Analisi del ciclo di vita applicato alla produzione dell'anidride maleica mediante vie alternative di sintesi industriale

Nel campo dell’industria chimica la ricerca si è mossa in direzione di rendere i processi più sostenibili. Ciò viene effettuato considerando le linee guida della green chemistry. In questo contesto si colloca la metodologia LCA che valuta l’impatto ambientale associato ad un processo o un prodotto, comprendendo tutto il suo ciclo di vita. Nel presente lavoro di tesi si studia l’applicazione della LCA alla sintesi industriale di anidride maleica (AM), che viene ottenuta tramite reazione di ossidazione del benzene o dell’n-butano. Nello studio si sono modellate tre diverse vie di sintesi dell’AM considerando il processo di produzione che parte da benzene e il processo di produzione da butano con due diversi tipi di reattore: il letto fisso e il letto fluido (processo ALMA). Negli scenari si considerano le fasi di produzione dei reagenti e si è modellata la fase della reazione di ossidazione e l’incenerimento dei sottoprodotti e del reagente non convertito. Confrontando i tre processi, emerge che al processo che parte da benzene sono associati gli impatti globali maggiori mentre il processo ALMA ha un minore carico ambientale. Il processo da benzene risulta avere maggiori impatti per le categorie Cambiamento climatico, Formazione di particolato e Consumo dei metalli. Il processo da butano a tecnologia a letto fisso presenta invece maggiori impatti per le categorie Tossicità umana e Consumo di combustibili fossili, dovuti alla maggiore richiesta energetica effettuata dal processo di ossidazione del butano con tecnologia a letto fisso e alla richiesta di combustibile ausiliario per la fase di incenerimento. Tale risultato emerge anche dall’analisi effettuata con il Cumulative Energy Demand. Al processo ALMA sono associati gli impatti inferiori in assoluto, nonostante abbia una resa inferiore al processo che utilizza il letto fisso. I risultati dell’analisi LCA sono stati confermati dall’analisi delle incertezze, realizzata con il metodo statistico Monte Carlo.

Una lingua per l'Europa: possibili alternative al multilinguismo

Parlando della questione linguistica in Europa, viene svolta un'analisi in tre parti. La prima parte tratta storicamente del multilinguismo europeo e del concetto di lingua franca; la seconda presenta quindi le possibili soluzioni finora emerse, concentrandosi sull'utilizzo della lingua Inglese in ambito internazionale. Infine, sono illustrate altre possibilità, suddividendo il discorso in ulteriori tre parti: la prima riguarda l'utilizzo di una lingua naturale come lingua franca; la seconda espone alcuni progetti per semplificare lingue già esistenti; per ultimo, si offre una panoramica sulle lingue artificiali.

Analisi del trasferimento di composti fenolici in campioni non stabilizzati di succo d?uva (vitis vinifera l.) biologico mediante tecniche di macerazione alternative

Il seguente elaborato prende le mosse da un progetto, denominato Nutrid’Uva, promosso e attivamente concretizzato dall’azienda bresciana “Cascina Belmonte” di concerto con il laboratorio del Campus di Scienze Alimentari di Cesena (Università di Bologna). In particolare, si è voluta sperimentare l’applicazione di processi innovativi per la produzione di succo d’uva bio e bevande a base di succo d’uva bio proveniente da uve biologiche coltivate nell’areale della Valténesi (sponda occidentale del Garda), stabilizzati mediante l’uso di alte pressioni idrostatiche e senza trattamento termico. In questi termini, il presente lavoro ha l’obiettivo di: delineare il quadro generale in cui si inserisce il progetto, arricchendolo con spunti tratti dalle pratiche di processo seguite in loco; determinare il contenuto delle classi polifenoliche presenti nei campioni di alcuni succhi sottoposti a differenti tecnologie di macerazione in confronto all’abituale processo di lavorazione aziendale (vitigni ibridi diretti produttori, Barbera, Merlot, Cabernet). Si è proceduto dunque attraverso l’analisi spettrofotometrica delle principali classi di composti fenolici e dell’attività antiossidante.

Alternative derivative expansion in Functional RG and application

We give a brief review of the Functional Renormalization method in quantum field theory, which is intrinsically non perturbative, in terms of both the Polchinski equation for the Wilsonian action and the Wetterich equation for the generator of the proper verteces. For the latter case we show a simple application for a theory with one real scalar field within the LPA and LPA' approximations. For the first case, instead, we give a covariant "Hamiltonian" version of the Polchinski equation which consists in doing a Legendre transform of the flow for the corresponding effective Lagrangian replacing arbitrary high order derivative of fields with momenta fields. This approach is suitable for studying new truncations in the derivative expansion. We apply this formulation for a theory with one real scalar field and, as a novel result, derive the flow equations for a theory with N real scalar fields with the O(N) internal symmetry. Within this new approach we analyze numerically the scaling solutions for N=1 in d=3 (critical Ising model), at the leading order in the derivative expansion with an infinite number of couplings, encoded in two functions V(phi) and Z(phi), obtaining an estimate for the quantum anomalous dimension with a 10% accuracy (confronting with Monte Carlo results).

Noxious stimulation response index: a novel anesthetic state index based on hypnotic-opioid interaction

The noxious stimulation response index (NSRI) is a novel anesthetic depth index ranging between 100 and 0, computed from hypnotic and opioid effect-site concentrations using a hierarchical interaction model. The authors validated the NSRI on previously published data.

Pituitary surgery for small prolactinomas as an alternative to treatment with dopamine agonists

Despite the fact that consensus guidelines recommend long-term dopamine agonist (DA) therapy as a first-line approach to the treatment of small prolactinoma, some patients continue to prefer a primary surgical approach. Concerns over potential adverse effects of long-term medical therapy and/or the desire to become pregnant and avoid long-term medication are often mentioned as reasons to pursue surgical removal. In this retrospective study, 34 consecutive patients (30 female, 4 male) preferably underwent primary pituitary surgery without prior DA treatment for small prolactinomas (microprolactinoma 1-10 mm, macroprolactinoma 11-20 mm) at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bern, Switzerland. At the time of diagnosis, 31 of 34 patients (91%) presented with symptoms. Patients with microprolactinomas had significantly lower preoperative prolactin (PRL) levels compared to patients with macroprolactinomas (median 143 μg/l vs. 340 μg/l). Ninety percent of symptomatic patients experienced significant improvement of their signs and symptoms upon surgery. The postoperative PRL levels (median 3.45 μg/l) returned to normal in 94% of patients with small prolactinomas. There was no mortality and no major morbidities. One patient suffered from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after surgery despite postoperative normal PRL levels. Long-term remission was achieved in 22 of 24 patients (91%) with microprolactinomas, and in 8 of 10 patients (80%) with macroprolactinomas after a median follow-up period of 33.5 months. Patients with small prolactinomas can safely consider pituitary surgery in a specialized centre with good chance of long-term remission as an alternative to long-term DA therapy.

Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative

Despite the many proposed advantages related to nanotechnology, there are increasing concerns as to the potential adverse human health and environmental effects that the production of, and subsequent exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) might pose. In regard to human health, these concerns are founded upon the plethora of knowledge gained from research relating to the effects observed following exposure to environmental air pollution. It is known that increased exposure to environmental air pollution can cause reduced respiratory health, as well as exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Such disease states have also been associated with exposure to the NP component contained within environmental air pollution, raising concerns as to the effects of NP exposure. It is not only exposure to accidentally produced NPs however, which should be approached with caution. Over the past decades, NPs have been specifically engineered for a wide range of consumer, industrial and technological applications. Due to the inevitable exposure of NPs to humans, owing to their use in such applications, it is therefore imperative that an understanding of how NPs interact with the human body is gained. In vivo research poses a beneficial model for gaining immediate and direct knowledge of human exposure to such xenobiotics. This research outlook however, has numerous limitations. Increased research using in vitro models has therefore been performed, as these models provide an inexpensive and high-throughput alternative to in vivo research strategies. Despite such advantages, there are also various restrictions in regard to in vitro research. Therefore, the aim of this review, in addition to providing a short perspective upon the field of nanotoxicology, is to discuss (1) the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro research and (2) how in vitro research may provide essential information pertaining to the human health risks posed by NP exposure.

Potential influence of the anesthetic technique used during open radical prostatectomy on prostate cancer-related outcome: a retrospective study

Recently published studies suggest that the anesthetic technique used during oncologic surgery affects cancer recurrence. To evaluate the effect of anesthetic technique on disease progression and long-term survival, we compared patients receiving general anesthesia plus intraoperative and postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia with patients receiving general anesthesia alone undergoing open retropubic radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection.

The effect of alternative neuronal differentiation pathways on PC12 cell adhesion and neurite alignment to nanogratings

During development and regeneration of the mammalian nervous system, directional signals guide differentiating neurons toward their targets. Soluble neurotrophic molecules encode for preferential direction over long distances while the local topography is read by cells in a process requiring the establishment of focal adhesions. The mutual interaction between overlapping molecular and topographical signals introduces an additional level of control to this picture. The role of the substrate topography was demonstrated exploiting nanotechnologies to generate biomimetic scaffolds that control both the polarity of differentiating neurons and the alignment of their neurites. Here PC12 cells contacting nanogratings made of copolymer 2-norbornene ethylene (COC), were alternatively stimulated with Nerve Growth Factor, Forskolin, and 8-(4-chloro-phenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic (8CPT-2Me-cAMP) or with a combination of them. Topographical guidance was differently modulated by the alternative stimulation protocols tested. Forskolin stimulation reduced the efficiency of neurite alignment to the nanogratings. This effect was linked to the inhibition of focal adhesion maturation. Modulation of neurite alignment and focal adhesion maturation upon Forskolin stimulation depended on the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling but were PkA independent. Altogether, our results demonstrate that topographical guidance in PC12 cells is modulated by the activation of alternative neuronal differentiation pathways.

Percutaneous collagen induction therapy: an alternative treatment for burn scars

This study aims to evaluate percutaneous collagen induction (PCI) in post-burn scarring.

How should complementary and alternative medicine be taught to medical students in Switzerland? A survey of medical experts and students

In Switzerland and in the whole western world, the growing popularity of CAM is calling for its implementation in the undergraduate medical curriculum.