Self-assembly of hybrid organic–inorganic polyoxovanadates: functionalised mixed-valent clusters and molecular cages’

Herein we report the intra- and inter-molecular assembly of a {V5O9} subunit. This mixed-valent structural motif can be stabilised as [V5O9(L1–3)4]5−/9− (1–3) by a range of organoarsonate ligands (L1–L3) whose secondary functionalities influence its packing arrangement within the crystal structures. Variation of the reaction conditions results in the dodecanuclear cage structure [V12O14(OH)4(L1)10]4− (4) where two modified convex building units are linked via two dimeric {O4VIV(OH)2VIVO4} moieties. Bi-functional phosphonate ligands, L4–L6 allow the intramolecular connectivity of the {V5O9} subunit to give hybrid capsules [V10O18(L4–6)4]10− (5–7). The dimensions of the electrophilic cavities of the capsular entities are determined by the incorporated ligand type. Mass spectrometry experiments confirm the stability of the complexes in solution. We investigate and model the temperature-dependent magnetic properties of representative complexes 1, 4, 6 and 7 and provide preliminary cell-viability studies of three different cancer cell lines with respect to Na8H2[6]·36H2O and Na8H2[7]·2DMF·29H2O.

Di-mu-chloro-bis({2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)iminomethyl]phenolato-kappa N-3,O,O '} nickel(II)) methanol solvate

The title compound, [Ni2Cl2(C9H10NO2)(2)]center dot CH3OH, is a dinuclear unit built up by two nickel(II) complexes, bridged by two Cl atoms. The coordination geometry around each Ni-II atom can be considered as distorted square-pyramidal, with the tridendate chelate Schiff base ligands coordinating in a trans conformation through their imine N atom and phenoxy and alkoxy O atoms.

Métodos químicos de modificação superficial de nanomateriais

O objectivo geral desta tese foi investigar diversas estratégias de síntese de nanocompósitos híbridos de matriz polimérica, contendo nanopartículas inorgânicas com funcionalidades diversas. O interesse nestes nanocompósitos multifuncionais consiste no enorme potencial que apresentam para novas aplicações tecnológicas, tais como em optoelectrónica ou em medicina. No capítulo introdutório, apresenta-se uma revisão das propriedades de nanopartículas inorgânicas e nanoestruturas obtidas a partir destas, métodos de preparação e de modificação química superficial, incluindo a formação de nanocompósitos poliméricos, bem como a aplicação destas nanoestruturas em medicina e biologia. O estudo das propriedades de nanopartículas de ouro é um importante tema em Nanociência e Nanotecnologia. As propriedades singulares destas NPs apresentam uma estreita relação com o tamanho, morfologia, arranjo espacial e propriedades dieléctricas do meio circundante. No capítulo 2, é reportada a preparação de nanocompósitos utilizando miniemulsões de poli-estireno (PS) e poli-acrilato de butilo (PBA) contendo nanopartículas de ouro revestidas com moléculas orgânicas. As propriedades ópticas destas estruturas híbridas são dominadas por efeitos plasmónicos e dependem de uma forma crítica na morfologia final dos nanocompósitos. Em particular, demonstra-se aqui a possibilidade de ajustar a resposta óptica, na região do visível do espectro, através do arranjo das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica, e consequentemente o acoplamento plasmónico, utilizando nanopartículas resultantes da mesma síntese. Na generalidade, é reportada aqui uma estratégia alternativa para modificar a resposta óptica de nanocompósitos, através do controlo da morfologia do compósito final face à estratégia mais comum que envolve o controlo das características morfológicas das partículas metálicas utilizadas como materiais de partida. No Capítulo 3 apresentam-se os resultados da preparação de vários compósitos poliméricos com propriedades magnéticas de interesse prático. Em particular discute-se a síntese e propriedades magnéticas de nanopartículas de ligas metálicas de cobalto-platina (CoPt3) e ferro-platina (FePt3), assim como de óxidos de ferro (magnetite Fe3O4 e maguemite g-Fe2O3) e respectivos nanocompósitos poliméricos. A estratégia aqui descrita constitui uma via interessante de desenvolver materiais nanocompósitos com potencial aplicação em ensaios de análise de entidades biológicas in vitro, que pode ser estendido a outros materiais magnéticos. Como prova de conceito, demonstrase a bioconjugação de nanocompósitos de CoPt3/PtBA com anticorpos IgG de bovino. No capítulo 4 é descrita a preparação e propriedades ópticas de pontos quânticos (“quantum dots”, QDs) de CdSe/ZnS assim como dos seus materiais nanocompósitos poliméricos, CdSe/ZnS-PBA. Como resultado das suas propriedades ópticas singulares, os QDs têm sido extensivamente investigados como materiais inorgânicos para aplicações em dispositivos ópticos. A incorporação de QDs em matrizes poliméricas é de particular interesse, nomeadamente devido ao comportamento óptico do nanocompósito final parecer estar dependente do tipo de polímero utilizado. As propriedades ópticas dos nanocompósitos foram estudadas sistematicamente por medidas de fotoluminescência. Os nanocompósitos apresentam propriedades interessantes para potenciais aplicações biológicas em diagnóstico in vitro, funcionando como sondas biológicas luminescentes.

Lanthanide-organic frameworks for optical and catalytic applications

Este projecto de doutoramento tem como objetivo isolar e caracterizar sistematicamente novos polímeros de coordenação, no estado sólido. A presença de grupos rígidos possuindo, em particular, átomos de oxigénio e de azoto, deverá induzir interessantes propriedades fotoluminescentes (rendimentos quânticos e tempos de vida elevados, assim como vias de transferência de energia eficientes), que poderão permitir a utilização dos compostos poliméricos na produção de dispositivos funcionais. As diferentes abordagens sintéticas foram ajustadas para cada material e basearam-se, preferencialmente, nas sínteses hidrotérmicas e nas assistidas por radiação de microondas. A estrutura dos materiais foi elucidada a partir de métodos de difracção de raios X (de cristal único ou de pós) em conjunto com outras técnicas, tais como RMN de estado sólido, microscopia eletrónica, análises térmicas, espectroscopia vibracional e estudos de composição elementar. Os compostos microcristalinos foram sistematicamente estudados a fim de investigar outras propriedades além das de fotoluminescência. Alguns dos materiais revelaram multifuncionalidade apresentando simultaneamente tempos de vida na ordem dos milisegundos, elevados rendimentos quânticos e elevado desempenho como catalisadores heterogéneos. As propriedades magnéticas de um composto baseado em érbio foram igualmente estudadas, assim como as de adsorpção e permuta de solvente de uma estrutura porosa baseada em cério.

Engineered MRI nanoprobes based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

This project aimed to engineer new T2 MRI contrast agents for cell labeling based on formulations containing monodisperse iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) coated with natural and synthetic polymers. Monodisperse MNP capped with hydrophobic ligands were synthesized by a thermal decomposition method, and further stabilized in aqueous media with citric acid or meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) through a ligand exchange reaction. Hydrophilic MNP-DMSA, with optimal hydrodynamic size distribution, colloidal stability and magnetic properties, were used for further functionalization with different coating materials. A covalent coupling strategy was devised to bind the biopolymer gum Arabic (GA) onto MNPDMSA and produce an efficient contrast agent, which enhanced cellular uptake in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116 cell line) compared to uncoated MNP-DMSA. A similar protocol was employed to coat MNP-DMSA with a novel biopolymer produced by a biotechnological process, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) Fucopol. Similar to MNP-DMSA-GA, MNP-DMSA-EPS improved cellular uptake in HCT116 cells compared to MNP-DMSA. However, MNP-DMSA-EPS were particularly efficient towards the neural stem/progenitor cell line ReNcell VM, for which a better iron dose-dependent MRI contrast enhancement was obtained at low iron concentrations and short incubation times. A combination of synthetic and biological coating materials was also explored in this project, to design a dynamic tumortargeting nanoprobe activated by the acidic pH of tumors. The pH-dependent affinity pair neutravidin/iminobiotin, was combined in a multilayer architecture with the synthetic polymers poy-L-lysine and poly(ethylene glycol) and yielded an efficient MRI nanoprobe with ability to distinguish cells cultured in acidic pH conditions form cells cultured in physiological pH conditions.

La1-xSrxMnO3 as a candidate for a room temperature pressure sensor /

Perovskite manganite compounds, Lai-xDxMnOs (D-divalent alkaline earth Ca, Sr or Ba), whose electrical and magnetic properties were first investigated nearly a half century ago, have attracted a great deal of attention due to their rich phase diagram. From the point of view of designing a future application, the strong pressure dependence of the resistivity and the accompanying effects in thin films have potential for application in pressure sensing and electronic devices. In this study we report our experimental investigations of pressure dependence of the resistivity of Lao.siSvo^iQMnOs and Lai-xSvxMnOs (LSMO) epitaxial films with x= 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, on SrTiOs substrates.

Study of colossal magnetoresistance and pressure effects in La2/3Ca1/3MnO2 thin films /

The main purpose of this thesis is to study properties of La2/3Cai/3Mn03, both polycrystalline ceramics and thin films. This material has striking related electrical and magnetic properties. Thin films show colossal negative magnetoresistance (CMR) near transition from an insulating to a metallic state accompanied closely by transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state. The double exchange mechanism (DE) and the Jahn-Teller deformations play an important role in CMR effect. Applied pressure has a very similar effect as does an applied magnetic field, except, at low temperatures (T

Spin labile conducting metallopolymers : a new architecture for hybrid multifunctional materials

The synthesis of 3-ethynylthienyl- (2.07), 3-ethynylterthienyl- (2.19) substituted qsal [qsalH = N-(8-quinolyl)salicylaldimine] and 3,3' -diethynyl-2,2' -bithienyl bridging bisqsal (5.06) ligands are described along with the preparation and characterization of eight cationic iron(III) complexes containing these ligands with a selection of counteranions [(2.07) with: SCN- (2.08), PF6- (2.09), and CI04- (2.10); (2.19) with PF6 - (2.20); (5.06) with: cr (5.07), SeN- (5.08), PF6- (5.09), and CI04- (5.10)]. Spin-crossover is observed in the solid state for (2.08) - (2.10) and (5.07) - (5.10), including a ve ry rare S = 5/2 to 3/2 spin-crossover in complex (2.09). The unusal reduction of complex (2.10) produces a high-spin iron(I1) complex (2.12). Six iron(II) complexes that are derived from thienyl analogues of bispicen [bispicen = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-diamine] [2,5-thienyl substituents = H- (3.11), Phenyl- (3.12), 2- thienyl (3.13) or N-phenyl-2-pyridinalimine ligands [2,5-phenyl substituents = diphenyl (3.23), di(2-thienyl) (3.24), 4-phenyl substituent = 3-thienyl (3.25)] are reported Complexes (3.11), (3.23) and (3.25) display thermal spin-crossover in the solid state and (3.12) remains high-spin at all temperatures. Complex (3.13) rearranges to form an iron(II) complex (3.14) with temperature dependent magnetic properties be s t described as a one-dimensional ferromagnetic chain, with interchain antiferromagnetic interactions and/or ZFS dominant at low temperatures. Magnetic succeptibility and Mossbauer data for complex (3.24) display a temperature dependent mixture of spin isomers. The preparation and characterization of two cobalt(II) complexes containing 3- ethynylthienyl- (4.04) and 3-ethynylterhienyl- (4.06) substituted bipyridine ligands [(4.05): [Co(dbsqh(4.04)]; (4.07): [Co(dbsq)2(4.06)]] [dbsq = 3,5-dbsq=3,5-di-tert-butylI ,2-semiquinonate] are reported. Complexes (4.05) and (4.07) exhibit thermal valence tautomerism in the solid state and in solution. Self assembly of complex (2.10) into polymeric spheres (6.11) afforded the first spincrossover, polydisperse, micro- to nanoscale material of its kind. . Complexes (2.20), (3.24) and (4.07) also form polymers through electrochemical synthesis to produce hybrid metaUopolymer films (6.12), (6.15) and (6.16), respectively. The films have been characterized by EDX, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate that spin lability is operative in the polymers and conductivity measurements confirm the electron transport properties. Polymer (6.15) has a persistent oxidized state that shows a significant decrease in electrical resistance.

New Building Blocks for Dual-Property Molecule-Based Magnets

Two classes of compounds have been prepared and characterized as building blocks for chiral magnets and ferromagnetic conductors. In the fIrst project, the organic framework of a pentadentate, (N302) macro cycle has been synthetically modifIed to introduce phenyl substituents into its organic framework and the synthesis of four new [Fe(In(N302)(CN)2] complexes (I) - (IV) is presented. [Molecular diagram availble in pdf] This work represents the fIrst structural and magnetic studies of a family of spin crossover macrocycles that comprise of both structural and stereo-isomers. Magnetic susceptibility and Mossbauer data for the R,R-complex (I) is consistent with both a thermal and a light induced spin crossover transition. The X-ray data supports a change in geometry accompanying the thermal spin transition, from a high spin (HS) 7 -coordinate complex at room temperature to a low spin (LS) 5-coordinate complex at 100 K. The crystal structure ofthe racemic complex (III) reveals a HS, 7-coordinate complex at 200 K that undergoes no signifIcant structural changes on cooling. In contrast, the magnetic - susceptibility and Mossbauer data collected on a powder sample of the racemic complex are consistent with a LS complex. Finally, the meso complex (IV) was prepared and its structure and magnetic properties are consistent with a 5-coordinate LS complex that remains low spin, but undergoes conformational changes on cooling in solution. The chiral [Fe(H)(N302)(CN)2] macro cycle (I), together with its Mn(H) and Fe(H) derivatives have also been exploited as building blocks for the self-assembly of chiral magnets. In the second project, a synthetic route for the preparation of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) donors covalently attached to a diisopropyl verdazyl radical via a cross conjugated pyridyl linker IS presented. Following this strategy, four new TTF-py- (diisopropyl)verdazyl radicals have been prepared and characterized (V) - (VIII) . [Molecular diagram available in pdf] The first (2:1) charge transfer complex ofa TTF-py-(diisopropyl)verdazyl radical donor and a TCNQ acceptor has been prepared and structurally characterized. The crystal packing shows that the donor and acceptor molecules are organized in a mixed stacking arrangement consistent with its insulating behaviour. EPR and magnetic susceptibility data support intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions between the TTF and the verdazyl radicals and antiferromagnetic interactions between TTF donors within a stack. In an attempt to increase the intramolecular exchange interaction between the two radicals, a TTF-x-(diisopropyl)verdazyl radical (IX) was prepared, where the two radicals are connected ia a conjugated divinylene linker. The neutral radical donors stack in a more favourable head-to-head arrangement but the bulky isopropyl groups prevent the donor radicals from stacking close enough together to facilitate good orbital overlap. [Molecular diagram available in pdf].

Polynuclear Ni(II) Complexes with Schiff Bases as Bridging Ligands: A Molecular Approach to Nanoscience

The initial employment of N-salicylidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (sacbH2) as bridging/chelating ligand in metal cluster chemistry has provided access to five new polynuclear NiII complexes with large nuclearities, unprecedented metal core topologies, and interesting magnetic properties. The obtained results are presented in two projects. The first project includes the investigation of the general Ni2+/RCO2-/sacbH2 reaction system (where R- = CH3-, But-, ButCH2-) in which the nature of the carboxylic acid was found to be of crucial importance, affecting enormously the nuclearity of the resulting complexes. The second project deals with the study of the general Ni2+/X-/sacbH2 reaction system (where X- = inorganic anions) under basic conditions, yielding new cluster compounds with molecular chain-like structures and ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the metal centers.

Investigation of Frustrated Quasi-One-Dimensional Quantum Spin-Chain Materials

Copper arsenite CuAs2O4 and Copper antimonite CuSb2O4 are S=1/2 (Cu2+ 3d9 electronic configuration) quasi-one-dimensional quantum spin-chain compounds. Both compounds crystallize with tetragonal structures containing edge sharing CuO6 octahedra chains which experience Jahn-Teller distortions. The basal planes of the octahedra link together to form CuO2 ribbon-chains which harbor Cu2+ spin-chains. These compounds are magnetically frustrated with competing nearest-neighbour and next-nearest-neighbour intrachain spin-exchange interactions. Despite the similarities between CuAs2O4 and CuSb2O4, they exhibit very different magnetic properties. In this thesis work, the physical properties of CuAs2O4 and CuSb2O4 are investigated using a variety of experimental techniques which include x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility measurements, heat capacity measurements, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, neutron diffraction, and dielectric capacitance measurements. CuAs2O4 exhibits dominant ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour and weaker antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour intrachain spin-exchange interactions. The ratio of the intrachain interactions amounts to Jnn/Jnnn = -4.1. CuAs2O4 was found to order with a ferromagnetic groundstate below TC = 7.4 K. An extensive physical characterization of the magnetic and structural properties of CuAs2O4 was carried out. Under the effect of hydrostatic pressure, CuAs2O4 was found to undergo a structural phase transition at 9 GPa to a new spin-chain structure. The structural phase transition is accompanied by a severe alteration of the magnetic properties. The high-pressure phase exhibits dominant ferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour spin-exchange interactions and weaker ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour interactions. The ratio of the intrachain interactions in the high-pressure phase was found to be Jnn/Jnnn = 0.3. Structural and magnetic characterizations under hydrostatic pressure are reported and a relationship between the structural and magnetic properties was established. CuSb2O4 orders antiferromagnetically below TN = 1.8 K with an incommensurate helicoidal magnetic structure. CuSb2O4 is characterized by ferromagnetic nearest-neighbour and antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbour spin-exchange interactions with Jnn/Jnnn = -1.8. A (H, T) magnetic phase diagram was constructed using low-temperature magnetization and heat capacity measurements. The resulting phase diagram contains multiple phases as a consequence of the strong intrachain magnetic frustration. Indications of ferroelectricity were observed in the incommensurate antiferromagnetic phase.

High-Spin and Emissive Molecular Materials: Synthesis and Characterization of New Polynuclear Ni(II) Complexes from the Use of Aromatic Schiff Bases as Bridging Ligands

The employment of the bridging/chelating Schiff bases, N-salicylidene-4-methyl-o-aminophenol (samphH2) and N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH2), in nickel cluster chemistry has afforded eight polynuclear Ni(II) complexes with new structural motifs, interesting magnetic and optical properties, and unexpected organic ligand transformations. In the present thesis, Chapter 1 deals with all the fundamental aspects of polynuclear metal complexes, molecular magnetism and optics, while research results are reported in Chapters 2 and 3. In the first project (Chapter 2), I investigated the coordination chemistry of the organic chelating/bridging ligand, N-salicylidene-4-methyl-o-aminophenol (samphH2). The general NiII/tBuCO2-/samphH2 reaction system afforded two new tetranuclear NiII clusters, namely [Ni4(samph)4(EtOH)4] (1) and [Ni4(samph)4(DMF)2] (2), with different structural motifs. Complex 1 possessed a cubane core while in complex 2 the four NiII ions were located at the four vertices of a defective dicubane. The nature of the organic solvent was found to be of pivotal importance, leading to compounds with the same nuclearity, but different structural topologies and magnetic properties. The second project, the results of which are summarized in Chapter 3, included the systematic study of a new optically-active Schiff base ligand, N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH2), in NiII cluster chemistry. Various reactions between NiX2 (X- = inorganic anions) and nacbH2 were performed under basic conditions to yield six new polynuclear NiII complexes, namely (NHEt3)[Ni12(nacb)12(H2O)4](ClO4) (3), (NHEt3)2[Ni5(nacb)4(L)(LH)2(MeOH)] (4), [Ni5(OH)2(nacb)4(DMF)4] (5), [Ni5(OMe)Cl(nacb)4(MeOH)3(MeCN)] (6), (NHEt3)2[Ni6(OH)2(nacb)6(H2O)4] (7), and [Ni6(nacb)6(H2O)3(MeOH)6] (8). The nature of the solvent, the inorganic anion, X-, and the organic base were all found to be of critical importance, leading to products with different structural topologies and nuclearities (i.e., {Ni5}, {Ni6} and {Ni12}). Magnetic studies on all synthesized complexes revealed an overall ferromagnetic behavior for complexes 4 and 8, with the remaining complexes being dominated by antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. In order to assess the optical efficiency of the organic ligand when bound to the metal centers, photoluminescence studies were performed on all synthesized compounds. Complexes 4 and 5 show strong emission in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, the ligand nacbH2 allowed for some unexpected organic transformations to occur; for instance, the pentanuclear compound 5 comprises both nacb2- groups and a new organic chelate, namely the anion of 5-chloro-2-[(3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)amino]benzoic acid. In the last section of this thesis, an attempt to compare the NiII cluster chemistry of the N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid ligand with that of the structurally similar but less bulky, N-salicylidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (sacbH2), was made.

L’étude de l’InP et du GaP suite à l’implantation ionique de Mn et à un recuit thermique

Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude des matériaux InMnP et GaMnP fabriqués par implantation ionique et recuit thermique. Plus précisément nous avons investigué la possibilité de former par implantation ionique des matériaux homogènes (alliages) de InMnP et GaMnP contenant de 1 à 5 % atomiques de Mn qui seraient en état ferromagnétique, pour des possibles applications dans la spintronique. Dans un premier chapitre introductif nous donnons les motivations de cette recherche et faisons une revue de la littérature sur ce sujet. Le deuxième chapitre décrit les principes de l’implantation ionique, qui est la technique utilisée pour la fabrication des échantillons. Les effets de l’énergie, fluence et direction du faisceau ionique sur le profil d’implantation et la formation des dommages seront mis en évidence. Aussi dans ce chapitre nous allons trouver des informations sur les substrats utilisés pour l’implantation. Les techniques expérimentales utilisées pour la caractérisation structurale, chimique et magnétique des échantillons, ainsi que leurs limitations sont présentées dans le troisième chapitre. Quelques principes théoriques du magnétisme nécessaires pour la compréhension des mesures magnétiques se retrouvent dans le chapitre 4. Le cinquième chapitre est dédié à l’étude de la morphologie et des propriétés magnétiques des substrats utilisés pour implantation et le sixième chapitre, à l’étude des échantillons implantés au Mn sans avoir subi un recuit thermique. Notamment nous allons voir dans ce chapitre que l’implantation de Mn à plus que 1016 ions/cm2 amorphise la partie implantée du matériau et le Mn implanté se dispose en profondeur sur un profil gaussien. De point de vue magnétique les atomes implantés se trouvent dans un état paramagnétique entre 5 et 300 K ayant le spin 5/2. Dans le chapitre 7 nous présentons les propriétés des échantillons recuits à basses températures. Nous allons voir que dans ces échantillons la couche implantée est polycristalline et les atomes de Mn sont toujours dans un état paramagnétique. Dans les chapitres 8 et 9, qui sont les plus volumineux, nous présentons les résultats des mesures sur les échantillons recuits à hautes températures : il s’agit d’InP et du GaP implantés au Mn, dans le chapitre 8 et d’InP co-implanté au Mn et au P, dans le chapitre 9. D’abord, dans le chapitre 8 nous allons voir que le recuit à hautes températures mène à une recristallisation épitaxiale du InMnP et du GaMnP; aussi la majorité des atomes de Mn se déplacent vers la surface à cause d’un effet de ségrégation. Dans les régions de la surface, concentrés en Mn, les mesures XRD et TEM identifient la formation de MnP et d’In cristallin. Les mesures magnétiques identifient aussi la présence de MnP ferromagnétique. De plus dans ces mesures on trouve qu’environ 60 % du Mn implanté est en état paramagnétique avec la valeur du spin réduite par rapport à celle trouvée dans les échantillons non-recuits. Dans les échantillons InP co-implantés au Mn et au P la recristallisation est seulement partielle mais l’effet de ségrégation du Mn à la surface est beaucoup réduit. Dans ce cas plus que 50 % du Mn forme des particules MnP et le restant est en état paramagnétique au spin 5/2, dilué dans la matrice de l’InP. Finalement dans le dernier chapitre, 10, nous présentons les conclusions principales auxquels nous sommes arrivés et discutons les résultats et leurs implications.

Étude des aimants quantiques et supraconducteurs non conventionnels

Une première partie de ce mémoire portera sur l’analyse des états fondamentaux ma- gnétiques de deux composés isolants et magnétiquement frustrés SrDy2O4 et SrHo2O4. Une étude de la chaleur spécifique à basse température sous l’effet de champs magné- tiques de ces échantillons a été menée afin de détecter la présence de transitions de phases. L’utilisation d’un composé isotructurel non magnétique, le SrLu2O4, a permis l’isolement de la composante magnétique à la chaleur spécifique. Les comportements observés sont non conformes avec les transitions magnétiques conventionnelles. De plus, le calcul de l’entropie magnétique ne montre qu’un recouvrement partiel de l’entropie associée à un système d’ions magnétiques. En second lieu, une analyse des oscillations quantiques de Haas-van Alphen a été effectuée dans le LuCoIn5, composé apparenté au supraconducteur à fermions lourds CeCoIn5. Les résultats obtenus montrent une topologie de la surface de Fermi très différente comparativement aux CeCoIn5 et LaCoIn5, ayant un comportement beaucoup plus tridimensionnel sans les cylindres caractéristiques présents chez les autres membres de cette famille. Finalement, le montage d’un système de détection PIXE a permis l’analyse nucléaire d’échantillons afin de déterminer la concentration de chacun des éléments les constituant. L’analyse a été effectuée sur une série d’échantillons YbxCe1−xCoIn5 dont le changement de concentration a des effets importants sur les propriétés du système.

Étude des propriétés atmosphériques et magnétiques des étoiles naines blanches froides riches en hydrogène.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse photométrique et spectroscopique d'un échantillon de 16 naines blanches magnétiques froides riches en hydrogène. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de caractériser leurs propriétés atmosphériques et magnétiques afin d'obtenir une vision d'ensemble représentative de cette population d'étoiles. Pour ce faire, il a fallu réunir le plus d'information possible sur toutes les candidates sous la forme de spectres visibles à haut signal-sur-bruit et de données photométriques. Il a également été nécessaire de mettre à jour les modèles d'atmosphère de Bergeron et al. (1992) à l'aide des avancées réalisées par Tremblay & Bergeron (2009). Les paramètres atmosphériques de chacune des étoiles ont ensuite été déterminés en modélisant les distributions d'énergie photométriques observées tandis que la topologie et l'intensité du champ magnétique ont été obtenues en comparant des spectres synthétiques magnétiques au profil d'absorption Zeeman autour de H-alpha. Qui plus est, un processus de déconvolution combinant ces deux approches a aussi été créé afin de traiter adéquatement les systèmes binaires présents dans l'échantillon. Les résultats de ces analyses sont ensuite exposés, incluant une discussion sur la possible corrélation entre les paramètres atmosphériques et les propriétés magnétiques de ces naines blanches. Finalement, cette étude démontre que les données spectroscopiques de la majorité de ces étoiles peuvent uniquement être reproduites si ces dernières se trouvent dans un système binaire composé d'une seconde naine blanche. De plus, les résultats suggèrent que le champ magnétique de ces naines blanches froides ne peut pas être d'origine fossile et doit être généré par un mécanisme physique devant encore être identifié.