WOMAN IN CHEMISTRY. JANE MARCET, A RELEVANT FIGURE IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

A historiographical study of Jane Marcet’s role in spreading chemistry knowledge to a wider audience in the 19th century is presented here. Her efforts to spread scientific knowledge were crucial to sharing the most important theories of chemistry among different audiences, particularly women and young people. Through her book, “Conversations on Chemistry,” which was published in several editions from 1806 to 1853, she contributed significantly to chemistry education. Despite controversy over the large number of editions, this text is a strong witness to the active participation of women in science. Her scientific rigor and contribution to narrative strategies in chemistry pedagogy have given Jane Marcet consideration not only as an important woman in the scientific community of England during the first half of the 19th century but also as a central figure in the early development of chemistry diffusion and education.

Nursing Ethics Education in Finland from the Perspective of Codes of Ethics

The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing ethics education from the perspective of nurses��� codes of ethics in the basic nursing education programmes in polytechnics in Finland with the following research questions: What is known about nurses��� codes in practice and education, what contents of the codes are taught, what teaching and evaluation methods are used, which demographic variables are associated with the teaching, what is nurse educators��� adequacy of knowledge to teach the codes and nursing students��� knowledge of and ability to apply the codes, and what are participants��� opinions of the need and applicability of the codes, and their importance in nursing ethics education. The aim of the study was to identify strengths and possible problem areas in teaching of the codes and nursing ethics in general. The knowledge gained from this study can be used for developing nursing ethics curricula and teaching of ethics in theory and practice. The data collection was targeted to all polytechnics in Finland providing basic nursing education (i.e. Bachelor of Health Care). The target groups were all nurse educators teaching ethics and all graduating nursing students in the academic year of 2006. A total of 183 educators and 214 students from 24 polytechnics participated. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire with four open-ended questions, designed for this study. The data was analysed by SPSS (14.0) and the open-ended questions by inductive content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Inferential statistics were used to estimate the differences between the participant groups. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated with Cronbach���s coefficient alpha. The literature review revealed that empirical research on the codes was scarce, and minimal in the area of education. Teaching of nurses��� codes themselves and the embedded ethical concepts was extensive, teaching of the functions of the codes and related laws and agreements was moderate, but teaching of the codes of other health care professions was modest. Issues related to the nurse-patient relationship were emphasised. Wider social dimensions of the codes were less emphasized. Educators��� and students��� descriptions of teaching emphasized mainly the same teaching contents, but there were statistically significant differences between the groups in that educators assessed their teaching to be more extensive than what students had perceived it had been. T he use of teaching and evaluation methods was rather narrow and conventional. However, educators��� and students��� descriptions of the used methods differed statistically significantly. Students��� knowledge of the codes and their ability to apply them in practice was assessed as mediocre by educators and by students themselves. Most educators assessed their own knowledge of the codes as adequate to teach the codes, as did most of the students. Educators who regarded their knowledge as adequate taught the codes more extensively than those who assessed their knowledge as less adequate. Also students who assessed their educators��� knowledge as adequate perceived the teaching of the codes to be more extensive. Otherwise educators��� and students��� demographic variables had little association with their descriptions of the teaching. According to the participants, nurses need their own codes, and they are also regarded as applicable in practice. The codes are an important element in nursing ethics education, but their teaching needs development. Further research should focus on the organization of ethics teaching in the curricula, the teaching process, and on the evaluation of the effectiveness of ethics education and on educators��� competence. Also the meaning and functions of the codes at all levels of nursing deserve attention. More versatile use of research methods would be beneficial in gaining new knowledge.

Power of Photos and Video in Education

Konferenssiesitelm��: PHOTOGRAPHY NEXT International Conference at Moderna museet and Nordiska Museet, Stockholm, 4-5 February, 2010

Conference Proceedings. Assessing Language and (Inter) cultural Competences in Higher Education. Evaluation des comp��tences langagi��res et (inter) culturelles dans l���enseignement sup��rieur

This epublication contains papers that were presented at the conference ���Assessing Language and (Inter) cultural Competences in Higher Education��� which took place at the University of Turku (Finland) on 30.8.1.9.2007. The online proceedings may be downloaded and used provided the source is acknowledged.

Curriculum innovation in teacher education : exploring conceptions among Tanzanian teacher educators

The focus of the study is to understand curriculum innovation from the perspective of Tanzanian teacher educators. It is argued that the deterioration of quality of education in schools is partly to be attributed to the way in which teachers are educated. Curriculum innovation is considered as an essential strategy for bringing about improvement in teacher education. Therefore, in 2000 a new curriculum was introduced; however, right from the inception the curriculum was criticised by teacher educators. The overall aim of the study is to investigate teacher educators��� conceptions of curriculum innovation. In the theoretical framework the main focus is on discussion about different curriculum approaches for teacher education and innovation. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a phenomenographic approach is employed. This approach is used in order to identify similarities and variation in educators��� conceptions of curriculum innovation. The empirical basis of the study consists of interviews with thirty teacher educators working in eight teachers��� colleges situated in various parts of Tanzania. The findings, in brief, reveal variation in teacher educators��� conceptions of the dominant domains of innovation. Two broad conceptions of teaching with six aspects are identified. Conceptions of educational studies are presented in four broad categories of description with four aspects. Similarly, in methodology subjects two conceptions are described with four aspects. On the integration of subject matter studies and subject methods, two broad conceptions are presented with six aspects. Conceptions of textbook prescription policy are characterised in two broad categories of description with four aspects. With the use of modules two broad conceptions are identified with six aspects. In addition, the study identifies four broad conceptions of future curriculum approaches with eight aspects. Looking across the categories of description, the results indicate that educators cope with innovation individually. Three character types of teacher educators are presented: loyal, creative and critical. Furthermore, four types of phenomena suggesting critical areas about teacher educators��� conceptions of innovation are described: educators��� prior educational background, technical factors, student teachers��� factors and shifting from teaching to learning. On the whole, educators express a number of frame factors in the process of change towards the aim of curriculum innovation. This indicates that the new curriculum (2000) is not implemented as intended by curriculum developers. Constraints to the implementation are presented and discussed in detail. From these findings, two models of educators��� stance towards curriculum innovation are presented and can be used as a framework for planning successful curriculum innovations and analysing practice in teachers��� colleges.

Images of imagination : an aesthetic approach to education

Visual art practice has generally been described as a lonely affair, thinking about what an artist has experienced in the outside world. This study is an inquiry into a visual art practice of another kind: the relational one. The research purpose is twofold. The first purpose is to shed light on a visual artist���s conceptions of art, education and scholarship. The second purpose is to by reasoning on imagination and a rhizomatic formation interpret the relations created between art, multimodality and literacy learning as an aesthetic approach to education. By inquiry into a specific collaborated long-term art practice, the study conveys how the meaning making elements of an arts based learning practice gradually transform an artist���s and a teacher���s concepts of art education to an aesthetic approach to education. In the art practice examined the typical Finnish rye bread and a poem have represented a cultural theme that has been elaborated through art conventions. The poem and the rye bread have in the art practice been articulated as cultural representations of as well as symbolic projections on the Swedishspeaking minority culture in Finland. The study connects art informed inquiry to a hermeneutic research rationale where the research reasoning is generated through a rhizomatic alliance between empiric data and theories. The reasoning is constructed as an interpretation pattern that expands throughout the study. The study arguments that the rhizome as an aesthetic formation can be appropriate to refer to when articulating arts based meaning making and when creating arts based educational strategies, dialogues, aesthetic learning and multimodal literacy in education. The study investigates an aesthetic approach to research in education, which means that the art practice surveyed is interpreted through articulation appropriate to poetic aspects of art, education and research.

Integrating environmental education in primary school education in Tanzania : teachers��� perceptions and teaching practices

The study focuses on primary school teachers��� perceptions of environmental education, its integration into primary school education and teachers��� teaching practices in Tanzania. The thesis is based on empirical research. The theoretical underpinnings of the study are based on Palmer���s (1998) model of environmental education. According to the model, meaningful environmental education should include education about, in or through and for the environment. The study is supported by national and international literature from research done on environmental education and education for sustainable development and policy statements. The study is qualitative in nature, adopting phenomenography and phenomenology as points of departure. The empirical data was collected from four primary schools in Morogoro region in Tanzania. The study sample consisted of 31 primary school teachers. Data was collected through interviews and lesson observations. According to the results of the study, primary school teachers expressed variations in their perceptions of environmental education and education for sustainable development. Most of the teachers focused on the aspect of knowledge acquisition. According to Tanzanian education and training policy, environmental education has to be integrated into all subjects. Although there is environmental education in the primary school curriculum, it is not integrated on an equal footing in all subjects. Some subjects like science, social studies and geography have more environmental content than other subjects. Teachers claim that the approach used to integrate environmental education into the school curriculum was not favoured because many claimed that what is to be taught as environmental education in the various subjects is not shown clearly. As a result, many teachers suggested that to ensure that it is taught properly it should be included in the curriculum as an independent subject or as specific topics. The study revealed that teachers��� teaching practices in integrating environmental education varied from one subject to another. Although most of the teachers said that they used participatory methods, lesson observations showed that they limited themselves to question and answer and group discussion. However, the teachers faced a number of barriers in the teaching of environmental education, some of which include lack of teaching and learning resources, time and large class size. The role of teachers in the implementation of environmental education in developing an environmentally literate citizenry is of great significance. The responsibility of the government in developing a curriculum with clear goals and content, developing teachers��� capacity in the teaching of environmental education and provision of teaching and learning materials needs to be taken seriously by the government in educational plans and programs.

Epistemological anarchism of Paul Karl Feyerabend and medical education

The thoughts of the philosopher Paul Karl Feyerabend brought important contributions to the debate on Science in the 20th century. Most recently his views about non-existence of a single method for doing science have been employed to rethink science education and propose the use of multiple methods for effective teaching-learning process. This article employs the theoretical framework of the author expressed in the book Against Method, 1977, about the epistemological anarchism and the methodological pluralism and uses it in the contemporary discussion of medical education.

Pierre Bourdieu and medical education

The contemporary discussion about the transformation of the training of health professionals has focused primarily on the change in method. This article discusses this issue in the light of Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical contributions - habitus, field, symbolic capital, symbolic violence and reproduction. The conclusion is drawn that pedagogical change alone is not enough to change the profile of medical graduates.

Cognitively Empowering Internet-Based Patient Education for Ambulatory Orthopaedic Surgery Patients

<b>Tiedollista voimavaraistumista tukeva internet-perustainen ohjaus p��iv��kirurgisille ortopedisille potilaille</b> Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehitt���� tiedollista voimavaraistumista tukeva Internetperustainen potilasohjausohjelma sek�� arvioida sit��. Tutkimusprosessi jaettiin kahteen vaiheeseen. Ensimm��isess�� vaiheessa luotiin sis��lt�� tiedollista voimavaraistumista tukevalle Internet-perustaiselle ohjaukselle p��iv��kirurgisia ortopedisia potilaita varten. Toisessa vaiheessa arvioitiin Internet-perustaisen ohjauksen (koeryhm��) hyv��ksytt��vyytt�� k��ytt��jien arvioimana ja ohjauksen tuloksia sek�� verrattiin Internet-perustaisen ohjauksen (koeryhm��) tuloksia tiedollisesti voimavaraistumista tukevan sairaanhoitajan v��litt��m����n ohjauksen (kontrolliryhm��) tuloksiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda uusi potilasohjausmuoto joka tarjoaa yksil��llisen, osallistavan ja aikaan ja paikkaan sitomattoman ohjauksen p��iv��kirurgiseen ortopediseen leikkaukseen tulevalle potilaalle. Tutkimuksen ensimm��isess�� vaiheessa k��ytettiin kuvailevaa ja vertailevaa tutkimusmenetelm���� (ennen ja j��lkeen testaus). Tutkimukseen osallistui 120 p��iv��kirurgista ortopedista potilasta joiden tiedon odotuksia ja heille v��litetty�� tietoa tarkasteltiin. Tutkimuksen ensimm��isen vaiheen tuloksien ja aikaisemman voimavaraistumista k��sitt��v��n tiedon perusteella luotiin sis��lt�� tiedollista voimavaraistumista tukevalle Internet-perustaiselle ohjaukselle. Sis��lt�� rakentui voimavaraistavan tiedon kuudesta eri osa-alueesta. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa k��ytettiin randomoitua kokeellista tutkimusasetelmaa. P��iv��kirurgiseen ortopediseen leikkaukseen tulevat potilaat randomoitiin koeryhm����n (n=72) Internetperustaiseen ohjaukseen ja kontrolliryhm����n (n=75) sairaanhoitajan v��litt��m����n ohjaukseen. Aineisto ker��ttiin strukturoitujen mittareiden avulla ja tulokset analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett�� kehitetty�� tiedollisesti voimavaraistumista tukevaa Internet-perustaista potilasohjausmenetelm���� voidaan suositella k��ytett��v��ksi ortopedisten p��iv��kirurgisten potilaiden ohjauksessa ja potilailla on hyv��t mahdollisuudet voimavaraistua tiedollisesti sen avulla. Monipuolista tietoa sis��lt��v�� Internet-perustainen ohjaus osoittautui k��ytt��jien n��k��kulmasta hyv��ksytt��v��ksi. Vaikka Internet ohjauksen hyv��ksytt��vyys koettiin osittain heikommaksi kuin sairaanhoitajan v��litt��m��n ohjauksen, potilaat k��yttiv��t nettisivustoa ongelmitta ja arvioivat sen helppok��ytt��iseksi. Ohjausmuodolla ei ollut vaikutusta hoidosta aiheutuneisiin kustannuksiin. Sen sijaan kustannuksista organisaatiolle voitiin puolittaa sairaanhoitajan ohjaukseen k��ytt��m�� aika Internet-perustaisen ohjauksen avulla. Internet-perustaiseen ohjaukseen osallistuneiden potilaiden tiedon taso ja kokemus tiedon riitt��vyydest�� lis����ntyiv��t ohjauksen j��lkeen enemm��n kuin sairaanhoitajan v��litt��m����n potilasohjaukseen osallistuneiden potilaiden tiedot. Ohjausmuodolla ei ollut vaikutusta potilaiden kokemien tunteiden ja oireiden voimakkuuteen. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, ett�� tiedollisesti voimavaraistava Internet-perustaista ohjausta voidaan suositella vaihtoehtoiseksi menetelm��ksi sairaanhoitajan v��litt��m��lle ohjaukselle p��iv��kirurgiseen ortopediseen leikkaukseen tuleville potilaille.

Middle school mediocrity : quality and inequality in secondary education

Centrala teman i min avhandling ��r parallellskolesystem, linjedelning och segregering i h��gstadier och gymnasier. Det finns stora skillnader mellan l��nder g��llande den ��rskurs d�� eleverna sorteras in i olika niv��er genom skilda klasser eller skolor. I Tyskland och Nederl��nderna till exempel delas eleverna upp f��re h��gstadiet medan Sverige och Finland har enhetsskolor p�� h��gstadieniv��. Jag argumenterar att parallellskolesystem har en positiv effekt p�� elevernas testresultat i ��rskurserna f��re linjedelningen. Eleverna har incitament att jobba h��rdare f��r att komma p�� i den akademiska linjen. Jag unders��ker incitamentseffekter empiriskt, och hittar m��nster konsistenta med incitamentseffekter b��de i brittisk och i internationell data. Det andra bidraget i avhandlingen ��r metodologiskt. Nationalekonomer brukar behandla testresultat fr��n t.ex. IQ-tester eller internationella PISA-unders��kningar som om absoluta niv��n p�� po��ngantalen har betydelse i sig. I verkligheten antyder de endast en rangordning. Jag visar att normalf��rdelade testresultat i m��nga fall ligger tillr��ckligt n��ra dess pengav��rde p�� arbetsmarknaden f��r att ��nd�� kunna tolkas som absoluta.