the discussion on methodological issues in social capital and health research. The present thesis investigated two empirical data sets, Umeå 85+ and Health 2000. The Umeå 85+ study was a cross-sectional study of 163 individuals aged 85, 90, and 95 or older, living in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, in the year of 2000. The Health 2000 survey was a national study of 8,028 persons aged 30 or above carried out in Finland in 2000-2001. Different indicators of structural (e.g. social contacts) and cognitive (e.g. trust) social capital, as well as health indicators were used as variables in the analyses. The Umeå 85+ data set was analyzed with factor analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The Health 2000 data was analyzed with logistic regression techniques. The results showed that the Swedish-speakers in the Finnish data set Health 2000 had consistently higher prevalence of social capital compared to the Finnish-speakers even after controlling for central sociodemographic variables. The results further showed that even if the language group differences in health were small, the Swedishspeakers experienced in general better self-reported health compared with the Finnish-speakers. Common sociodemographic variables could not explain these observed differences in health. The results imply that social capital is often, but not always, associated with health. This was clearly seen in the Umeå 85+ data set where only one health indicator (depressive symptoms) was associated with structural social capital among the oldest old. The results based on the analysis of the Health 2000 survey demonstrated that the cognitive component of social capital was associated with self-rated health and psychological health rather than with participation in social activities and social contacts. In addition, social capital statistically reduced the health advantage especially for Swedish-speaking men, indicating that high prevalence of social capital may promote health. Finally, the present thesis also discussed the issue of methodological challenges faced with when analyzing social capital and health. It was suggested that certain components of social capital such as bonding and bridging social capital may be more relevant than structural and cognitive components when investigating social capital among the two language groups in Finland. The results concerning the oldest old indicated that the structural aspects of social capital probably reflect current living conditions, whereas cognitive social capital reflects attitudes and traits often acquired decades earlier. This is interpreted as an indication of the fact that structural and cognitive social capital are closely related yet empirically two distinctive concepts. Taken together, some components of social capital may be more relevant to study than others depending on which population group and age group is under study. The results also implied that the choice of cut-off point of dichotomization of selfrated health has an impact on the estimated effects of the explanatory variables. When the whole age interval, 35-64 years, was analyzed with logistic regression techniques the choice of cut-off point did not matter for the estimated effects of marital status and educational level. The results changed, however, when the age interval was divided into three shorter intervals. If self-rated health is explored using wide age intervals that do not account for age-dependent covariates there is a risk of drawing misleading conclusions. In conclusion, the results presented in the thesis suggest that the uneven distribution of social capital observed between the two language groups in Finland are of importance when trying to further understand health inequalities that exist between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers in Finland. Although social capital seemed to be relevant to the understanding of health among the oldest old, the meaning of social capital is probably different compared to a less vulnerable age group. This should be noticed in future empirical research. In the present thesis, it was shown that the relationship between social capital and health is complex and multidimensional. Different aspects of social capital seem to be important for different aspects of health. This reduces the possibility to generalize the results and to recommend general policy implementations in this area. An increased methodological awareness regarding social capital as well as health are called for in order to further understand the cfomplex association between them. However, based on the present data and findings social capital is associated with health. To understand individual health one must also consider social aspects of the individuals’ environment such as social capital.

Tuotannon- ja varastonohjausmallien kehittäminen sekä ylläpito kokoonpanotuotannossa

Asiakkaiden vaatimusten täyttäminen käytössä olevilla resursseilla edellyttää yrityksiltä usein varastojen pitämistä. Varastot aiheuttavat kuluja ja niihin sitoutuu pääomaa, joten niiden hallinta on yritysten mielenkiinnon kohde. Diplomityön tavoitteena on tutkia Peikko Finland Oy:n Teräsosatehtaan varastonohjausmallin toimivuutta sekä luoda ylläpitokelpoinen tapa tuotannonohjausmuodon ja varastoparametrien päivittämiseen. Yritysten käytössä olevien resurssien ollessa rajallisia tulee tärkeiden tuotteiden hallintaan keskittyä. Vähäpätöisempiä nimikkeitäkin on ohjattava, mutta yksinkertaisempien mallien avulla kuin tärkeitä tuotteita. Tuotannon- ja varastonohjauksen tavoitteena on löytää tasapaino pääoman sitoutumisen, asiakkaiden palvelun sekä kapasiteetin käytön väliltä. Niihin vaikuttavat tekijät tulee huomioida mahdollisimman kattavasti tuotannonohjausta ja varastonhallintaa suunniteltaessa, jolloin päästään koko yritystä hyödyttävään lopputulokseen. Yrityksen toimintaympäristö kehittyy jatkuvasti, joten kerran määritetyt tekijä eivät ole relevantteja loputtomiin vaan jatkuvan kehittämisen ja tietojen päivittämisen tulee olla osa yrityksen jokapäiväistä toimintaa. Työssä kehitettiin helposti päivitettävä malli, jonka avulla kohdeyritys pystyy päivittämään nimikkeiden tuotannonohjausmuodot ja varastonohjauksen parametrit.

Working Capital Management: a Bibliometric Study

This thesis is a study of articles published in scientific journals about working capital management using bibliometric methods. The study was restricted to articles published in 1990–2010 that deal with the whole working capital management topic not a single sub-area of it. Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities; sometimes also a definition of inventory plus accounts receivable minus accounts payable is used. The data was retrieved from the databases ISI Web of Science and Sciverse Scopus. Articles about working capital management were found 23. Content analysis, statistical analysis and citation analysis was performed to the articles. The most cited articles found in citation analysis were also analyzed by nearly same methods. This study found that scientific research of working capital management seems not to be concentrated to specific persons, organizations or journals. The originality and novelty in many articles is low. Many articles studied relation between working capital management and profitability in firms or working capital management practices of firms using statistical analyses. Data in articles was firms of all sizes, except in developing economies only big firms were used. Interesting areas for future research could be surveys made about working capital management practices in firms, finding of best practices, tools for working capital management, inventing or improving alternative views to working capital management like process-oriented view and firm or industry specific studies.

Rahoitusvälineiden markkinat -direktiivin (MiFID) vaikutukset sijoituspalvelun tarjoajan velvollisuuksiin ja sijoittajansuojaan

Tutkielmassa selvitetään rahoitusvälineiden markkinat -direktiivin vaikutuksia sijoituspalvelun tarjoajan velvollisuuksiin ja sijoittajansuojaan oikeusdogmaattisen metodin avulla. Tutkielmassa pyritään vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: 1) Millainen merkitys MIFID-direktiivillä on Euroopan unionin rahoitusmarkkinoiden integraatiolle? 2) Mitä velvollisuuksia sijoituspalvelun tarjoajalla on MiFID-direktiivin implementoinnin jälkeen? 3) Millainen sijoittajansuoja on MiFID-direktiivin seurauksena? 4) Mitä mahdollisia puutteita sijoittajansuojassa on, ja miten säädäntöä tulisi kehittää? MiFID-direktiivi edistää merkittävästi EU:n rahoitusmarkkinoiden integrointia. MiFID helpottaa pääomien ja sijoituspalvelujen liikkuvuutta jäsenvaltioiden rajojen yli. Sijoituspalvelun tarjoajan menettelytapavelvollisuudet ovat lisääntyneet, minkä johdosta sijoittajansuoja on parantunut. Etenkin direktiivin selonotto- ja tiedonantovelvollisuus aiheuttavat transaktiokustannuksia, mutta vähentävät toisaalta palvelun tarjoajan ja asiakkaan välistä neoklassista oikeustaloustieteellistä informaation epäsymmetriaa. Selonottovelvollisuuden sääntelyä EU:ssa kehitettäessä tulee kansallisia menettelytapoja yhdenmukaistaa. Kun palvelun tarjoajat täyttävät tiedonantovelvollisuuttaan, ei-ammattimaiset asiakkaat saattavat joutua informaatiotulvaan, josta jotkut eivät kykene erottamaan merkityksellisiä tietoja. Menettelytapojen nykyinen paras toteutus -velvollisuus on tulkinnanvarainen. Sijoitusneuvontaa koskee päämies–agentti-teorian mukainen valvontaongelma, minkä takia palvelun tarjoajan ja sijoittajan intressit tulisi säädännön avulla saada nykyistä yhteneväisemmiksi. MiFIDin säädökset eivät välttämättä johda ei-ammattimaisten asiakkaiden saaman informaation optimaaliseen allokointiin eivätkä informaatiokustannusten tehokkaaseen kohdistumiseen. Monimutkaisten rahoitusinstrumenttien käsitettä tulisi tarkentaa ja kyseisiä tuotteita tarjota ainoastaan ammattimaisille asiakkaille ja hyväksyttäville vastapuolille. Sijoittajansuojaa lisäisi heterogeenisen ei-ammattimaisten asiakkaiden ryhmän jako informaatiotarpeeseen perustuviin alaryhmiin, jotta eri asiakasryhmille voitaisiin tarjota heidän tarvitsemansa palvelu nykyistäkin kohdentuvammin. Tulisi selvittää, pitäisikö varoitus pääoman menettämisestä merkitä niihin sijoitustuotteisiin, joita riski koskee. Yhteinen eurooppalainen valvontaorganisaatio ilmeisesti voimistaisi rahoitusmarkkinoiden transparenssia, toimivuutta ja sijoittajansuojaa.