Aproximación a la ecofisiología del milano negro ("Milvus Migrans"): efectos intrínsecos y socio-ambientales en la regulación de glucocorticoides y carotenoides

La última década ha sido testigo de un auge en el número de estudios buscando esclarecer el modo en que los mecanismos fisiológicos facilitan las respuestas fenotípicas y conductuales a las condiciones ambientales bajo entornos naturales. Este reciente interés nació de la necesidad de trasladar las hipótesis y conclusiones generadas en el laboratorio a contextos más realistas, en donde los animales se ven expuestos a la influencia simultánea de múltiples factores y presiones selectivas. En este sentido, tanto los glucocorticoides como los carotenoides han venido recibiendo considerable interés, a razón de sus respectivos papeles como importantes mediadores fisiológicos de la homeostasis y procesos relacionados con la salud de los animales. No obstante, hasta la fecha, gran parte de las publicaciones relacionadas con el estudio de estos dos sistemas fisiológicos en aves silvestres han usado especies modelo de pequeño tamaño y corta vida (principalmente paseriformes), cuya ecología y vulnerabilidad ante los retos medioambientales difiere considerablemente de la de las aves de larga vida. En consecuencia, el objetivo de la presente tesis ha consistido en tratar de reducir esta brecha en el conocimiento mediante la aproximación a distintos aspectos de la ecofisiología de una rapaz salvaje, territorial, y extremadamente longeva (el milano negro, Milvus migrans)...

Conocimientos científicos importantes para la conservación y gestión de las tres especies de liebre de la Península Ibérica: deficiencias y retos para el futuro

Los principales avances en el conocimiento de las tres especies de liebre presentes en la Península Ibérica (dos de ellas endémicas) tuvieron lugar a finales del siglo XX con la realización de estudios sobre genética, morfología y ecología descriptiva. Durante los años 90 y 2000, se ha profundizado fundamentalmente en aspectos genéticos y evolutivos, en la definición de factores ambientales determinantes de su distribución, en el estado sanitario y en el comportamiento espacial. En lo que respecta a los estudios sobre dinámica poblacional, se dispone únicamente de trabajos locales con metodologías diversas y series de datos generalmente cortas, lo que impide realizar una interpretación conjunta y sólida de los datos. Esta falta de información conlleva que las bases técnicas para determinar un adecuado aprovechamiento cinegético sean en la mayoría de los casos insuficientes. Además, las tres especies se encuentran fuertemente ligadas al medio agrícola y ganadero, por lo que determinar los factores relativos al manejo de estos medios que afectan a las liebres resulta esencial, especialmente debido al declive general de la mayor parte de las especies silvestres ligadas a estos espacios. ¿Será el sector científico-técnico capaz de avanzar en el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional y el efecto del manejo agroganadero para una mejor gestión de las liebres ibéricas?

Hibridación entre la codorniz común (Coturnix coturnix) y la codorniz de granja: estado de un problema de conservación

La hibridación entre especies es un fenómeno ampliamente extendido que puede tener consecuencias en la conservación de la biodiversidad. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión del problema de conservación derivado de la suelta de codornices de granja en poblaciones silvestres de codorniz común (Coturnix coturnix). Estas codornices de granja han resultado ser híbridos de codorniz común y codorniz japonesa (Coturnix japonica). Si no existen mecanismos de aislamiento reproductor, estas sueltas favorecerían la introgresión de genes de codorniz japonesa en las poblaciones de codorniz común; ello conllevaría que se produjera un “enjambre de híbridos” y la sedentarización de las poblaciones de codorniz, lo que comportaría muy probablemente su disminución en Europa. Esta amenaza es real, al haberse demostrado que no hay mecanismos de aislamiento reproductor, ni pre-cigóticos, ni post-cigóticos, ni ecológicos. Sin embargo, datos empíricos sugieren que a pesar de ello no se produce el temido “enjambre de híbridos”, sugiriéndose una mortalidad diferencial entre las dos especies como una posible explicación. Finalmente, se sugieren algunas medidas de gestión derivadas de la situación actual, entre las que destacaría un control genético que certifique el origen de los individuos criados en granja y la prohibición de efectuar sueltas de codornices japonesas o híbridos.

OFIDIOS Y OFIDISMO EN CÓRDOBA: MANUAL DE FUNDAMENTOS TEORICO-PRÁCTICOS PARA LA ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA

En la provincia de Córdoba existen 35 especies de serpientes de las cuales solamente cinco son consideradas venenosas y de riesgo para la salud humana; se trata de las yararás chica (Bothrops diporus), grande (Bothrops alternatus) y ñata (Bothrops ammodytoides), la cascabel (Crotalus durissus) y la coral (Micrurus pyrrhocryptus). Estas cinco especies, conocidas comúnmente como “víboras”, se distribuyen por el oeste de nuestra provincia. Los accidentes producidos por mordeduras de serpientes venenosas representan en dicha provincia una importante problemática y los grupos afectados son trabajadores rurales, hacheros y carboneros del monte, mineros, personal que trabaja en obras viales, policías, bomberos, turistas y personas que van de campamento (Reati, 2013). Las estadísticas indican que anualmente se producen en Argentina unos 500 casos anuales, de los cuales 70-90 corresponden a la Provincia de Córdoba. Las continuas intervenciones humanas sobre las áreas silvestres por urbanizaciones, realización de obras de infraestructura, el crecimiento de las actividades agrícolas y turísticas, entre otras acciones, aumentan las probabilidades de encuentro entre personas y serpientes, lo que provoca mayor frecuencia de picaduras, como ha ocurrido en muchos países. A su vez, las serpientes –venenosas o no- se enfrentan con serios problemas de conservación debido a las alteraciones ambientales ya mencionadas, el comercio para la utilización del cuero de algunas especies, el mascotismo y fundamentalmente la mortandad en manos del hombre, que las mata indiscriminadamente por temor sin diferenciar si son o no peligrosas. Existe un gran sector de la población que no tiene posibilidad de acceder a la formación en estas problemáticas y la escuela constituye uno de los espacios más importantes para desarrollar esta tarea por su rol en la construcción de conocimientos. Sin embargo, los profesores de nivel medio no disponen de material didáctico desde una perspectiva específicamente regional para desarrollar temas curriculares sobre aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de la fauna de ofidios de la provincia de Córdoba y los problemas de conservación que deben afrontar, como tampoco acerca de la prevención de accidentes ofídicos y los primeros auxilios que se deben realizar en caso de mordeduras de serpientes. Estas circunstancias se contraponen con la ley provincial N° 8113 donde se incluyen, dentro del sistema educativo, aspectos inherentes a conservación, brindando también una serie de lineamientos pedagógicos que establecen la regionalización del currículo; además, asigna especial importancia al medio natural y al contexto sociocultural del alumno. Se presenta aquí como propuesta la producción de material teórico-práctico desde un enfoque transdisciplinar, de manera tal que la temática que aquí se plantea, por su complejidad, pueda ser abordada no solo desde las Ciencias Naturales, sino también desde otras ciencias, ya que abarca no solamente aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de los ofidios, sino también cuestiones relacionadas con la conservación de la biodiversidad y con la salud humana.

Ecoepidemiología de Chlamydophila psittaci, pecorum, pneumoniae, abortus en Córdoba

Las Clamidias son bacterias patógenas de los animales de producción, de vida silvestre y de compañía. Además de las pérdidas económicas que producen las infecciones en los planteles de producción bovina, ovina, caprina, porcina y aves de corral, la mayoría de las especies tienen importancia zoonótica, pudiendo dar origen a infecciones graves, potencialmente letales en el ser humano. El orden Chlamydiales está integrado por bacterias que actúan como parásitos intracelulares obligados que desarrollan su ciclo de vida únicamente dentro de inclusiones citoplasmáticas. En este orden se encuentra la familia Chlamydiaceae que comprende dos géneros, Chlamydia y Chlamydophila; y las especies, Chlamydia trachomatis, C. suis, C. muridarum, Chlamydophila psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae, C. pecorum, y C. pneumoniae. C. psittaci causa psitacosis o clamidiosis aviar. En Argentina, los primeros casos clínicos de psitacosis fueron reportados en 1929. Los criadores de aves y quienes las poseen como mascotas, representan el grupo de mayor riesgo; pero también las personas que trabajan en pajarerías y aquellas que por su empleo se ven expuestas a contraer la enfermedad (empleados en peladeros donde se carnean y procesan pollos y otras aves para consumo, veterinarios, empleados de zoológicos, etc.). La infección en humanos se presenta como una neumonía severa; con fiebre alta, escalofríos, dolor de cabeza, mialgia y dificultad respiratoria. Ocasionalmente puede presentarse vómitos, dolor abdominal, diarrea y complicaciones como miocarditis, endocarditis, encefalitis, ictericia y fallas multiorgánicas, que pueden ser fatales sino se le administra el tratamiento adecuado. La infección en las mujeres embarazadas puede producir neumonía, hepatitis, insuficiencia renal, sepsis, parto prematuro y muerte fetal. Existen más de 465 especies de aves en las que se registró C. psittaci, incluyendo ornamentales, de corral, silvestres, acuáticas y palomas. Las patologías que pueden producir en estos animales son neumonitis, conjuntivitis, encefalomielitis, placentopatías, fetopatías, anorexia, diarrea e infecciones persistentes asintomáticas u oligosintomáticas. En bovinos, C. pecorum, C. abortus y C. psittaci producen infecciones respiratorias y genitales; que se presentan como cuadros de enteritis, artritis, encefalomielitis, endometritis e hipofertilidad. En Argentina, la infección clamidial en el ganado caprino fue asociada a daños en el tejido uterino, abortos, partos prematuros y crías débiles. En equinos, C. psittaci y C. pneumoniae producen abortos y desórdenes respiratorios, con un gran impacto en ganadería que redunda en pérdidas económicas. Considerando que existen escasos estudios eco-epidemiológicos y clínicos que reporten el estado de situación de estas infecciones en nuestro medio, es que el presente trabajo propone actualizar y profundizar el conocimiento de las especies de Clamidias de importancia médico-veterinaria presentes en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. El desarrollo de este proyecto aportará la implementación de técnicas que mejorarán el diagnóstico microbiológico, confirmarán los cuadros clínicos; y por lo tanto contribuirá al conocimiento de estos agentes infecciosos en nuestra región. Esta información es indispensable para los organismos responsables de la Salud Pública (Ministerios de Salud y Educación, Municipios, etc.) para que puedan obrar en consecuencia y generar sistemas de alerta temprana, tomar medidas de prevención y medidas de control frente a la presencia de un brote epidémico por alguna cepa clamidial.

Poder antioxidante de cogumelos comestíveis

Os cogumelos comestíveis são apreciados em todo o mundo não só pela sua textura e sabor, também pelas suas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais. Estas propriedades devem-se ao facto dos cogumelos possuírem na sua constituição compostos bioativos, nomeadamente, compostos fenólicos, tocoferóis, ácido ascórbico e carotenoides, que pelos seus efeitos no organismo estão associados à prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde. O presente trabalho pretendeu comparar três espécies de cogumelos silvestres (Boletus edulis, Lactarius deliciosus e Macrleptiota procera) com cogumelos de cultura (Agaricus bisporus e Pleurotus ostreatus) relativamente à sua composição em macronutrientes, à sua capacidade antioxidante e ao seu teor em fenóis totais. A escolha destas espécies fundamentou-se no seu elevado consumo pela população.As amostras foram analisadas, quanto à composição de macronutrientes (humidade, proteínas, lípidos, cinzas e hidratos de carbono). Constatou-se que os cogumelos, independentemente da sua origem (selvagens ou de cultura), são maioritariamente constituídos por água com valores que oscilam entre os 76,6% -93,4% e hidratos de carbono (82 g% - 92 g% de matéria seca). Possuem ainda, quantidades baixas de gordura (0,8 g% - 1,5 g% de matéria seca). Já os valores de proteína, obtidos oscilaram entre 1,4 g% - 4,9 g% de matéria seca, apresentando os cogumelos silvestres valores mais elevados deste macronutriente. O teor de minerais totais foi variável dependendo do local onde as amostras se colheram. A avaliação da composição fenólica e da capacidade antioxidante foi feita em extratos de metanol: ácido acético (98:2) e de acetona: água (60:40). Para determinação dos compostos fenólicos recorreu-se ao método de Folin Cioacalteau, tendo-se utilizado os métodos do DPPH (radical 2,2-defenil -1- picrilhidrazilo) e do ABTS [ácido 2,2`-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico)] para análise da atividade antioxidante.Para todas as espécies analisadas o conteúdo em compostos fenólicos totais foi mais elevado para o extrato metanólico. Os cogumelos de cultura apresentavam teores de compostos fenólicos mais elevados do que os silvestres, mostrando o Pleurotus ostreatus os valores mais elevados (1,5 mg EAG/g).Em ambas as metodologias utilizadas para avaliação da capacidade antioxidante o extrato metanólico apresentou valores mais elevados tendo as espécies silvestres exibido valores superiores aos de cultura, com particular destaque para o Boletus edulis e para o Macroleptiota procera. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos demonstram que os cogumelos são uma boa fonte de proteína e de compostos com capacidade antioxidante, apresentando variações entre espécies com destaque para os cogumelos silvestres.

Leishmaniose em Lobo Ibérico

Quando falamos de vida selvagem em Portugal, pensamos logo no Lobo Ibérico (Canis lupus signatus), que ao longo das últimas décadas tem vindo a sofrer um notório declínio populacional, apenas contrariado pelas medidas protecionistas entretanto implementadas. A diminuição do número de lobos em Portugal resulta principalmente da perseguição direta a que foram sujeitos e da destruição do seu habitat natural. Outra causa de redução/extinção de pequenas populações locais e fragmentadas de grandes carnívoros em outras partes no mundo tem sido as doenças infeciosas. Sendo monitorização da presença de patologias em animais silvestres fundamental no controle das zoonoses emergentes e na conservação das espécies. Neste contexto pretendeu-se elaborar um estudo de determinação da ocorrência de Leishmaniose, no Lobo Ibérico. Assim, recolheram-se aleatoriamente 42 amostras de sangue a lobos residentes no Parque Nacional Peneda-Gerês que, posteriormente foram testadas recorrendo-se ao método de ELISA. Através desta técnica, detetou-se que das 42 amostras testadas apenas uma amostra (2,4%) possuía anticorpos anti-leishmania. Um dos motivos para a obtenção de resultados pouco significativos poderá dever-se ao reduzido leque amostral. Concluímos, então, que são necessários estudos adicionais para avaliar a importância do Lobo Ibérico na transmissão e propagação da Leishmaniose.

Diagnóstico de tuberculosis en rumiantes y camélidos: optimización de pruebas de base celular y humoral

La tuberculosis es una zoonosis bacteriana que representa un importante problema sanitario en el hombre y los animales (domésticos y silvestres), siendo en estos Mycobacterium bovis y M. caprae las especies de mayor relevancia. La enfermedad tiene un gran impacto económico ya que produce un descenso de la producción de los animales y restricciones en su movimiento, además de los costes derivados de su erradicación en el ganado bovino. Actualmente, la tuberculosis en otras especies domésticas como la cabra, comienza a tener relevancia en aquellos países con elevado censo de caprino. Por otra parte, los camélidos de Sudamérica (alpacas y llamas principalmente), se emplean cada vez con mayor frecuencia fuera de su hábitat natural como mascotas y para la producción de fibra. Además, son altamente susceptibles a la enfermedad, habiéndose notificado varios brotes de tuberculosis en estos animales en Europa. Los programas de erradicación se basan en una estrategia de “diagnóstico y sacrificio”, de tal modo que los animales positivos a las pruebas diagnósticas se eliminan de la explotación. Las técnicas diagnósticas oficiales en la Unión Europea son la prueba de la intradermotuberculinización (IDTB) y el test de detección de interferón-gamma (IFN-γ), que detectan la respuesta inmune de base celular. Existen, además, pruebas para la detección de anticuerpos, algunas disponibles comercialmente y otras en fase experimental. Con el objetivo de optimizar el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en rumiantes (ganado bovino y caprino) y en camélidos (llamas y alpacas), se han realizado siete estudios experimentales, distribuidos en cuatro capítulos, diseñados para cumplir los cuatro objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral...

Ecophysiology of Adonis distorta, a high-mountain species endemic of the Central Apennines

Morphological, anatomical and physiological plant and leaf traits of A. distorta, an endemic species of the Central Apennines on the Majella Massif, growing at 2,675 m a.s.l, were analyzed. The length of the phenological cycle starts immediately after the snowmelt at the end of May, lasting 128 ± 10 days. The low A. distorta height  (Hmax= 64 ± 4 mm) and total leaf area (TLA= 38 ± 9 cm2) associated to a high leaf mass area (LMA =11.8±0.6 mg cm−2) and a relatively high leaf tissue density (LTD = 124.6±14.3 mg cm−3) seem to be adaptive traits to the stress factors of the environment where it grows. From a physiological point of view, the high A. distorta photosynthetic rates (PN =19.6 ± 2.3 µmol m−2 s−1) and total chlorophyll content (Chla+b = 0.88 ± 0.13 mg g−1) in July are justified by the favorable temperature. PN decreases by 87% in September at the beginning of plant senescence. Photosynthesis and leaf respiration (RD) variations allow A. distorta to maintain a positive carbon balance during the growing season becoming indicative of the efficiency of plant carbon use. The results could be an important tool for conservation programmes of the A. distorta wild populations.

Ecología del gato cimarrón en el ecosistema termófilo de El Hierro (Islas Canarias) y su impacto sobre el lagarto gigante (Gallotia simonyi).

[ES] El gato cimarrón es un predador introducido en el archipiélago canario. Se investigó la amenaza que suponen los gatos para la conservación y recuperación de Gallotia simonyi, un lacértido endémico amenazado de extinción en la isla de El Hierro. Para alcanzar conclusiones fiables, se estudió la demografía, la dieta, el patrón de reparto espacial y el patrón temporal de actividad de los gatos en el área de distribución histórica del lagarto gigante. Los gatos cimarrones de El Hierro mostraron ajustes ecológicos y sociales similares a los de otras poblaciones silvestres estudiadas. Se observó una fuerte dependencia trófica de la disponibilidad de conejos, pero los lagartos del género Gallotia parecieron ser también presas seleccionadas activamente.

Ecology and physical condition of red deer in the Iberian Peninsula: implications for management

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is currently one of the most widespread and abundant wild ungulates in the Iberian Peninsula and is extremely important both ecologically, as a key species for the functioning of the ecosystems, and economically, as a major game species. In Iberia, red deer populations are subjected to different management systems that may affect the physical condition of the individuals, with further consequences for population dynamics. Studies investigating the effects of management practices and environmental conditions on the performance of red deer are still rare regarding Mediterranean ecosystems. Much of the knowledge concerning the ecology of red deer and the impact of management on its physical condition is based on studies conducted in northern and central regions of Europe, where climatological features and management practices differ from those observed in the Mediterranean areas of Iberia. Studies on a biogeographical scale can provide important insights into the relationships between species and a particular environment and contribute to the development of more targeted and appropriate management practices. The optimisation of sampling procedures and the fine-tuning of pre-existing analytical techniques are also fundamental to a more cost-effective monitoring and, therefore, are of enormous value to wildlife managers. In this context, the main aims of this thesis were: 1) to optimise the procedures used to assess the physical condition of red deer; and 2) to identify relevant management and environmental factors affecting the nutritional condition and stress physiology of red deer in the Mediterranean ecosystems of Iberia, as well as any potential interactions between those factors. Two studies with a methodological focus, presented in the first part of the thesis, demonstrated that the physical condition of red deer can be evaluated more simply, using more cost- and time-effective procedures than those traditionally used: i) it was shown that only one kidney and its associated fat is enough to assess nutritional condition in red deer; and ii) the feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy to predict the concentrations of stress hormone metabolites was demonstrated using faeces of red deer for the first time. Subsequently, two large-scale observational studies, conducted in representative red deer populations found in Mediterranean Iberia, highlighted the importance of considering seasonal environmental variations and variables related to hunting management practices to better understand the nutritional and physiological ecology of red deer. High population densities had adverse effects on the nutritional condition of the deer and were associated with increased stress levels in natural populations without supplementary feeding. Massive hunting events involving the use of hounds were also identified as a potential source of chronic stress in red deer. The research presented in this thesis has clear implications regarding the management and monitoring of red deer populations in Mediterranean environments and is intended to help wildlife managers to implement more effective monitoring programmes and sustainable management practices.

Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications

Alkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.

Geoquímica dos eclogitos do Maciço de Bragança: origem dos "veios dioríticos" e implicações geocronológicas

A análise dos perfis de elementos incompatíveis imóveis em eclogitos do Maciço de Bragança permitiu dividir estas rochas em três grupos (A, B e C). As rochas dos grupos B e C correspondem a eclogitos granulitizados que, frequentemente, contêm veios "dioríticos". Os dados geoquímicos disponíveis revelam que os materiais dos veios e os eclogitos hospedeiros têm concentrações muito semelhantes de elementos incompatíveis "imóveis", enquanto há diferenças significativas no que se refere a elementos móveis. Assim, é improvável que os veios possam representar magmas dioríticos gerados por fusão parcial dos eclogitos hospedeiros. Os veios "dioríticos" são interpretados neste trabalho como produtos de actividade metassomática que afectou os eclogitos; o metassomatismo terá sido induzido por fluidos que terão emanado dos gnaisses encaixantes duranto o metamorfismo prógrado da descompressão. Este episódio metasomático terá causado reajustamentos isotópicos, o que explicaria as contradições aparentes entre os dados geocronológicos obtidos nos eclogitos.

Padrões de organização das assembleias de aves florestais em uma paisagem fragmentada de Floresta Atlântica

Brazil is home to one of the richest avifaunas the world, which is subject to high levels of environmental degradation, in particular forest fragmentation. The Atlantic Forest biome depicts this history of devastation and today remains as small isolated fragments on highly degraded landscapes. This project aimed to evaluate the effects of forest fragmentation in an area with Atlantic Forest remnants in northern Paraná (Brazil) on the distribution and the organization of assemblage of forest birds and tested the hypothesis that the structure of the assembly in the fragments is different than expected by chance. We did four qualitative samplings of birds in three sets of forest fragments in the landscape, each with three fragments: large, medium and small. The method applied in the sampling was point counts along transects, traveled randomly for four hours in each fragment. Samples were taken in two periods: from September to November / 2013, and between March and May / 2014. The structure of the meeting was assessed by rates of co-occurring species (Checkerboard and CScore) and α diversity patterns (wealth) and β (turnover of species), while the landscape structure was analyzed from the parameters: area, distance between fragments, fractal dimension, edge density, fragment shape index and nuclear area index. The null hypothesis of no structure in the assembly of birds in the landscape was tested with null models from the co-occurrence indexes. The effects of landscape structure on the assembly of the structure were analyzed by the Mantel test and principal component analysis (PCA). The assembly of the structure in the landscape showed a pattern of spatiotemporal organization significantly different from that expected by chance, revealing a structure most influenced by segregation of the species. The fragments showed significant differences in richness, unlike sets of fragments, indicating relative homogeneity in the landscape structure. The differences between the size and the distance between the fragments significantly influenced the patterns of organization of the meeting of forest birds in the landscape and patterns of α and β diversity, indicating that the higher the fragment and smaller distances between them, more the standard of species cooccurrence is different than expected by chance. Thus, the fragmented landscape of remnants of the northern Paraná Atlantic Forest still has availability of environmental resources and physical characteristics that allow a persistent organizational structure of the assembly of forest birds in space over time.

Rede de conservação on farm para fruteiras nativas da fitofisionomia floresta com araucária: levantamento de informações

Currently, the biodiversity is considered as a powerful food security strategy, ecological and economical for humanity. Brazil is one of the main centers of genetic diversity of native fruit in the world. However, little is known about most of these species. In southwestern Paraná region, this diversity can be found, however, due to human action to increase genetic erosion, it is losing genotypes with potential for use. Thus, the conservation of genetic resources is essential for reduction strategies for damage caused to the environment and the lack of tech-nical information to increase the use of them. This study aimed to obtain information for cre-ating on farm net conservation in four citties this region. This study was carried out in rural properties from Dois Vizinhos, Itapejara D’Oeste, Verê and São Jorge D'Oeste citties, Paraná State, Brazil. It was action plan was established with the rural communities through gathering information with agents considered key in the process, it seeking the greatest number of farm-ers who had their properties in the native fruits as pitanga, jabuticaba, uvaia, cereja-do-mato, guabiroba, guabiju, sete capote, goiaba serrana, araça amarelo e vermelho trees. Semi-structured questionnaire was applied, which concerned issues of presence, handling and use of Myrtaceae fruit trees on their properties and informed consent term. There was a survey of the number and native fruits present in each property. The characterization of each household in terms of diversity handled and used in native fruit was performed. It was realized the soil col-lect in 200 properties with the presence of at least some native fruit tree naturally occurring, in order to determine the preference of the species for the chemical characteristics of the soil. The four citties have native fruits trees in quantity and diversity for the creation of on farm net conservation, with farmers demonstrating knowledge of their role as guardians of this heritage of humanity.